Six Major Causes Of Wrongful Conviction

Six Major Causes Of Wrongful Conviction
Part1: Six Major Causes of Wrongful Conviction
The most vicious cause of wrongful conviction is eyewitness misidentification. According to the
Innocence Project, 72% of overturned wrongful convictions through DNA testing were due to
eyewitness misidentification1. As this statistics implies, eyewitness identification (Eye–ID) is
untrustworthy information. The main reason why Eye–ID lacks accuracy is due to malleability of
memories. The Innocence Project asserts there are two variables greatly influence memory and also
Eye–ID. One type of variables is "estimator variables" which are incontrollable factors by the
criminal justice system. Examples of estimator variables are environmental factors (e.g., lighting
and distance) when the crime occurred, racial factors, and psychological factors (e.g., severity of
trauma)1. The other type of variable is "system variables" which is controllable by the criminal
justice system. These variables are within the procedure of attaining evidences. For instance, post–
identification feedback (e.g., confirming feedback that an eyewitness receives), biased lineup/ photo
array composition, biased administrators of lineup can negatively influences Eye–ID.
The second primary cause of wrongful conviction is due to unreliable or improper forensic science
and forensic misconduct. The Innocence Project asserts that most forensic science (e.g., analysis of
hair, bite marks, fire arms, and tool marks) has not been thoroughly and scientifically evaluated
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The Code Of Silence Essays
The Code of Silence
Some argue that corrupt police officers are simply the product of a corrupt culture of the agency
they work for. These officers are socially introduced to a number of informal rules when they begin
employment. This process and these rules serve two main purposes. First, this process is designed to
minimize the chances of external or internal controls being mobilized to address the behaviors and,
secondly, to keep corrupt activities at a level that is acceptable and likely undetectable. The rule
most often referred to in this connection, is the "Code of Silence." Officers are socialized into not
cooperating with investigations regarding fellow officers. Whether or not the officer participates in
corrupt activities for financial gain, an officer's adherence to the "Code of Silence" places them
squarely amongst the corrupt of the profession (Price, 1972).
Some officers feel that discussing police transgressions regarding behavior or expressing worries
about corruption makes them appear ''weak'' or ''soft''. Some officers are uncertain whether certain
gifts, such as flowers from a citizen saying ''thank you'' to an officer, are appropriate to accept
(Westmarland, 2005). This uncertainty on the part of officers contributes to the "Code of Silence"
that at times appears to be present in law enforcement.
The "Code of Silence" is not simply something which applies only to the patrol officer or the officer
that does not hold rank within the department. The

Police Brutality Using Necessary Force
Police Brutality
On May 29, 2013, a 14 year old boy was walking down the street with his puppy minding his own
business. About, seconds later cops arrived and the boy made eye contact with the cops. The boy
gave a weird look at the cops and the cops took him down to the ground. The cops were choking the
boy and the puppy got injured from the take down. Using unnecessary force to an innocent citizen
that has done nothing wrong is unacceptable. Police brutality I think are some of several problems in
our society. If you don't know what it is, police brutality is where a police officer uses unnecessary
force to a civilian. For example, when you are walking and you see police officer and you both
make eye contact, and give a mean look. The

Science Investigatory Format
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE INVESTIGATORY PROJECTS I. Content Apply/demonstrate
scientific principles or attempt to provide new knowledge; Be a result of continuing or parallel
scientific research and investigation & not a copy of any previous research; Have socio–economic
significance and relevance to livelihood development; and Contribute to the advancement of S&T
and the development of the community. II. Physical Set–up/Visual Display The physical set–up must
be attractive and informative. Interested spectators and judges should easily asses the study and the
results obtained. Use clear and concise displays. Make headings stand–out, draw graphs and
diagrams clearly and label them correctly. A one–page project abstract must be posted ... Show more
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Background of the Study– states the rationale of the study. It explains briefly why the investigator
chose this study to work on. Statement of Problem/Objectives – the nature & scope of the problem
should be presented with clarity. Two types of objectives maybe stated: General Objective – this is
related to the problem as given in the early part of the section. Specific Objective – this states the
purpose of each experiment conducted. Significance of the Study– the importance of the study is
explained in this part. Scope and Limitations – states the coverage & extent of the study. Review of
Related Literature – sufficient background information should be presented for readers to
understand & evaluate the results of the present study. Only the most important studies and theories
written on the topic should be included. Methodology – provides enough details so that a competent
worker can repeat the experiments. Materials/Equipment – the exact technical specifications,
quantities and source of method of preparation for all materials used should be given. Specifically
built equipment used in the study must be described and the description accompanied by a picture.
Treatment/General Procedure – the manner & sequence by which each experiment or set of
observations were done & how measurements were obtained should be described in detail. Avoid
using the "recipe style" when stating the step–by–step

Assessing Public Confidence In Criminal Justice System
Today in society the view of police officers varies from person to person, but here is the central idea
and responsibilities of what officers are supposed to be viewed as. They are those who play a central
peacekeeping role in our cities/ communities. Their purpose in the government is to protect and
serve and to deliver criminals into the hands of the law. Police are responsible for catching criminals
who threaten the livelihood, property and peace of other citizens. However, lately some police
officers becoming the criminals more and more. Some people might say in the past police were a
symbol of authority and power in a neighborhood for people of all ages, backgrounds and races.
Many criminals are deterred from committing foul actions if ... Show more content on
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Police are the front–line agents of formal social control." Meaning that the job description of an
officer is to be legit by conforming to all rules, to be efficient by achieving maximum productivity
with minimum wasted effort or expense and to be fair by just treatment or behavior without
favoritism or discrimination. This cannot truly happen without the communication with citizens, but
as the introduction section points out "neighborhoods with high levels of disadvantage have poorer
attitudes towards the criminal justice system, with race being a strong predictor of attitudes towards
police." For example, in a district with a higher workload and higher crime rate (and high
incivilities) police may treat citizens differently, ignoring minor offenses, and focusing more on
serious offending in an effort to direct limited departmental resources more efficiently. Having that
negative response from officers then present why people have that negative feeling towards

The Infamous Patchwork Mouse Case
The universal principle that underlines all work conducted in the field of science is that the
knowledge yielded from scientific discovery can never be considered to be indisputable truth as it is
derived solely from the human perspective of the world and, to the greater extent, the tangible
universe. As a result, theories brought forward that are considered to be factual one day can be justly
discarded the next if enough evidence is produced to form a realised contradiction. It is due to this,
therefore, that science holds great authority over how society is able to perceive its surroundings and
consequently, how it allows human society to progress.
Science is far from 'perfect'. As it is conducted by human beings, it is only natural that mistakes and
inconsistencies are likely to occur. However, there is a distinct line between work that is genuine
and that of work that has been purposely falsified to produce a desired result. This is known as
'pseudoscience' (or scientific misconduct) and is largely responsible for the wealth of controversy
that has been brought upon science.
In particular, this report will focus on a widely–criticized and notorious case of scientific fraud,
consisting of how it was perpetrated, what events transpired because of it, the motives of the
accused, how the case is likely to bring harm to science and what measures can be employed to
rectify any possible instances of future misconduct.
Explanation of what happened:
The infamous

Racial Profiling Term Paper
Racial profiling is a popular method used by law officers in order to hypothetically enhance crime
prevention by targeting minorities, because they are more likely to commit a crime. According to
Wikipedia, racial profiling is defined as: the inclusion of race in the profile of a person considered
likely to commit a particular crime or type of crime. In other words, it is targeting specific ethnic
groups because they are more likely to commit certain crimes. Racial profiling is a flagrant form of
racism. According to Dictionary.com, racism is defined as hatred or intolerance of another race or
other races. Nevertheless, it shouldn't be confused with stereotyping, because they are two different
things even if racial profiling is heavily ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What if one of the people that took me aside in country B would come to my country and he would
be considered as a slave? Under the ethical theory known as the "Veil of Ignorance", every person in
society has the right to equal freedom. Also if there is an inequality in society, it must be to
everyone's advantage. Since racial profiling violates a person's freedom, the violation benefits no
one, therefore racial profiling should be considered immoral.
One way of trying to eliminate racial profiling, would be through extensive data collection because
it is beneficial on many fronts. According to
http://www.racialprofilinganalysis.neu.edu/background/, data collection gives the following
benefits:
• Send a strong message to the community that the department is against racial profiling and that
racial profiling is inconsistent with effective policing and equal protection
• Build trust and respect for the police in the communities they serve
• Provide departments with information about the types of stops being made by officers, the
proportion of police time spent on high–discretion stops, and the results of such stops
• Help shape and develop training programs to educate officers about racial profiling and
interactions with the community
• Enable the development of police and community dialogue to assess the quality and quantity of
police–citizen encounters
• Allay community concerns about the activities of police
•

Should Professional Negligence Or Misconduct?
Some companies may even have a separate procedure for underperformance and may need to amend
and adapt the finer details of this procedure and class it as a 'capability' procedure but they must still
follow the basic principles of the policies. Ultimately, a well managed organisation rarely has to
resort to disciplinary measures, but if needed, it is essential that the procedure is adhered to
precisely. It is also worth mentioning that employers should aim to improve and not punish
employees, but this is not always the case. If and when a disciplinary procedure is needed, the
organisation must follow a code of practice which will be set out in the company's disciplinary
policy. Every case is different, so it is important that an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Once the investigation is complete and it is decided that a disciplinary case is to be opened, then the
employee must be notified in writing as soon as possible. The letter should contain information with
regards to the alleged offence and the possible outcomes, copies of witness statements if applicable,
the time and venue for the meeting and also the employees right to be accompanied at the meeting
whether it be a fellow worker, a union representative or a union official but the companion has
limited exercise within the meeting. The meeting should also be held without undue delay but at the
same time must be deemed as fair in order for the employee to prepare their case for the matters in
question .Once the meeting is in progress the employee will be shown details and evidence of the
alleged offence and complaint against them but at the same time the employee will be given their
opportunity to present their case forward and ask relevant questions or provide evidence and even
call witnesses. Once the disciplinary meeting has finished and all the information gathered, then
there needs to be a decision on whether disciplinary action or any other kind of action can be
justified and then implemented. The employee must then be notified, in writing, of the relevant
actions which are to be taken and explained as to why and how the

Conflicts Of Interest And Its Impact On Research
Conflicts of interest appear in all aspects of life, yet in research the potential consequences of these
conflicts may be disastrous. Allowing conflicts of interest to exist in science has a negative impact
on research – they could damage public opinions of science and slow the progression of research.
Scientific disciplines have the potential to harm society, highlighting the need to conduct ethical
research free from conflicts of interest. In epidemiology, conflicting interests may have serious
repercussions, as demonstrated by the case of Pat Buffler. These cases demonstrate the need to
regulate conflicts of interest: strategies are necessary to prevent and manage any conflicts which
may arise.
Conflicts of interest are circumstances ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The deliberate or unintentional bias arising from a conflict contributes to research misconduct2, and
failure to address these conflicts may damage the public's attitude towards science2. Furthermore,
non–disclosure of secondary interests adds to the distrust between the researcher and other
scientists2. Consequently, the efficiency of research is reduced2: modern research requires scientific
collaboration to develop materials, specimens and information2, and doubtful results must be cross–
examined to be validated. Furthermore, if the researcher's actions damage the relationship between
scientists and funders, future research may stop, as institutions providing financial support may be
reluctant to invest in the researcher2. The researcher suffers the most from a discovered conflict of
interest, as they are penalised for misconduct. The severity of the penalty reflects the misconduct,
and can range from exclusion from a research project, retraction of research, or even the researcher's
dismissal5. The appropriate action is affected by the researcher's scientific discipline, as each
institution has different codes of conduct5. Conflicts of interest are present in all scientific
disciplines. Epidemiological research has direct impacts for many people, so it is important for the
research to be free from misconduct6. As such, research should be of high quality and unbiased by
any

What´s Scientific Misconduct?
Scientific Misconduct College students are constantly being warned about the consequences that
come with breaking academic integrity, but do not fully understand why scientific misconduct is
taken so seriously. Students studying in the field of science should be more educated on scientific
misconduct in order to avoid real world mistakes and the consequences that may arise because of
them. In the real world, some students will be using their knowledge to complete research and
analyze data, which leaves plenty of room for scientific misconduct. This type of misconduct has a
larger affect than simply failing a class; it can ruin reputations, lose jobs or even result in jail time.
In most college courses, the main worry is plagiarism among students. In the case of Annie
Dookhan, a real crime–lab chemist, more misconduct was taking place than simply copying down a
stolen answer. While analyzing drugs in a laboratory for the Department of Public Health, Dookhan
"falsified test results in criminal cases" (Levitz, 2013). When placed in a professional setting,
scientific misconduct becomes an incredibly serious matter. Despite the fact that they will be forced
to face real misconduct within their future careers, college students rarely learn about the types of
dire mistakes that take place outside of a classroom. Students should understand that even if they are
not caught right away, there is a chance that their mistakes will be noticed in the future. For
Dookhan, her

Wrongful Convictions And The Criminal Justice System
This paper takes a leap into the corrupted side of the criminal justice system. After analyzing several
articles regarding wrongful conviction cases in the Unites States, it is apparent that wrongful
conviction cases occur more often than society believed. It has come to surface in recent years that
wrongful convictions are a big problem with our criminal justice system. Researchers have
discovered the causes of wrongful convictions to be bad lawyering, government misconduct,
informants, false confessions, flawed forensic science and eyewitness error. Furthermore, this paper
explores the affects victims face due to a wrongful conviction. As society has begun to steadily
realize that miscarriage of justice is a possibility, researchers have considered reforms to the
criminal justice system. Wrongful Convictions in the Criminal Justice System During recent studies
from several researchers it has been concluded that there is a fault within our criminal justice
system. Researchers discovered there is a high wrongful conviction rate within the United States
judicial system. After, extensive research, it was found that wrongful convictions are caused by
eyewitness error, false confessions, flawed forensic science, an informant, bad lawyering, and
government misconduct. Without a doubt, this issue has shocked society, due to the fact we rely on
the system for pure justice. Within my findings, it is apparent that victims of wrongful convictions
suffer numerous affects when

Gentrification Has Taken The Bay Area
Adding to the inequalities and misfortunes within communities of color, gentrification has taken the
Bay Area by a storm. Gentrification is the purchasing of deteriorated urban homes and areas, then
the renovation by higher–end and middle class communities. An abundance of high–end people rush
into the Bay Area and purchase up the real estate. Incoming middle and higher class take the Bay
Area real estate and revitalise it into up–and–coming neighborhoods, then increase rent prices.
Therefore, reducing affordable housing for communities of color. Therefore, this revitalization is
changing the character of communities because the Bay Area may appear nicer, the communities of
color are unable to afford the standard of living. Communities of ... Show more content on
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When cities begin their journey of being gentrified, many locals become displaced. Displacement is
when locals are uprooted from their homes, due to outside factors, and forced to move elsewhere.
According to the Urban Displacement Project conducted by U.C. Berkeley, "Gentrification results
from both flows of capital and people. The extent to which gentrification is linked to racial transition
differs across neighborhood contexts... Displacement takes many different forms–direct and indirect,
physical or economic, and exclusionary–and may result from either investment or disinvestment"
(U.C. Berkeley). Many people are coming into San Francisco's Bay Area because of how diverse
each element is. However, according to Census numbers, between 1990 and 2010, 35.7% of San
Francisco's black population dwindled (Bliss). 35.7% of the black community within San Francisco
suffered from displacement. An additional 53% of low–income households in the Bay Area are at
risk for displacement and gentrification (U.C. Berkeley). This has definitely left a dent within the
diversity reputation held up by the Bay Area. When such a strong large part of people leave, The
City will experience a shift in culture and community. Whether, it is the real estate, the food, the
different cultures, the Bay Area has always been known for being different. Perhaps, this is why so
many outsiders are coming in and buying up every piece of land they can. Whether their intentions
were to purchase land and

Culture And Conflict In The Organizational Culture Of Uber
Culture is the collective attitude, intellect, and atmosphere that a community creates for itself. This
includes values, traditions, and social norms. Specifically, organizational culture is within a
community, group, or business that shares values, follows a code of conduct and standards, and
holds its members accountable for their contributions. Organizational culture arises from the goals
and mission set out by the company. A negligent culture can provoke and encourage inappropriate
behavior between employees. As shown with Uber, organizational culture can become dangerous
and harmful to its members if proper standards are not established. Culture and conflict often
intersect each other when dealing with various issues. Many individuals ... Show more content on
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"It's a simple experience and a much more pleasant way to get a ride than stepping onto a busy street
and waving at oncoming traffic" (Stone, 2014, p. 53). It is convenient for both the employee and
customer to arrange a ride, which makes Uber preferable. Additionally, the employees of Uber are
given more benefits than the employees of taxi companies. For example, Uber issues an iPhone with
the Uber software, free gear to secure it to their windshield and an hour of orientation (Stone, 2014,
p. 52). It is this simplicity that appeals to people seeking employment. They are also using a
platform that is accessible to many of their customers, because, as of 2015, "64% of American adults
now own a smartphone of some kind" (Smith, 2015). Since their focus is on luxury, innovation, and
results, they have transformed the public transportation system in their favor. Although Uber's
culture is useful to them in producing results, they lack the internal development of their employee
relationships. Their drive for progress and success came at the cost of their reputation. "Yet the focus
on pushing for the best result has also fueled what current and former Uber employees describe as a
Hobbesian environment at the company, in which workers are sometimes pitted against one another
and where a blind eye is turned to infractions from top performers" (Isaac, 2017). This company has
had many issues with regulating interactions with employees, and holding those who act

The Case Of Hiv Vaccine Research : Not A Solely Sin Essay
Fabrication and Falsification in Dong Pyou Han Case of HIV Vaccine Research: Not a Solely Sin
Introduction
A promising vaccine to combat HIV epidemic seems need to wait a lit bit longer since the desired
result of HIV vaccine development in Iowa State University (ISU) found to be a fraudulent. Office
of Research Integrity (ORI) and ISU found that the Dr. Dong–Pyou Han, former Research Assistant
Professor, engaged in research misconduct in this research by intentionally spiked samples of rabbit
sera with human antibody. 1–5 It falsified the result that a vaccine developed was protecting the
rabbits against the HIV virus. 1–5 Due to this case, Dong–Pyou Han was not only forced to resign
from ISU but also sentenced to 57 months in prison with fined US$ 7.2 million.
This harsh consequence shows a concern in research integrity in USA. However, it seems unclear
that the view of misconduct as being simply a solely personal sin. A researcher, colleges, supervisor
and institution might share responsibility in research integrity and prevent research misconduct.
What is more, environmental factors had been studied create opportunity of research misconduct
such as fabrication and falsification. Therefore, this essay will discuss what and how researcher and
environmental factors roles in contributing a fabrication and falsification especially in the case of
Dong–Pyou Han. The essay will be divided into four parts. First part explains definition of
fabrication and falsification and

Summary Of King Leary's Gross Misconduct
King Leary's Gross Misconduct
The term gross misconduct is defined as, "a match penalty that was imposed to players and team
personnel for extreme unsportsmanlike conduct." ("Gross Misconduct" par. 1) This hockey term fits
the character Percival 'King' Leary appropriately as he treated his dear friend Manny Oz very poorly.
Although Leary made many mistakes in his friendship with Manfred, he manages to redeem himself
at the end of the novel. In this paper, I will explain how Leary betrays Manny, how he feels guilt
throughout the entire novel, and finally, how he manages to redeem himself in the end. Leary
accomplishes betraying Manfred multiple times in the novel. The initial betrayal eventually leads
Manny to his death, which will be explained later. The first example can be found on pages 137–
138, where Poppa Rivers and Leary have a conversation: Poppa Rivers said, "Tell Manfred to stop
drinking. (...) Say to him, Manfred, stop drinking liquor. Do not drink it anymore. (...) But no one
has said this to him: because you love me I'm asking you for this promise, that you will stop
drinking this liquor that hurts you so badly." (...) "If you were going to do it, you would have said
yes. But you haven't. So you won't." (...) "Oh, I suppose you might say, 'Hey Manny, go easy on the
boozing,' but you won't make him promise, and it won't work." (Quarrington) By Leary never telling
this to Manfred, he passed away on New Year's Day, 1937. (Quarrington, 100) That example proves
that Leary

Hunting Ground Case Study
Despite all the effort through campaigns, rallies and a dozen posters to prevent sexual harassment it
has continued to be a big issue in the United States. Sexual harassment is especially widespread
issue in college campuses, according to the AAUW Educational Foundation, 62% of female students
and 61% of male student's report having been victims of this form of abuse. Where most of the
harassment reports are not involving physical contact, nevertheless about one–third of students are
victims of physical harassment. NOVA is strives to insure safety to its students and stuff, to do so
different Departments are working to prevent, investigate, bring justice and help victims of sexual
misconducts. According to the Nova campus police website, if ... Show more content on
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Last semester NOVA women's center organized to show the film the "hunting Ground" which lead
to a discussion about the reality of sexual assault on campuses. This event will be continual and
there will be another event in May. Even though such events are something to be appreciated the
fact remains more needs to be done. NOVA needs to incorporate trainings and programs into the
school system to educate its students on reporting, preventing and build better understanding of
sexual harassment in general. Even though traditional programs are not something to be disregarded
the statistical data we have is a proof that more change is needed. The climate survey findings will
highlight what is urgent and critical to the NOVA community. While the survey will tell us, what is
happening in our campuses the mandatory trainings will work towards addressing the issue of why
sexual misconducts are happening at the current rate. Other schools – including the University of
Nebraska at Omaha, Kansas University, the Montana University system, Portland State University,
Georgetown University and the University of California–Berkeley – have made sexual assault
awareness training programs mandatory for students according to an article by USNEWS. Elon
University in North Carolina, for example, students must take a course online before they even
reach campus that walks them through the ethics of relationship and alcohol's effect on behavior.
"You can't do a one–time program and expect it to make a difference," says Ruth Anne Koenick,
director of the Office for Violence Prevention and Victim Assistance at Rutgers, the State University
of New Jersey–New Brunswick. As these schools reevaluated their way of dealing with sexual
violence and changed their approach a decrease in sexual violence has been reported on their

Disciplinary Action in Organization
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Md. Ataur Rahman of Management Department of
University of Dhaka for providing me an opportunity to do my assignment work on "Disciplinary
Action in Organization".
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
December 31, 2011
Dr. Md. Ataur Rahman
Department of Management Studies
Faculty of Business Studies
University of Dhaka.
Dear Sir,
I am submitting to you the assignment report, due December 31, 2011, that you have assigned me in
our class. This report contains details about the disciplinary action in organization.
I hope you find this report satisfactory.
Sincerely,
M. S. A. Shahnawaz Chowdhury
ID:3–11–20–064
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Disciplinary action refers to the actions ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Prevention is best done by making company standards known and understood in advance. The basic
objectives however is to encourage employee self discipline. In this way the employees maintain
their own discipline rather than have management impose it. Employees are more likely to support
standards that they have helped create. They also will give more support to standards that are stated
positively instead of negatively, and when they have been told the reasons behind a standard so that
it will make sense to them.
Corrective discipline:
Corrective discipline is action that follows infraction of a rule; it seeks to discourage further
infractions so that future act will be in compliance with standards. Typically the corrective action is
a penalty of some type and is called a disciplinary action. Examples are a warning or suspension
with or without pay.
POLICIES OF DISCIPLINARY ACTION

In any social system, irrespective of its nature, it is important for the participant to determine a set of
rules that will regulate the conduct of its members and should be observed in order to function
successfully.
Similarly so it is important in the workplace to determine a set of policies to regulate the
relationship between the employees and the employer in the form of a disciplinary procedure.
The code is based on the following principles:–
The right of management to take appropriate disciplinary steps against any worker, who acts in a
manner

Capstone Project Essay
Capstone Project and Research Investigation
Introduction
According to Kirkpatrick and Weaver (2013) the capstone project strives to focus on the practice
that is the final project of the students in the Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) program. The
characteristics of the DNP capstone project describe either how a practice issue affects the particular
group, population, or community. The project also addresses how knowledge circulates through
translation or integration of evidenced–base practice. The capstone project provides a foundation for
future scholarship and reflects the student 's understanding of knowledge and expertise.
Furthermore, the capstone project addresses the academic product that reflects the student 's
involvement (Webb, 2014).
According to Campbell & Benn (2011) a capstone project includes identifying data as a problem in
an actual setting and developing the means to address it. A capstone project can either be research–
oriented or design–oriented. Resolutions of the project are usually collaborative and can result in the
implementation and utilization. Also identifying a clinically significant teaching, learning need
supported by the scientific literature is the priority of the capstone project. Individualizing the
capstone project include a combination of an academic project with personal experiences, previous
nursing knowledge, and newly acquired graduate skills (Cambell & Benn, 2011).
According to Njie–Carr, Cook and Glass (2010) the use of the

The Role Of Scholarly Integrity
The need to educate the scientific community on scholarly integrity necessarily moves the issue
beyond the individual. It is in first instance, research institutions that must provide students, faculty,
and staff with guidelines and codes of practice on scholarly integrity, endorse appreciation for the
diversity of views that may be brought to bear on issues, and inform about the institutional rules and
government regulations that apply to research.
At the same time, no system of rules can be expected to be efficacious without some element of
sanction. Here, it is essential that the institutional level provide effective procedures with which
violations of scholarly integrity can be addressed. These should ideally encompass not just academic

Scientific Ethics And Scientific Research
Scientific research is a broad range of activities undertaken in systematic ways to advance
knowledge and understandings. It benefits society based on the expectation that researches are
conducted honestly, accurately and fairly. According to the conventional view, scientific research is
a highly logical process, conducted objectively by scientists, inspected by peer scrutiny. However, it
is not unusual that researchers fail to fulfill the expectation, which will be considered as scientific
misconduct. Currently, scientific misconduct is defined as "fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in
proposing, performing, or reviewing research, or in reporting research results".
1. Fabrication, sometimes referred as "dry labbing", is an intentional behavior to make up results for
experiments that never occurs, which considered as highly unethical.
2. Falsification is defined as publishing misleading facts of experimentations or results, researchers
wilfully distort results to support hypothesis.
3. Plagiarism is often referred to pass other person's ideas, results or words without giving
appropriate credit.
These misconducts have significant effects. They will waste money and other resources, might even
pose potential risk to human health. In recent scandals such as Haruko Obokata's falsified results in
STAP cells and Jan Hendrik Schön's fabricated results in semiconductors, misconducts are not only
debarred those scientists, also damaged the pristine image of science and

Black Lives Matter Unit: A Social Analysis
Much of the time when I take a class in Sociology there is always a point in time where I begin to
consider how I can apply what I learn to my life in a professional setting. Although I'm not entirely
sure what I would like to pursue as a professional career, all I know is that I want to improve the
justice system. I know alone, I cannot construct change on a large scale, but what I can do, is start at
home and make minor alterations, maybe those tiny shifts could trigger change on a national scale.
The reading assignments on the Black Lives Matter unit was one of the issues that motivated me
into wanting to take action. It astonishes me when almost every day there is new news about police
brutality in our country. Instead of protecting, an

The Wrongful Convictions Of Innocent Men And Women
We hear in the news about police misconduct, use of excessive force, embezzlement, but one thing I
found while researching what I should write this paper on is the Wrongful convictions of innocent
men and women, that spend years in prison being innocent, and there is nothing that gets done till
it's too late. Some wrongful convictions are honest mistakes, but many times law enforcement and
prosecutors lose sight of the obligation of ensuring truth and justice, and are focused on their
conviction rates. As with any job, they are honest people and ones that just don't care and are
corrupt, this exists in the criminal justice system. One way to prove someone is innocent now is
through DNA testing, but even at all levels of a criminal investigation there could be misconduct or
mishandling of evidence, which then causes the evidence to become compromised.
One thing I notice is a lot of the misconduct is by the arresting officers or detectives that are
investigating the crime. The ways an office can have misconduct that could lead to false convictions,
include suggestions when conducting interviews, coercing false confessions, lying to jurors about
observations, failing to turn over evidence. Common forms of misconduct by a prosecutor can
include, withhold evidence from defense, mishandling, mistreating or destroying evidence, allowing
witnesses that they know are not truthful to testify, Pressing Witnesses of the defense to not testify,
relying on fraudulent forensic experts.

Grand Narrative Analysis
One source of support for the legitimacy of science follows from the so–called "grand narrative"
which presents a view of science as an objective, autonomous, self–regulating and self–correcting
process. Jerry Francis identifies three (3) underpinnings to the legitimacy of science but then notes
that scientific misconduct does occur. Based upon these three (3) mechanisms, briefly explain how
or where the "grand narrative" is likely to be at least partially naïve or idealistic.
Francis (1989) identifies three structures that underpin the legitimacy of the scientific "grand
narrative". However, the dichotomy between the scientist's personal goals, and collective scientific
goals means that these structures are fundamentally flawed. There are three specific instances in
which the ideology of the "grand narrative" is flawed by human nature.
Firstly, rewards are not just internal. The "grand narrative" exists in a universe where everyone
doing research is solely motivated to produce research without any pressure from anything outside
of their desire to produce high quality research. However, this is idealistic. The reality is that
researchers have multiple sources of pressure to conduct and publish beyond their desire to do so.
This shifts the dynamics of grand narrative and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Due to the siloed, specialist nature of research, papers are likely to be reviewed by their direct
competitors who have incentive to discredit contrary results. Additionally, researchers face
incentives geared towards quantity not quality of papers produced. Finally, the top schools have an
"uneven playing field" are likely given the benefit of the doubt when being reviewed for top tier
journals. This is compounded by the fact that those reviewing are most likely from top universities
themselves and therefore potentially more lenient towards their

The Pros And Cons Of Murdere Punishment
Have you ever wondered how many innocent people are serving time in prison? Well, in 2015, 149
people were exonerated from prison because they were falsely convicted of crimes. One of the many
incidents of this was the case against Glenn Ford. He was sentenced to death by electrocution in
1984 for robbery and first degree murder of Isadore Rozeman. He spent 30 years in prison until
2014, when he was exonerated. The reason for choosing this topic is because although numbers are
decreasing, there are still people who have been falsely convicted and sent to prison; and at least
4.1% of innocents are on death row. We must stop this corruption of false convictions in the court.
If "false conviction" is an unfamiliar term, a false conviction is when an innocent defendant is
convicted of a crime they never committed. This is considered an injustice because there are more
than 8,000 people who are on death row for something they never did. The courts should be where
the people find the truth of the trial, but this rarely happens. Some trials may have the truth come to
light, but not many. Instead, it has only resolved conflicts between the defendant and plaintiff. As
stated prior, although there are decreasing numbers, it is still an injustice that occurs.
There are many ways that false convictions occur. One example is what prosecutors do with
evidence. It has been shown that some prosecutors would fabricate, or create evidence illegally to
show the defendant's guilt, or hide

What Is The Victim Of Police Brutality
Police brutality is a phenomenon that is occurring more and more frequently. Because of the current
police crisis happening in our country today, officers are becoming more violent and untrustworthy.
We the people have to have some sort of enforcement for society to work and without it, chaos could
ensue. In the circumstance involving Officer Charles Dorcent and Anthony Carty, Mr. Carty is
obviously the victim. The video clearly shows Dorcent hitting Carty in the face when Carty had no
way to attack or defend himself. Also, the injures Mr. Carty sustained were outrageous and not
necessary in the situation he was in. The officer in question abused his social status as a law enforcer
and was punished immediately for his actions. In the video

Police Misconduct On The Street Still Continue Throughout...
Over the years, law enforcement has been involved in many of unethical events that caused the
community to lose trust in them. There are many of reasons why it is difficult for the police to have
interaction with the citizens of the community. One reason the community do not trust the police is
because of racial profiling. Racial profiling has been going on for years and now the community is
getting tired of it. An example of racial profiling is a group of black teenagers being pulled over
because of the kind of car they are driving. Along with this act and many of other police corruption
acts has caused the community to question themselves about law enforcement. Many of concerns
about police misconduct on the street still continue throughout the community. Cities across the
globe have experienced intense altercations stemming from deadly shootings of citizens and
allegations of excessive use of force. Police are sworn in to "Protect and Serve" everyone in the
community no matter what race they are. Less than a week after Katrina hit New Orleans on
September 4, 2005, police executed 40 year old Ronald Madison and 17 year old James Brissette
and injured four others. Five of the New Orleans covered up the corruption by lying saying that
people was shooting when they arrived at the scene. When the officers arrived at the Danziger
Bridge they just started shooting at unarmed victims. Officers covered up the killing by planting a
gun at the scene, fabricated witnesses and

Wrongful Convictions And Its Effect On Society
Introduction Many of us are familiar with historical films such as "The Shawshank Redemption",
but the reality is that wrongful convictions have occurred throughout history and although less
frequently, still occur today. A wrongful conviction can greatly impact an individual's life and may
continue to be an issue even after exoneration. Many people are under the impression that
individuals who are wrongfully convicted and later exonerated have won the battle over the justice
system, however this is rarely the case. Exonerees experience great amounts of hardship once
released back into society. There are flaws in the justice system, which make it extremely difficult
for exonerees to experience true freedom. Wrongful convictions occur not only in the United States,
but also across the entire globe. It is a serious injustice when an innocent person is forced to
experience life as a convicted felon. Causes of Wrongful Convictions "Although numerous cases of
wrongful convictions have been documented in the literature and in the media, criminologists have
yet to devise a methodology for estimating the extent of such errors in the criminal justice system."
(Poveda, 2001) Since DNA testing has been utilized in the justice system, wrongful convictions
have become less frequent and exoneration rates have increased. "There are many factors involved
when consider the causes of wrongful convictions. Eyewitness misidentification is a leading cause
for wrongful convictions." (Innocence

The Scientific Method Of Experimental Testing
Answer #1
Scientific Method
The scientific method can be defined as a technique for research where the problem is known,
appropriate data is gathered, a hypothesis is formulated from the data, and the hypothesis is tested
firsthand. Gauch (2003) defines the scientific method as a highly variable and creative process and
states that it is often misrepresented as a fixed sequence of steps although the scientific method of
research has four steps. The first step is the observation, which serves as an act of recognizing and
noting a fact or occurrence often involving measurement with instruments. The second step is the
hypothesis, which is a tentative assumption made to draw out and test its logical and empirical
consequences. The third step is experimental testing, which is when you apply a test to analyze or
diagnose. The fourth step is predictions, which is when you declare or indicate in advance or predict
the basis of observation, experience, or scientific reason.
As Speech–Language Pathologist continue to administer speech and language services, it is
important they adhere to the principles of science, which assists with incorporating science–based
practice (SBP) into all aspects of their clinical work. Using SBP and the scientific method allows
Speech–Language Pathologist to advance the use of evidence–based practice (EBP). The scientific
method is important to Speech Pathologist because it is used to investigate speech and language
learning and hearing processes. It is

Ethical Concerns In Scholarly Research
According to Creshwell (2009) in the preparation of a scholarly manuscript, the writer must pay
attention not to exploit, mislead, harm or further marginalize the participants. Researcher must be
objective and are charged with exploring bias and or areas of ethical concern; including but not
limited to personal bias and beliefs. Scholarly research is seeking to answer questions that could
explain something of concern, or to describe causal relationships. Research should be geared toward
improving social issues and empowering the participants. Not an avenue to suppress, falsify or
invent findings to meet a researcher's needs.
"A scientific body of knowledge, consist of concepts and statements considered useful for achieving
the purposes

Police Corruption Report
In 1994 a report by the Mollen commission on police corruption in New York exposed
disproportionate corruption within the department. Violent crime, including gang type activity, cops
in uniform routinely storming drug locations and stealing narcotics, money weapons and whatever
they felt like taking. On duty police officers riding alongside drug dealers, providing protection
while the dealers carried big amounts of drugs and cash. The commission also found cops who
became drug dealers themselves starting up their own drug dealing networks and delivery centers.
(Neighborhood Explanations) Although most officers are honest and hard–working, the Mollen
report exposed serious, violent activity by some in the department. The report ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The Mollen Commission report noted that "police unions and fraternal organizations can do much to
increase professionalism of our police officers....Unfortunately, based on our own observations and
on information received from prosecutors, corruption investigators, and high–ranking police
officials, police unions sometimes fuel the insularity that characterizes the police culture."(Local
Political Culture) The report found a difference of concern for the unions, which protected the
interests of individual officers and support the larger interests of their members, finding that,
ironically, the PBA "does a great disservice to the vast majority of its members who would be happy
to see corrupt cops prosecuted for their crimes and removed from their

The Wrongful Conviction Of The Criminal Justice System
Since the late 1980s, there have been thousands of cases in which prime suspects have been
wrongfully convicted, the most common causes being eyewitness misidentification, incriminating
statements, and statements from informants. According to The Innocence Project, there have been
almost four hundred post–conviction DNA exoneration cases in our country, and they are working to
investigate even more wrongful conviction cases. This life changing program, along with their six
attorneys, gather information about thousands of cases and determine whether or not DNA evidence
can be reevaluated. Kenneth Ireland's case was submitted for litigation after they found that the
court relied heavily on false statements from witnesses. Researchers working ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The rape kit evidence unfortunately found that it was impossible to find a match because the sample
came from a person who "does not exhibit their blood type in their bodily fluids" ("The Innocence
Project," n. d.), meaning that Ireland could not be immediately ruled out. Ireland ended up pleading
guilty of the crime, most likely to have a lesser sentence. The jury deliberated for three days over the
decision, most likely because not all of the evidence was consistent. Ireland's defense had just
enough information for a successful case, but the lack of more evidence in his favor and information
about other possible suspects lead the jury to make the devastating decision of sentencing him to
fifty years in prison ("The Innocence Project," n. d.). There were three charges against Ireland:
felony murder, first–degree sexual assault, and third–degree burglary.
In 1991, Ireland appealed the decision by providing two arguments: that the two witnesses were
informants and were being given a $20,000 reward to cover for another man, and that the court
prohibited his defense from exhibiting evidence about another possible suspect. Unfortunately, his
appeal was denied. The Innocence Project branch in Connecticut reviewed Ireland's case in 2007
and with the improvement of DNA testing equipment, analysts confirmed that Ireland was not a
match for the suspect. The court found Kevin Benefield guilty of the

Criminal Justice Criminology Essay
Criminal Justice Theorists attempted to find out a plausible scientific explanation to crime and
criminal behavior of individuals. At the same time, criminology emerged under the impact of other
sciences, such as psychology or sociology, for example. As a result, often criminology theories are
often intertwined with psychological or sociological concepts and theories as well as concepts and
theories from other sciences. The study of key works of criminology theorists can help to understand
better criminology, crime, criminal behavior and causes of crime. In this regard, it is possible the
distinct and persisting debate concerning causes of crimes and explanation of criminal behavior,
which is based on nature–nurture debate, where internal factors, especially heredity, confront
environmental, external factors, such as social environment, economic position or social class of
individuals, which are viewed as determinant factors of criminal activities, but the development of
polices related to such issues as the police violence proves a significant, if not to ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this regard, the problem of police violence is one of the burning issues that affect the quality of
policing and police–community relationships. Cases of police violence become more and more
frequent that undermines the confidence of community in the police. Therefore, the resolution of
this problem is essential but the resolution of the problem is possible only on the condition of the
elimination of its causes. In this regard, causes of police violence are diverse and this problem may
be driven by different factors, such as social biases and prejudices, the different social class
background of police officers and their victims, and other factors, which basically prove that police
violence is caused by environmental factors and its resolution requires not only changes in policies
but also in social norms and culture to prevent social, gender, race and any other biases to resolve
the problem

Australian Code Of Research Ethics Essay
1) Codes and policies
Research integrity means meeting the professional standards expected of the researchers in the
institution. That includes honesty and fairness in proposing, performing and reporting research. It
also involves care and respect for all participants in and subjects of research, including humans,
animals, the environment and cultural objects. Researcher should conduct his/her research in a way
which allows others to have trust and confidence in the methods used.
The Australian Code for the Responsible Conduct of Research (the Code) guides institutions and
researchers in responsible research practices and promotes research integrity. It assists institutions in
developing their own codes.
In my research, the Australian code and RMIT policy govern my way in which I must conduct my
research. Responsible research is encouraged and guided by the research culture of the organization.
My research project is based on chemical synthesis and analysis and I found that I need to reference
the following information in my research:
ideas, thoughts, definitions
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These are some examples for people who involved in research misconduct:
Mahesh Visvanathan and Gerald Lushington, computer scientist who were worked at University of
Kansas, were found to have plagiarized of their research. Their punishment was to leave their work.
In 2006, Hwang Woo–suk, Korean researcher, had done a series of experiments in stem cell research
which found later that he had fabricated them. Hwang was charged with a two–year suspended
prison and fired from his position in Seoul National University.
David Robinson, the Vice–Chancellor of Monash University, was accused of serious academic
misconduct in 2002. He was reported for plagiarism in two books that he had written and published
in UK in the 1970s and 1980s. He fired from his position as a Vice–Chancellor at Monash

In my view the case of Dr. Sticklen’s review paper should...
In my view the case of Dr. Sticklen's review paper should be investigate first as a violation of
confidence, then as a case of presenting fake data and then as a case of plagiarism.
As an inexpert in this specific field, it is not obvious for me which exact part of the paragraph is
plagiarism. What is obvious is that the structure of both paragraph are rather similar. However this
similarity is not enough to accuse the Dr. Sticklen of plagiarism. It also should be noted that both
articles are review papers and as a common practice in scientific publication authors of such articles
are ought to combine reviews of papers that are already published. Therefor Dr. Sticklen's argument
about index card mixed–up should be considered when ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
NRG: Although the chief editor of NRG retracted Dr. Sticklen's article they described this incident
as "a paragraph being paraphrased without attribution". Considering the high prestige of Nature
Review Journals among scientific community the retraction can be considered an overwhelming
response to this incident. Especially when we note that this is the first ever retracted from any of the
15 Nature Reviews journals. However the retraction and even more drastic measures are justified
when it is considered as response to violation of confidence. Additionally, via this action, NRG sent
a message to future manuscript reviewer and authors that such misconduct of review policies is not
tolerated by NRG editors.
Other possible actions:
The case with details of action taken by NRG and Michigan State University could be sent to other
journals. This action should not be seen as an effort to isolate and boycott an active scientist. Other
editorial board should invite Dr. Sticklen as a reviewer, but they also must be aware of her medical
issue and its possible effect on quality and reliability of her work as a manuscript reviewer.
It is assumed that committee members that investigate this issue at Michigan State University were
informed about the author's medical problem. If this assumption is true, revealing other evidence
against and in favor of Dr. Sticklen's could provide authors,

How Are Jacies Falsified?
Were these slides falsified?
Julia is a technician who had to work in professor Helen lab. She had some health and family
problems that turned her to be dropped out from the graduate program. Despite the strong support
and encouragement, she received from Helen, she was bitter, and uncooperative, and always
complaining. The conflict emerged when she was working on her project using an autoradiography
technique. In one of weekly lab meetings, she presented her data of two separate experiments, which
were films from an autoradiogram. Interestingly, the data from two experiments looked similar,
however, she noted that even when she repeated the experiments she had gotten the same results.
When Helen followed up, she noticed that Julia slides ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Plagiarism on the other hand was defined as "the appropriation of another person's ideas, processes,
results, or words without giving appropriate credit". The definition also indicated that a finding of
research misconduct depends on three requirements. Firstly, "there must be a significant departure
from accepted practices of the relevant research community". Secondly, "the misconduct must be
committed intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly". Thirdly, "the allegation must be proven by a
preponderance of evidence". There are serious consequences associated with research misconduct
that impact the society as well as the scientific field. A study by (Steen et al, 2011) indicated that
after tracking several studies, they found that thousands of patients are put at high risk of receiving
improper medication due to enrolment in flawed research (3). Although the reasons that drive
researcher to commit misconduct are various, the most common are due to the competitive pressure
that gives the winner all financial funds for research, tempting individuals to commit misconduct
(4). With regard to the prevalence of misconduct incidents, a study by (Fanelli D. 2009) conducted a
meta–analysis of survey data on scientific misconduct and notably found that 2% of scientists
acknowledged to have fabricated or falsified data, while

The Eradication Of Research Misconduct
In our society today there seems to be extensive competition involving research and being the first
group or the first individual to discover valuable information. This leads to a great amount of
research misconduct involving clinical research and deception to the public. This is unacceptable
because it possesses potential to directly affect the general public. Unfortunately there has been
monumental misconduct in clinical research that has directly affected the general population. The
eradication of research misconduct is inevitable unless there is a serious change of policy and how
those policies are enforced. Research misconduct is a problem all around the globe, and there are
organizations everywhere that are attempting to completely ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Plagiarism is actually the most common type of misconduct. We also discussed the potential danger
of research misconduct along with the reasons why researchers chose to partake in research
misconduct. The reasons involved avoiding setbacks and protecting the researcher 's credibility, but
none of these reasons seem to be equal to the risk of losing credibility. Scientific fraud seems to be
appearing in all fields ranging from paleontology to nanotechnology. Along with this, certain
surveys show that 40 percent of researchers were aware of the misconduct (Gupta 1). There have
been numerous attempts to completely eradicate medical research misconduct but only a few
techniques have been proven to be effective. The most impressive one seems to be the changing of
policy. A change of policy on research misconduct or the introduction of an investigation committee
would make it harder for researchers to fabricate data to avoid setbacks along with making it
extremely clear that consequences will be harsh. There have been an uncountable amount of
precautions recorded that were basically an attempt to end research misconduct, and many of them
proved to be effective. This has been a problem that affects a majority of the globe including Iraq
where Shirin Dijalalinia experimented quite a bit with misconduct policies before she discovered a
effective policy. In her article, A Proposed Strategy for Research Misconduct Policy: A Review on
Misconduct Management in

The Past And Future
Interrogative Suggestibility: Remolding the Past to Shape the Future In the court of law, a
confession is both a white knight for the prosecution and a nail in the coffin for the defense. These
confessions' validity often go unquestioned, and, once their statement has been penned, the
accused's fate is usually sealed before they enter the courtroom. Confessions are often generated
through the interrogation process, and recent research has shown that law enforcement officials have
the ability to alter and even plant a memory in a subject's mind through interrogative suggestibility,
which is defined as 'the extent to which, within a closed social interaction, people come to accept
messages communicated during formal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the most popular and effective of these approaches is the supplementation of false
information into a scenario that the person being questioned was a part of (Wade, Green, and Nash
2010). If a person witnessed an event and is forced to recollect said event, they will likely only
remember the key details. However, when asked to recollect on the finer aspect of the event, people
will create false memories in order to fill the gap (Gerrie, Belcher, and Garry 2006). This is evident
by a recent memory test in which "subjects confidently but falsely remembered 17% of unseen
information from [an] event" that they were shown multiple times and asked to recollect on it
(Gerrie, Belcher, and Gary 2006 p. 689). Because it is evident that people will form their own
memories regarding supplementary information about an event they experienced, it is no stretch of
the imagination that this fact can be abused in order to form memories that suit someone else's
narrative.
An accepted explanation for the induction of false memories is taken from a popular theory known
as the 'Fuzzy Trace Theory' of 'FTT' (Porter and Baker 2015). This theory suggests that there are two
types of memories processes: verbatim, which traces the exact aspects of an event, and gist traces,
which follow the semantics or the connotative elements. These suggestive techniques can be so
effective that in some cases

Six Major Causes Of Wrongful Conviction

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