How Social View Towards Sin Affects Firm Valuation in the G20
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The document explores how social attitudes towards sin stocks, such as those related to tobacco and gambling, affect equity valuations across different nations. It presents findings showing that sin firms in countries with negative perceptions have significantly lower valuations compared to non-sin firms, suggesting that cultural attitudes lead to investment distortions. The study emphasizes the importance of accounting for varying cultural views when evaluating equity markets globally.
How Social View Towards Sin Affects Firm Valuation in the G20
- 1. International Variation in Sin Stocks and its Effects on Equity Valuation Larry Fauver and Michael B. McDonald IV Joshua Dopkowski Gustavo Martinez Sonoma State University, EMBA C5
- 2. Overview • Introduction • Terms • Strategy • Hypothesis • Conclusion
- 3. Introduction • Do social attitudes towards sin stocks have an impact on the equity values of firms producing these goods? • Past work has generally examined sin stocks in only one nation at a time and assumes that all cultures regard sin stocks similarly; a uniform definition of sin. • This assumption is likely wrong given cultural differences. • The article develops an empirical method to distinguish the attitudes of different nations and then apply this method to show how the differences in social attitudes manifest through the valuation firms.
- 4. Terms • G20 Nations – 20 nations selected by their significance in the world economy. • World Values Survey (WVS) – started 1981, biennial survey of thousands of citizens, 97 nations, hundreds of questions (measure morality) • Sin Stock – Tobacco, Alcohol, Gambling and Weapons • Arbitrage - the practice of taking advantage of a price difference between two or more markets
- 5. Terms • American Depositary Receipt (ADR) – A negotiable certificate issued by a U.S. bank representing a specified number of shares in a foreign stock that is traded on a U.S. exchange. • Sin Stock Dummy – stock of a company either directly involved or associated with activities considered to be unethical or immoral. • Tobins’Q (Q Ratio) – the combined market value of all the companies in the stock market should be about equal to their replacement costs. Q Ratio= Total Market Value of Firm Total Asset Value
- 6. Strategy • Classification of Sin and Non-Sin nations. – Use of WVS in G20 to determine social views of Sin in all 20 nations. – Composite Measure: Legal, Social, Consumption • Hypotheses & Data – Three Hypotheses – Tobin’s Q • Results & Conclusion
- 7. Number of firms and potential sin firms in G20 nations.
- 8. 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 United States United Kingdom Russia Japan France Germany Canada Australia China
- 9. Hypothesis 1 • Sin firms will have lower valuations in sin countries than in non-sin countries. – Result: a sin stock in a nation where these firms are shunned have a Tobin’s Q that is .067 lower than comparable non Sin Firms. – This leads to a statistically and economically significant 7.8% decrease in firm valuation.
- 10. Hypothesis 2 • Lower valuation in sin stock nations lead to higher equity returns in sin vs. non-sin nations. – Result: when all the industries are combined using sin stock measure based on social norms, there is a significant aversion to these stocks that leads them to have excess returns. – This supports hypothesis 2 and the view that differences in returns between sin stocks in sin nations and non-sin nations are significant and are likely driven by social norms between these types of countries.
- 11. Hypothesis 3 • Differences in equity returns are either arbitraged away over time or persist due to restrictions with international capital flows. – Results: The coefficient on the ADR is larger than the coefficient on the industry variable suggesting that the benefits of having an ADR on average fully offsets the negative impact of being a sin stock in a country where social norms cause the stock to be poorly regarded.
- 12. Cross-Listing
- 13. Conclusion It Costs Money To Believe In Sin • In nations where sin stocks are considered sinful, the average sin firm’s Tobin’s Q is 8% lower than that of the average non sin firm. • In nations where sin stock are not considered sinful, the difference in Tobin’s Q between sin and nonsin firms is insignificant. • It is important to take into account the differences in social and cultural traits, and how those differences affect investment distortions in certain industries.
- 14. International Variation in Sin Stocks and its Effects on Equity Valuation Larry Fauver and Michael B. McDonald IV Gustavo Martinez Joshua Dopkowski