SignalR is an ASP.NET library that allows real-time communication between web servers and clients. It uses various techniques like websockets, server-sent events, and long polling to provide a persistent connection. SignalR supports .NET, JavaScript, and mobile clients and can scale out to server farms using backplanes like SQL Server, Service Bus, and Redis. It includes hubs for calling methods between clients and servers and sending messages. Examples of SignalR in use include chat applications and games.