1. The document outlines three rules for making nouns plural in English: add -s to most nouns, add -es to nouns ending in s, z, ch, x, tch, o, ss, and sh, and change y to i and add -es when a noun ends in a consonant and y.
2. Examples are provided to illustrate each rule, such as girls, tortoises, cameras, and monkeys for rule 1; boxes, mosses, and foxes for rule 2; and babies, kitties, and bunnies for rule 3.