SITE PLANNING Example with housing projects.pdf
- 1. Site Planning through Dr. A.K. Vinodia SPA Bhopal
- 2. Definition • What is Site Planning? – Site planning is the organization of land parcel to fit a program (function) in most efficient manner, to expresses the character of the site, and providing attractive spaces to use. – Site planning involves arranging built structures on the land and shaping spaces between them. It is an art linked to architecture, and city planning. 2
- 3. To learn and practice a logical method of fitting design programs and within the sites to create harmonious environment. 3 Purpose of site planning To understand how Natural factors (landscape), Socio-economic forces (human), and Technological functions (architecture & engineering) interact in the design process. To analyze the effect of factors of site planning both on site and the program, and also the impact of specific programs on specific sites. To Collect information and data concerning an urban/rural planning or design issue, classify and analyze the data, and make recommendations related to that issue. To Draw guidelines for planning, architecture and landscape in the schematic design of a program on a site.
- 4. Site planning-Site Analysis • Site analysis involves three phases, research, analysis, and synthesis. • Research phase: Identification of problem to be solved (client requirements), site visits, collection of data form site, its surroundings and also from secondary sources (Climate, soil, flora fauna, etc.) • Analysis phase: Involves programming the site based on the data analysis of all major elements of site planning. • Synthesis Phase: Preparation of conceptual scheme (Location, orientation of built mass and its relation with the site) 4 Site Analysis is the process of surveying or studying the existing environment and how it will influence the design and layout on the site. Site planning is carried out through process of site analysis The site analysis should identify issues that will influence the design of a development in order to make a considered response to both site opportunities and constraints, to provide a good quality living environment, and respect, acknowledge and improve the character of the area.
- 5. Elements of Site Analysis 5 Natural • Geographic location • Plant material- natural Habitat (pond, lake, hills, forest, etc.) • Geology-Topography, Ground water, Soil type and bearing Sensory Factors • Views, Visual quality, hills, lake • Sounds, Noise, Traffic, pollution levels • Smells Man made • Surrounding development • Existing Infrastructure-Water, sewer, drain, Electricity • Facilities, Services & Utilities • Existing features • Historical Requirements • Norms/ standards, Zoning Ordinances, Codes Metrological • Climatic condition- Sun, Prevailing winds, Rain
- 6. What are factors influencing site planning? 1. On-site Considerations. a) Orientation, direction, dimensions, area, shape, contours / levels and angle of slope. b) Trees and other significant vegetation. c) Buildings and any other notable features, landmarks of characteristics of the site. d) Access points, boundaries and easements. e) On-site drainage and other services. f) Geotechnical investigation – type of soil, bearing capacity, water table, etc. 2. Off-site Considerations. a. The location and use of surrounding buildings. b. The surrounding road networks, connectivity and traffic movement patterns. c. The difference in levels between the site and surrounding properties. d. The built form, scale and character or surrounding and nearby development. e. Major and significant vegetation on surrounding properties. f. Nallas, streams and other water bodies nearby. g. Local building materials and construction technology used, if any. h. Service layouts around the site.
- 7. What are factors influencing site planning? 3. Climatic Data and its architectural interpretation: Sun path, sunshine, temperature, prevailing wind direction and speed, rainfall, humidity levels and other local factors affecting the microclimate of the site. Kelvin Lynch, in his book site planning has identified following major elements for site planning that includes, Location, Neighborhood context, Site profile and zoning, Legal norms and standards, Natural physical features, Existing man-made features, circulation pattern, Existing utilities & services, sensory features, human and cultural, and Climatic conditions 4. Zonal and building bye laws: Land use, FAR, ground coverage, height restrictions, setbacks and others, as applicable.
- 8. Elements of Site Analysis 1. Geographic Location and accessibility: • The site should be related to major streets or landmarks previously existing. Aerial photographs help in this assessment stage. There should be documentation of distances and time from major places. This should be completed by either driving or walking the distance first-hand. 8 SENAI - DESARU HIGHWAY SITE
- 9. Road Network Elements of Site Analysis 1. Geographic Location and accessibility: Analysis should present • Available approaches, • Road sections, • Appropriate road for main entry, service entrance • Location for entry to the site. • Proposed road widening (if any) To wwwwww
- 10. Elements of Site Analysis Circulation : • Linkages an transit roads, auto & pedestrian access, mass transit routes etc. The uses of streets, roads, alleys, sidewalks, and plazas are important in this inventory step. It is not necessarily an analysis of these elements but more an analysis of what occurs on these circulation gateways. 10 The comparison between mass transit and private car The number of people in one hour between each type of transportation
- 11. Elements of Site Analysis 2. Neighborhood context : • Numerous issues at this stage require direct observation. Features of this sort include architectural patterns, street lighting, and condition of existing buildings, facilities and services can be noted. This would also include the immediate surroundings of the site. The reaction of the surrounding buildings towards the site and people moving around should be analyzed. 11
- 12. Elements of Site Analysis 3. Subsurface Features Geology: Geological history of the area, bedrock type & depth etc. data will help in deciding appropriate type of foundation for buildings 12 Typical questions: 1. Which depth is required? 2. Chemical property of soil ? 3. How deep is the water table/ fluctuation? • Soil classification ( Loam, Clay, Sand) • Soil survey data • Why is soil information important?
- 13. Elements of Site Analysis 13 Hydrological cycle Hydrology: Underground water table, aquifers, springs etc. Soil Genesis: Erosion susceptibility, moisture (pF), reaction (pH) organic content, bearing capacity etc. 3. Subsurface Features
- 14. Elements of Site Analysis 4. Natural Surface Features • Most of this information can be derived from the topographic features on the site. A contour map can be prepared or obtained. • Drainage problems as well as existing natural features of trees, ground cover, ground texture, and soil conditions on the site should be observed properly. 1. Vegetation: Type, size, location, shade pattern, aesthetics, ecology etc. 2. Wild Life: Ecology, species etc. 3. Slopes: Gradient, landforms, elevations, drainage patterns 14
- 15. Elements of Site Analysis 4.1 Vegetation: The types and locations of Plant materials affect the site’s micro-climate governed by Solar radiation, wind, humidity, air temperature. The definition or visual screening or exterior spaces. The absorption or dispersion of sound 15
- 16. Elements of Site Analysis 4.1 Vegetation: The types and locations of Plant materials affect the site’s micro-climate governed by Solar radiation, wind, humidity, air temperature. The definition or visual screening or exterior spaces. The absorption or dispersion of sound 16
- 17. Elements of Site Analysis • Slope and topography describe the shape and relief of land. • Topography is a measurement of elevation and relief of the Land. • Topography is measured with contours that connect points representing the same elevation. Slope is the difference in elevation from one point to another divided by the lateral distance between those points. 17 4.2 Slope and Topography • Contour lines are imaginary lines in plan view that connect points of equal height above a datum or bench mark. • Each contour line represents the form in which the site acquires over a specified elevation that is why we have surveyors and topographic surveys vs. metes and bounds surveys • Contour lines are continuous and never intersect each other. They change in shape, but never in elevation.
- 18. Elements of Site Analysis 18
- 19. Elements of Site Analysis 19 4.2 Slope and Topography Why are slope and Topography important? • Reduce construction costs • Minimize risks from natural hazards such as flooding and landslides, • Minimize the impacts of proposed developments on natural resources such as soils, vegetation and water systems. • Create a model of the land surface (digital elevation model) or three dimensional physical models.
- 20. Elements of Site Analysis 20 Why are slope and Topography important?
- 21. • The highest point (200 ft) • Low density development • The medium point (60-140 ft) • Medium density development • The lower point (20-60 ft) • Suitable for any development A B ' B C D D ' C ' A' TOPOGRAPHY ANALYSIS Elevation 100 200 300 feet A - A' 100 200 feet B - B' 100 200 300 feet C - C' 100 200 300 feet D - D' Cross Section lower point higher point higher point medium point medium point higher point lower point medium point medium point lower point medium point lower point
- 22. LEGEND (degree) 0 - 15 15 - 25 25 - 35 > 35 Slope (°) Class Area (acres) () ustification Low risk zone area < 15 1 319.98 61.70 Suitable for any development Medium risk zone area 15 - 25 2 124.46 24.00 Suitable for some type of development High risk zone area 25 - 35 3 30.08 5.80 Development can be allowable but need Environmental Impact Assessment > 35 4 44.08 8.50 No development should be allowed Total 518.60 100.00 TOPOGRAPHY ANALYSIS Slope (Class 1) (Class 2) (Class 3) (Class 4) Source : JPBD Selangor (1997), Garis Panduan Perancangan DiAtas Bukit,JPBD Selangor, Shah Alam. • Slope analysis is used to measure the suitability of the gradient of the terrain for each type of development.
- 23. Suitable for any development Low density development LEGEND No development 20 % 10 % 70 % LEGEND Any development Low density development No development SUITABILITY LAND USE MAP
- 25. Elements of Site Analysis 5. Man made features : • Features located on the site such as buildings, walls, fences, patios, plazas, bus stop shelters should be noted. The site and location of such features should be directly measured. • Documentation of existing historical districts should be made, some of which may already have reports completed. Locating this information can be done through the municipal planning department for the site. • Historic notes: Archeological sites, landmarks, building type, size, condition 25 Big trees Well Building Fire station STP
- 26. 1 2 3 4 5 BUS STATION POST OFFICE POLICE STATION PUBLIC LIBRARY MOSQUE 5 1 3 4 2 8 7 6 9 10 SPORT SCHOOL 6 SCIENCE SCHOOL SMK AGAMA 8 TRANSMISSION LINE 10 Public facilities & infrastructure Neighborhood context :
- 27. Elements of Site Analysis 7. Utilities : • Information for utilities concerning the site can be found through the Local administration (Municipal corporation) and departments of the local area. Information in this print includes the location of all utilities such as, sanitary, water supply, gas, electrical etc. and their locations around or on the site itself. 27 Location, direction, capacity and condition of following networks: • Water line network • Sewer line network • Electrical lines (HT or LT) • Drainage • Data cables
- 28. Elements of Site Analysis 8. Sensory : • Much of the sensory information collected will be done through first hand experience. This type of information is obtained from sketching and photographs (sometimes aerial photographs). • Direct observation of other sensory elements of noise, odors, smoke, and pollutant areas must also be completed. 28 Perceptual: from an auto, by pedestrian, by bike etc. Spatial Pattern: Views of the site, views from the site, spaces existing, potential for new areas, sequential relationship Natural Features: significant natural features of the site, water elements, rock formations, plant materials
- 29. Land use map Proposed site 1 KM 2 KM 3 KM LEGEND Water Body Forestry Industry Infrastructure & utility Institutes& facility Housing Beach Transportation Aquaculture Commercial & services Agriculture Abundant Open space Zoning of the neighborhood is important and information can typically be found at the master plans.
- 30. Elements of Site Analysis Zoning regulation: Land use: Usage of site, adjacent use, zoning restrictions, easement etc. • Site boundaries can be located by either verifying the dimensions physically or contacting the local revenue office. • Zoning classifications, set-backs, height restrictions, allowable site coverage, uses, and parking requirements are obtained by obtaining zoning classifications from a zoning map, which can be located from the city planning department. 30 F.A.R.=1/2 One-story bldg. Two-story bldg. • FAR is one of the density control device, FAR is a term the zoning ordinance will use to quantify and limit the amount of square footage of building area as a function of the building site Ground coverage? Applicable Zoning regulation should be filter out so that proposals can be made within the purview of prevailing development norms.
- 31. Concept development: Theme, Ideas Zoning through Road Network
- 32. Concept development: Theme, Ideas Land use divisions
- 33. Elements of Site Analysis 9. Micro-Climate : • WIND VELOCITY • PRECIPITATION RATE • TEMPERATURE • HUMIDITY 33 Metrological Factors Micro climatic data needs to be procure that helps in; 1. Deciding strategies to achieve comfort condition within the building 2. This generally carried out by most appropriate orientation of building. When we need to invited or avoided SUN ? Do we need to invited or avoided Wind ? How to create Thermal comfort ? Humidity levels? ORIENTATION
- 34. Elements of Site Analysis 34 Temperature Wind Pattern DATA ANALYSIS: Psychometric
- 35. Elements of Site Analysis 35 Metrological Factors Law of Nature: Wind and Sun movement Basic principles
- 36. Elements of Site Analysis 36 Concept development: Microclimatic considerations
- 38. Elements of Site Analysis 10.Human and cultural : This information can be obtained through census statistics on the neighborhood. This information includes activities among people on the site and their relationships to these activities. 38 Elderly people Working people Student and lecturers The second and third generation New family that want to start a new life Tourist
- 39. Concept development: Theme, Ideas Design consideration • Low Cost Housing • Medium Cost Housing • High Cost Housing Commercial area has been planned properly to be a profitable area with a strategic location and have a good accessibility. There will be recreational park in the mixed-use development area and it will be build along the existing drainage and the hill area will be conserve as Town Park. The parks are been divide into three such as: •Town park •Pocket park •Linear park
- 40. 40 SWOT ANALYSIS
- 41. ELEMENT STRENGTH WEAKNESS OPPURTUNITY THREAT 1) Accessibility Existing Highway (45 minutes from XYZ) Service road High way give chance to get services before continuing the journey Existing road in site become constraint 2)Surrounding development Market, school, ATM, BANK, Police station near to our site Northern area of the site still not develop. 3)Side Condition Majority are flat area and can be developable. There are two hills can be develop as low density building and a river need to reserve Suitable for recreational area and less earthwork Certain area cannot be development 4) Location - Existing policies in local plan allow to develop large scale of education, services and commercial area. - 5) Zoning of Site Can be develop for any development Elements of Site Analysis SWOT ANALYSIS
- 42. Example: Site planning and conceptual development 42 Neighborhood design
- 43. Concept development: Theme, Ideas Cluster Garden Living is the theme to meet the combination of Cluster Neighborhood Concept and Low Carbon Concept. Base on this concepts, several characteristic had been identified to be adopted into the development of proposed site. These are five objectives to achieve the theme which is safety, living quality, garden living, vibrant and convenience. It will ensure the balance of the best in living style for the proposed site
- 44. Concept Component Housing Each parcel of housing has variety of housing such as: · Low Cost Housing · Medium Cost Housing · High Cost Housing Commercial The commercial area is providing: · Shop houses · Shop offices · Shopping complex Park The parks are been divide into three such as: · Town park · Pocket park · Linear park Concept development: Theme, Ideas
- 45. Stage-2: Concept Development 45 • This is typically the initial design response. • There are No definite rules as to what must be included in a concept plan. • Typically, the main features of the landscape design are shown - for instance the different garden areas and their relationship to neighboring areas, main features and main trees. • Plans are often to scale and include a basic indication of materials. The drawings are often illustrative. • Measure enough existing features to verify the scale of your drawings
- 46. References • Lynch, K. and Hack, G. Site Planning • Booth, N., Basic Elements of Landscape Architectural Design. • White, E., Site Analysis 46