Siderophores ppt
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The document discusses the role of siderophores in plant pathogen interactions. It provides background on siderophores, their importance in microbial metabolism, types of siderophores produced by different organisms, and their mechanism of iron acquisition. It summarizes several case studies that demonstrate how siderophore-producing bacteria can be used for biocontrol of plant pathogens through competition for iron and activation of plant defense responses. Siderophores are shown to elicit plant defenses, modulate signaling pathways, and promote bacterial growth during infection.
![Findings:
• The PR1 gene was strongly up-regulated by the wildtype bacteria
compared with the control plants.
• Infection by the siderophore-deficient mutant resulted in reduced
expression of PR1 gene.
• Expression of PDF1.2 that is not activated by wild-type bacteria 24 h
after infiltration, was strongly up-regulated in response to the
siderophore-deficient mutant.
• Preinfiltration of CB stimulates bacterial growth.
• In the control leaves preinfiltrated with water, E. chrysanthemi grew
by less than 1 order of magnitude.
Conclusion:
o CB represses the expression of PDF1.2. [ JA/ET Pathway(ISR)]
o CB activates the expression of PR1 [SA Pathway]
o But due to higher accumulation and amplification of SA , the wild
type bacteria take the advantage of antagonism between SA and
JA/ET pathway promoting its own growth.
Cont.
40](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/siderophoresppt-150413091000-conversion-gate01/85/Siderophores-ppt-40-320.jpg)
Siderophores ppt
- 1. Welcome 1
- 2. Advances in siderophores: Plant pathogen interaction SEMINAR-I Sundaresh UHS13PGM396 Plant pathology 2
- 3. Introduction • Biological control of plant pathogens has been the subject of much research in recent years. • It can potentially help us limit the use of chemical pesticides that are harmful to the environment. • The use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), such as siderophore-producing bacteria, represents a potentially attractive alternative disease management approach, since they have the capacity to increase yield and protect crops simultaneously. • Few organisms like Pseudomonas fluorescens, P. putida are a special group of organisms which are widely used as bio control agents. 3
- 4. Siderophore producing organism • Azotobacter • Pseudomonas • Bacillus • Streptomyces Among these microbes Pseudomonas species is the active siderophore producer. 4
- 5. Metals used by organisms 5
- 6. Importance of iron in microbial metabolism • Iron is a cofactor for essential cellular processes in nearly all microorganisms. • growth-limiting nutrient because of the low solubility of ferric iron under aerobic conditions 6
- 7. Siderophores • The special low molecular weight , iron chelating structures produced by bacteria under Iron restricted condition. 7
- 8. History of Sidirophores • The role of microbial siderophores in virulence to plant hosts was first demonstrated for the bacterial pathogen Erwinia chysanthemi which produces the catecholate chrysobactin and the carboxylate achromobactin • Erwinia amylovora synthesizes the hydroxamate desferrioxamine and mutants defective in desferrioxamine biosynthesis show tissue-specific reduced virulence 8
- 9. Role of siderophores High affinity system of Fe3+ acquisition, utilization and storage. Sometimes, required for virulence. Helps in growth, colonization and asexual sporulation. Elicit the plant defense through an antagonism mechanism between SA and JA signaling cascades. 9
- 10. MECHANISM OF IRON ACQUISTION BACTERIA FUNGI Reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II) Direct acquisition By iron binding proteins ferric siderophores Siderophore-mediated Fe3+ uptake RIA (reductive iron assimilation) heme uptake direct Fe2+ uptake 10
- 11. Mechanism of siderophore mediated iron uptake inbacteria (Syed Sajeed Ali, 2013) 11
- 12. Postulated fungal siderophore biosynthetic pathway NRPS (Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase) : Large multifunctional enzymes that synthesize peptides from proteinogenic and nonproteinogenic precursors independently of the ribosome. 12
- 13. Detection of siderophore production • widely used method for detection of siderophore production by microorganisms in solid medium is the universal chrome azurol S (CAS)-agar plate assay. 13
- 14. 14
- 15. Types of siderophores • Hydroxamate, • Catecholate and • Carboxylate 15
- 16. Hydroxamate • Hydroxamate group-bearing siderophores are mainly synthesized by fungi and Gram-positive filament- forming bacteria (streptomycetes). • In fungal systems the hydroxamic acid chelating group is commonly derived from acylated Nδ-acyl- Nδ-hydroxy-L-ornithine. 16
- 17. Catecholate • Each catecholate group provides two oxygen atoms for chelation with iron so that a hexadentate octahedral complex is formed as in the case of the hydroxamate siderophores. Linear catecholate siderophore are also produced in certain species. • Agrobactin and parabactin are produced by Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Paracoccus denitrificans respectively. 17
- 18. Carboxylate • The best characterized carboxylate type siderophore with a novel structure is rhizobactin. • Rhizobactin is produced by Rhizobium meliloti strain DM4 and is an amino poly (carboxylic acid) with ethylenediaminedicarboxyl and hydroxycarboxyl moieties as ironchelating groups. • Staphyloferrin A, produced by Staphylococcus hyicus DSM20459, is another member of this class of complexon siderophores. 18
- 19. Siderophore structure in bacteria 19
- 20. All fungal siderophores identified so far are hydroxamates Fungal hydroxamates are derived from the nonproteinogenic amino acid ornithine and different acyl groups, grouped into four structural families (I) Rhodotorulic acid (ii) Fusarinines (iii) Coprogens (iv) Ferrichromes SIDEROPHORES IN PLANT PATHOGENIC FUNGI 20
- 21. Representative fungal siderophores, Peptide and ester bonds separating N5 – acyl- N5- hydroxyornithine 21
- 22. Characterized Pathogenic Fungal Siderophore NRPS NRPS name Fungal species Siderophores Reference Ferrichrome NRPS Sid2 U. maydis Ferrichrome Yuan et al., 2001 Nps2 C. heterostrophus Ferricrocin Oide et al., 2007 Nps2 F. graminearum Ferricrocin Oide et al., 2007 Ssm1 M. grisea Ferricrocin Hof et al., 2007 SidFA/Fer3 U. maydis Ferrichrome A Eichhorn et al., 2006 Coprogen NRPS Nps6 A.brassicicola N-dimethylcoprogen Oide et al., 2006 Nps6 C.heterostrophus Coprogen Oide et al., 2006 Nps6 C.miyabeanus nd Oide et al., 2006 Fusarinine NRPS Nps6 F.graminearum Fusarinine C Oide et al., 2006 22
- 23. Mechanism of siderophores in bio control of plant pathogens • Siderophores produced by a microorganism can bind iron with high specificity and affinity, making the iron unavailable for other microorganisms; thereby limiting their growth. • Competition for iron by siderophore production is an important antagonistic trait found in many of the bacterial bio control agents against plant pathogens. • Microbial siderophores may stimulate plant growth directly by increasing the availability of iron in the soil surrounding the roots or indirectly by competitively inhibiting the growth of plant pathogens with less efficient iron-uptake systems. 23
- 24. Bio control potential of Pseudomonas fluorescens against coleus root rot disease (Vanitha and Ramjegathesh, 2014) 24 Case study- 1
- 25. Materials and Methods • Isolation of pathogen and Pseudomonas strains • Siderophores production assay • Screening of antagonistic bacteria under in vitro condition • Preparation of talc-based formulation of bio control agents • Greenhouse studies 25
- 26. Table: Antibiotics, Siderophores and HCN production of P. fluoresens strains Sl. no PGPR strains Fluorescein Pyocyanin Siderophore production HCN 1 Pf1 + + + +++ 2 CPF1 + + + +++ 3 CPF2 - - + + 4 CPF3 - - + - 5 CPF4 + + + + 6 CPF5 + + + + 7 CPF6 + + - ++ 8 CPF7 - - + - 9 CPF8 + + + ++ 10 CPF9 + + + + 11 CPF10 - - - + + = Produced; - =Not produced +++ =Strong; ++ =Medium; + =Low production 26
- 27. 27
- 28. 28
- 29. Outcome • Siderophore-mediated and antibiotic- mediated suppression of soil borne plant diseases are the two most employed mechanisms involved in biocontrol mechanism of Pf1. 29
- 30. Isolation of Siderophore producing bacteria from rhizosphere soil and their antagonistic activity against selected fungal plant pathogens (Jenifer et al., 2013) 30 Case study- 2
- 31. 31
- 32. The siderophore-producing bacterium, Bacillus subtilis CAS15, has a biocontrol effect on Fusarium wilt and promotes the growth of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) (Xianmei Yu et al., 2011) 32 Case study- 3
- 33. Table: Effect of CAS15 on spore germination of Fusarium oxysporum f. spp. capsici Concentration of cell suspension ( cfu /ml) 0 103 104 105 106 107 108 Germinated spores 50 46 43.7 35 29.3 20 18 Germination percentage (%) 100 a 92 ab 87.3 70 c 58.6 d 40 e 36 e Reduction (%) - 8 12.7 30 41.4 60 64 33 Values in a row followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P < < 0.05) according to Duncan’s multiple range tests.
- 34. Table: Suppression of Fusarium wilt of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in potting soil by B. subtilis CAS15 34 Treatments - Fe + Fe Disease incidence (%) Disease severity (%) Disease incidence (%) Disease severity (%) B. subtilis 40 1.03 56 1.54 Control 72 2.01 64 1.82 Disease severity was assessed based on a 0-5 scale. (0-no symptoms, 5-plant dead)
- 35. Table: Plant height of pepper in the pot culture test after planting. Treatments Plant height (cm) 7 days 14days 21 days 28 days 40 days B. subtilis 6.62 a 14.20 a 31.17 a 43.72 a 59.20 a Control 5.73 a 11.16 b 20.17 b 28.32 b 39.25 a Increase percent (%) 15.53 27.24 54.53 54.38 50.83 35 Mean follows by a common letter in the same column are not significantly different at P = 0.01.
- 36. 36 Microbial siderophores exert a subtle role in Arabidopsis during infection by manipulating the immune response and the iron status (Dellagi et al., 2009) E. chrysanthemi is an enterobacterium causing soft rot disease Under iron deficiency, E. chrysanthemi releases two siderophores: 1) hydroxycarboxylate achromobactin ( iron limiting condition) 2) catecholate chrysobactin (severe iron deficiency) The role of CB is characterized by Arabidopsis- E. chrysanthemi pathosystem. Roles: Elicit SA-mediated signaling pathway. Modulate plant defenses through an antagonistic mechanism between SA and jasmonic acid signaling cascades. Promote bacterial growth in plant. Case study- 4
- 37. PR1 gene expression and SA production in Arabidopsis leaves following CB treatment Cont. 37
- 38. Conti….. Findings: 24 h post infiltration (hpi), CB strongly activates the expression of the SA marker gene PR1. No significant modification in the expression of ET/JA marker gene PDF1.2. The intensity of GUS staining in leaves treated with CB was similar to that observed in SA-treated leaves, used as positive controls. The activation of PR1 expression is correlated with an accumulation of SA, was measured by HPLC in Arabidopsis leaves 24 h after CB treatment. The siderophore treatment resulted in a 2- to 3-fold increase in SA content 24 hpi compared with control leaves. Conclusion: CB activates a signaling pathway leading to PR1 up-regulation that is dependent on SA production via ICS1/SID2 pathway. 38
- 39. Effects of CB on the expression of PR1 and PDF1.2 genes during E. chrysanthemi infection Cont. 39
- 40. Findings: • The PR1 gene was strongly up-regulated by the wildtype bacteria compared with the control plants. • Infection by the siderophore-deficient mutant resulted in reduced expression of PR1 gene. • Expression of PDF1.2 that is not activated by wild-type bacteria 24 h after infiltration, was strongly up-regulated in response to the siderophore-deficient mutant. • Preinfiltration of CB stimulates bacterial growth. • In the control leaves preinfiltrated with water, E. chrysanthemi grew by less than 1 order of magnitude. Conclusion: o CB represses the expression of PDF1.2. [ JA/ET Pathway(ISR)] o CB activates the expression of PR1 [SA Pathway] o But due to higher accumulation and amplification of SA , the wild type bacteria take the advantage of antagonism between SA and JA/ET pathway promoting its own growth. Cont. 40
- 41. NPS6, encoding a non ribosomal peptide synthetase involved in siderophore mediated iron metabolism, is a conserved virulence determinant of plant pathogenic ascomycetes (Oide et al.,2006) 41 Case study- 5
- 42. Characterized Pathogenic Fungal Siderophore NRPS NRPS name Fungal species Siderophores Reference Ferrichrome NRPS Sid2 U. maydis Ferrichrome Yuan et al., 2OO1 Nps2 C. heterostrophus Ferricrocin Oide et al., 2007 Nps2 F. graminearum Ferricrocin Oide et al., 2007 Ssm1 M. grisea Ferricrocin Hof et al., 2007 SidFA/Fer3 U. maydis Ferrichrome A Eichhorn et al., 2006 Coprogen NRPS Nps6 A.brassicicola N-dimethylcoprogen Oide et al., 2006 Nps6 C.heterostrophus Coprogen Oide et al., 2006 Nps6 C.miyabeanus nd Oide et al., 2006 Fusarinine NRPS Nps6 F.graminearum Fusarinine C Oide et al., 2006 42
- 43. • NPS6, is a virulence determinant • Deletion of NPS6 orthologs (Δnps6 )in the Rice pathogen- Cochliobolus miyabeanus, Wheat pathogen- Fusarium graminearum, and Arabidopsis pathogen- Alternaria brassicicola, resulted in reduced virulence • Exogenous application of iron enhanced the virulence of Δnps6 strains of C. heterostrophus, C. miyabeanus, F. graminearum, and A. brassicicola (Δ= partial or complete deletion of NPS6) 43
- 44. Hypersensitivity of Cochliobolus heterostrophus Δnps6 strain to KO2, Fe chelators 2DP (2, 2΄-dipyridyl) and BPS (Bathophenanthroline disulfonic acid) Growth of the Δnps6 strain is completely inhibited on MM+ 12 mM KO2 Growth of the Δnps6 strain is completely inhibited on MM +150 µM 2DP. Average colony diameters of wild-type and Δnps6 strains is lesser on MM +100 µM BPS 44
- 45. 5 dpi Reduction in virulence of Δnps6 strains of C. miyabeanus(CmΔnps6), A.brassicicola (Abnps6) and C. heterostrophus (Chnps6) 45
- 46. 46 Introduction of the NPS6 ortholog from the saprobe Neurospora crassa to the Δnps6 strain of C. heterostrophus restored wild-type virulence to maize 5 dpi
- 47. Exogenous Application of Iron Enhances the Virulence of Δnps6 Strains Of C. heterostrophus to Each Host. (Oide et al., 2006) 47
- 48. Effect on virulence of Δnps6 strain of A.brassicicola by exogenous application of siderophores. 4 dpi DFO= 0.25mM, Ferric citrate= 0.50mM N-dimethylcoprogen=0.20mM (Oide et al., 2006) 48
- 49. Application of Ferric Citrate Enhances the Virulence of the F. graminearum Δnps6 Strain to Wheat. (Oide et al., 2006) 49
- 50. Production of microbial iron chelator (siderophores) by fluorescent pseudomonads (Sayyad et al., 2005) Treatments Root length Shoot length Germination mm % increase in mm mm % increase in mm Percentag e (%) % increase Test 6.95 16.25 9.5 34.5 90 10 Control 5.9 - 7.5 - 80 - 50 Table: Influence of P. fluorescens NCIM 5096 inoculation on wheat germination and growth Conclusion: 10 % increase in germination, 16.25 % increase in root length, 34.5 % increase in shoot length Case study- 6
- 51. Conclusion • Siderophore system constitutes a key position in Iron- homeostasis in many plant pathogens. • The role of siderophores in Iron homeostasis depend largely on the pathogen-host system. • Siderophore system affects growth, oxidative stress resistance as well as asexual and sexual development. • Common virulence determinant, at least in some plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria. • Modulates plant defense through an antagonistic mechanism between SA & JA signaling cascade. 51
- 52. THANK YOU 52
Editor's Notes
- #48: Exogenous Application of Iron Enhances the Virulence of Δnps6 Strains to Each Host. (A) and (B) Application of ferric citrate partially restores the virulence of the C. heterostrophus Δnps6 strain to maize. (A) Third true leaves of maize cv W64A-N inoculated with the wild-type or Δnps6 (Chnps6-1) strains of C. heterostrophus without (top row) or with (bottom row) 1 mM ferric citrate, 5 d after inoculation. Mock control (right leaves, both panels) were treated with 0.02% Tween 20 solution without (top row) or with (bottom row) ferric citrate. (B) Average vertical lengths of lesions are shown for each strain and for each treatment. Error bars show 95% confidence intervals. Application of iron led to a statistically significant enhancement of virulence of the Δnps6 strain (P < 0.05) (lesion size [mm]: Δnps6 = 1.68 ± 0.17; Δnps6 with iron = 2.75 ± 0.21). (C) and (D) Application of Fe(III) EDTA enhances the virulence of the C. miyabeanus Δnps6 strain to rice. (C) Rice leaves drop-inoculated with wild-type (left) and Δnps6 (Cmnps6-2) strains of C. miyabeanus, with and without exogenous application of 0.5 mM Fe(III) EDTA. A mock-inoculated control is shown at right. (D) Average vertical lengths of lesions formed by the wild-type or Δnps6 strains with or without iron treatment. Error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals. A statistically significant change in the virulence of the Δnps6 strain was observed when iron was supplied (P < 0.05).
- #49: Application of Iron or Siderophores Restores the Virulence of the A. brassicicola Δnps6 Strain to the Host. (A) and (B) Exogenous application of ferric citrate or DFO enhances the virulence of Δnps6 strains of A. brassicicola to Arabidopsis. (A) Second and third true leaves, in pairs, of Arabidopsis ecotype Di-G drop-inoculated with the wild-type strain and Δnps6 strain Abnps6-9 of A. brassicicola, 4 d after inoculation. Pairs of mock-inoculated control leaves are shown at right in each row. Plants were pretreated with 0.5 mM ferric citrate, 0.25 mM DFO, or 0.25 mM iron-saturated DFO. Iron and DFO were dissolved in 1 g/L Glucopon 215 CS UP solution, and control plants (top row) were pretreated with Glucopon 215 CS UP solution alone. (B) Average vertical lengths of lesions formed by wild-type and Δnps6 strains of A. brassicicola are shown for each treatment. A statistically significant enhancement in virulence of the A. brassicicola Δnps6 strain was observed when iron, DFO, or iron-saturated DFO (right) was applied (P < 0.01). Error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals (lesion size [mm]: Δnps6 = 1.90 ± 0.41; wild type = 4.05 ± 0.37; Δnps6 with iron = 3.90 ± 0.62; Δnps6 with DFO = 4.1 ± 0.46; Δnps6 with iron-saturated DFO = 4.5 ± 0.37). (C) and (D) Application of Nα-dimethylcoprogen, the extracellular siderophore produced by A. brassicicola, restores wild-type virulence to Arabidopsis to the Δnps6 strain. (C) Second and third true leaves, in pairs, of Arabidopsis ecotype Di-G infected by the wild-type strain and Δnps6 strain Abnps6-9 of A. brassicicola, 4 d after inoculation. Mock-inoculated controls are shown at right in all rows. Plants were pretreated with crude extracts prepared from cultures of wild-type and Δnps6 strains grown under iron-depleted conditions or 0.2 mM Nα-dimethylcoprogen purified from the crude extract of the wild-type culture. Control plants were pretreated with 1 g/L Glucopon 215 CS UP solution. (D) Average vertical lengths of lesions formed by wild-type and A. brassicicola Δnps6 strains are shown for each treatment. Application of crude extract from wild-type culture or Nα-dimethylcoprogen led to a statistically significant enhancement in virulence of the A. brassicicola Δnps6 strain (P < 0.01). Error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals (lesion size [mm]: Δnps6 with wild-type crude extract = 4.00 ± 0.65; Δnps6 with Δnps6 crude extract = 1.60 ± 0.43; Δnps6 = 1.50 ± 0.33; wild type = 4.50 ± 0.44; Δnps6 with siderophore = 4.3 ± 0.59).
- #50: Application of Ferric Citrate Enhances the Virulence of the F. graminearum Δnps6 Strain to Wheat. (A) Wheat spikes inoculated with Δnps6 strain Fgnps6-3-2 or the wild-type strain of F. graminearum, with or without application of 1 mM ferric citrate, 20 d after inoculation. Mock-inoculated controls are shown at right in both rows. (B) Kernels from the spikes shown in (A). Numbers correspond to those in (A). Blanks indicate that the kernels were not recovered as a result of the severity of infection.