SJSUHIApresentationcompleteFINAL

Health Impact
Assessment:
Santa Clara
County’s
General Plan
Health Element
Air Quality and Greenhouse
Gases/Climate Change
San José State University
Department of Environmental Studies
Yan Yin K. Choy, Adam Filipp, Melanie Rossi, Thai-
Chau Le, Sharon Ng, Kenneth Rosales, and Joshua
Villa
1
(San Jose, CA Del
Monte Cannery Site)
(Alviso)
(Cal pine Energy
Plant, California)
(Highway 237)

THANK YOU
• Rocio Luna and Maritza Rodriguez:
SCC Department of Public Health
• Jennifer Lucky: Human Impact Partners
• Department of Environmental Studies, SJSU
• SJSU Research Foundation
2

Overview
I. Introduction: Problem Statement
II. Air Quality and Health Impacts
III. Climate Change/Greenhouse Gases and
Health Impacts
IV. Cumulative Environmental Impacts and
Adequacy of Environmental Impact Assessment
(EIA) Documents
V. Recommendations and Mitigation Measures
3
(San Jose, CA.: Reed & Graham Incorporated Asphalt
plant)

I. Introduction
The Santa Clara County General
Plan Update:
Health Element new opportunity
to improve and protect
communities through land-use
decisions
• Comment on City of San
José’ s future development
and potential health
impacts
• Bay Area will experience
population growth which
requires additional
transportation infrastructure
and development (housing,
commercial, etc)
The objective of the proposed
research is to conduct a Health
Impact Assessment (HIA) for
the same six Latino/Hispanic
communities in San José:
• air quality impacts,
• climate change,
• and cumulative
environmental impacts.
4
(San Jose, California. West San
Carlos proposed residential
development)

Problem Statement
Researchers across
numerous disciplines
documented the health
and environmental
disparities in low
socio-economic status
neighborhoods caused
from exposure to
environmental
pollutants. (Burton and Yandle, 1996;
Boer et al., 1997; Been and gupta, 1997; Hefland
and Peyton, 1999; Morello-Frosch and Jesdale,
2006; Pellow, 2000; Szasz and Meuser, 2000;
United Church of Christ 1987).
State, Federal, and local governments
identified research needs, initiatives, grants,
and mitigation measures to address the health
impacts from climate change.
 San Francisco Deparment of Public Health only
in CA to receive funding from the CDC to create
strategies:
• Health Impacts: Heat stress morbidity and
mortality associated with air quality impacts
(http://www.cdc.gov/climateandhealth/climate_ready.htm)
5
(San Jose, California. Meridian Ave. and West S an
Carlos)

1. Reduce Air Pollution Exposure:
from existng and new sources,
especially in impacted neighborhoods
per BAAQMD and other sensitive
receptors
2. Reduce Greenhouse Gas
Emissions: to protect qualtiy of life:
climate change increases
temperatures which further detoriates
air qualtiy
3. Reduce Environmental and Health
Inequities: Implement the HIA as a
tool to evaluate the potential impacts
in the CEQA process.
Evidence base of health determinants required in HIA
Department of Environmental Studies analyzed air
quality impacts and Greenhouse Gases (GHGs):
Make explicit the health risks caused by
• traffic-related air pollutants
• other non-traffic air pollution sources;
• and the potential health risks from climate change
(GHGs). 6
Highest Impacted Communities in San José
The SCC Health Department could protect all neighborhoods through the SCC General
Plan Health Element and the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA):
(Google Earth. Sunset)

Demographics
o A neighborhood's
conditions have
impacts on health
(CDC, 2011).
o Social support is a
viable tool in
influencing health
(SCC, 2012).
o Social equity within
neighborhoods in
Santa Clara County
is important to
achieve.
7
Source: Santa Clara County Department of Public Health.

II. Air Quality:
San José, CA Background
A. Community Risk
Reduction Plan
(CRRP) Overview
B. Existing Conditions:
Transportation
Emissions (Mobile
Sources)
C. Stationary Sources
D. Health Impacts
8

Background
Air Pollution
“any substance in air that could,
in high enough concentration,
harm humans, animals,
vegetation, or material.” US EPA
Other health effects: autism,
learning disabilities,
developmental defects, and
known to be, or may reasonably be
anticipated
to be, carcinogenic, mutagenic,
teratogenic, neurotoxic, which cause
reproductive dysfunction, or which are
acutely or chronically toxic).” (HEI Air Toxics
Review Panel, 2007, p.16).
Source: California Air Resource Control Board. ARB Fact Sheet: Air Pollution and Health. Retrieved from
http://www.arb.ca.gov/research/health/fs/fs1/fs1.htm
9

Regulations and Laws
Federal:
U.S. EPA
• Clean Air Act
1990
National
Ambient Air
Quality
Standards
(NAAQS)
• six criteria air
pollutants
• ozone, carbon
monoxide,
sulfur dioxide,
nitrogen
dioxide, lead,
and particulate
matter
• National
Environmental
Policy Act
(NEPA)
State: California EPA
• California Air Resource
Board (CA ARB)
• California Clean Air Act
• California Ambient Air Quality
Standards (CAAQS)
• SB 25 Children’s
Environmental Health
Protection Act
• Bay Area Air Quality
Management District
(BAAQMD)
• 2010 Clean Air Plan
• Community Air Risk Evaluation (CARE)
Program
• California Environmental
Quality Act (CEQA)
Source: Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD). Air Quality Standards and
Attainment Status. http://hank.baaqmd.gov/pln/air_quality/ambient_air_quality.htm
10

Figure 5-1 Bay Area Air Quality Management District. CEQA Guidelines. December 2009, p. 5-4 11
A. BAAQMD:
Community Risk
Reduction Plan (BAAQMD Bay Area
2010 Clean Air Plan, 2010, p. 3-11)
o Evaluate and reduce health risks
related to Toxic Air Contaminants
(TAC) and diesel Particulate Matter
(PM)
o Identifies areas “at risk” based on
sensitive receptors to TACs and
PMs from point, non-point, and
cumulative sources
o Local governments reduce these
impacts through Community Risk
Reduction Plans (CRRPs),

B. Air Quality
Baseline:Transportation
12
Cancer risk – weighted air toxics emissions by source category (Clean Air
Plan, 2010, p.2-52).
Cancer risk- weighted toxics emissions trends (Clean Air Plan, 2010, p.
2-53)
BAAQMD CEQA Guidelines, 2011, p. 2-2
Threshold for PM 2.5 annually that was
provided by SFDPH is as follows (Bhatia, 2008,
p.16) : 0.2 µg/m3 of PM 2.5 annual average
exposure from roadway vehicles within a
150 meter buffer of a sensitive receptor.

Burbank/Buena Vista Mayfaire/
Suenes
Tropicana/ Dorsa/
Miller
Washington/
Guadalupe
Seven Trees/ Los Arboles/ Serenede
Cancer and Non-Cancer risks
(Ozone and PM 2.5)
“The estimated risk and hazard impacts were modeled at two different heights, 6ft. and 20
ft. The 6 ft. height estimates should be used when receptors are located on the ground floor of
a building; and the 20 ft. height estimates should be used when receptors are located on the
second floor of a building.”
• http://www.baaqmd.gov/Divisions/Planning-and-Research/CEQA-GUIDELINES/Tools-and-Methodology.aspx
(Maps created by Thai-Chau Le, SJSU, 2012 using Google Earth)

Pollutants monitored in 2009 (CAP,
2010, p. 2-5)
BAAQMD, City of
SJ CRRP
Workshop, 2011
Highway 87 140,000
avegvehicles/day
Highway 82
60,000 avg
vehicles/day
Highway 280 250,000
avg vehicles/day Highway 17 190,000 avg vehicles/day
Highway 101
208,000 avg
vehicles/day

C. Air Quality Baseline
for Stationary
Sources
Difference between Mobile and
Stationary Sources
Methodology – BAAQMD
Stationary Source Screening
Analysis Tool
Examples of Stationary Sources
Google Earth:
Stationary Sources Map
15

One Community
Example:
Burbank’s
BAAQMD Permitted
Sources
Bay Area Air Quality Management District.
2012. CEQA Guidelines: Tools and
Methodology. BAAQMD Website.
http://www.baaqmd.gov/Divisions/Planning-
and-Research/CEQA-GUIDELINES/Tools-and-
Methodology.aspx (accessed November 22,
2012) 16

D. Health Impacts: Cancer Risk by CensusTracts
(NATA, 2005)
17
The estimated
lifetime cancer risk
from air toxics in the
Bay Area is on the
order of 400 cases
per million(CAP, 2010, p. 1-
17).
 This compares to the
total lifetime cancer
risk of approximately
400,000 cases per
million from all
causes. (CAP, 2010, p. 1-17).
Burbank
Washington
Mayfair
Tropicana
Seven Trees
Created by Thai-Chau Le, SJSU, 2012 using EnviroMapper

Air Quality: Respiratory Risks by Census Tracts
18
BAAQMD estimates that there are
 approximately 2,800 premature
deaths in the Bay Area per year
related to current air pollution
levels,
 and that the vast majority of
these deaths ‐ more than 90% ‐
are related
to exposure to fine particulate matter
(PM2.5). (p. Intro 3)
The health impacts included asthma
emergency room visits, respiratory
hospital admissions, cardiovascular
hospital admissions, chronic
bronchitis, non‐fatal heart attacks,
cancer onset, and mortality.
(NATA,2005)
Washington
Burbank
Mayfair
Tropicana
Seven Trees

III. Climate Change/
Greenhouse Gases
Background
A. Greenhouse
Gases/Sources
B. Laws and
Regulations
C. Transportation
Sources
D. Health Impacts
19

A. Greenhouse Gases and Sources
In California and the Bay Area, climate
changes stemming from anthropogenic based
GHGs has shown to have negative impacts on
the following (EPA, 2012):
• water resources,
• recreation,
• forests,
• ecosystems,
• human health, energy,
• and agriculture.
• MOST IMPORTANT, relationship
between climate change and air
pollution
What kinds of gases are considered to be
GHGs (EPA 2012) ?
• Carbon dioxide (CO2)
• Methane (CH4)
• Nitrous oxide (N2O)
• Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)
• Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3)
• Halocarbons (HFCs, CFCs)
• Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
• Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
represent 99% of
the known GHG
potential of
the Bay Area (p. 1-7)
20

B. Greenhouse Gas Regulation in the
US and California
Federal:
Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA)
•No Current GHG
Regulations, only
monitoring
State:
California Natural Resource Agency:
CA EPA
•California Environmental Quality
Act (CEQA)
California Air Resource Board (ARB)
•Bay Area Air Quality
Management District (BAAQMD)
Local:
•City of San José
o Envision 2040
EPA
CEQA
CARB &
BAAQMD
CITY OF SAN JOSÉ
Assembly Bill 32
(AB 32): The
Global Warming
Solutions Act
Senate Bill 375:
Sustainable
Communities and
Climate Protection Act
of 2008
21

CEQA: Thresholds of Significance for
Operational-Related GHG Emissions
California Environmental Quality
Act (CEQA) Appendix G:
GRN-1: If the project generated
greenhouse gas emissions, either
directly or indirectly, that may have a
significant impact on the environment,
then the impact would be considered
significant.
GRN-2: If the project conflicts with an
applicable plan, policy or regulation
adopted for the purpose of reducing the
emissions of greenhouse gases, then
the impact would be considered
significant.
Bay Area Air Quality Management
District (BAAQMD)
22

23
C. Greenhouse Baseline Gases:
Source for Transportation
Transportation = 36.4% (34.86 MMT CO2 Eq.) of
GHG emissions in Bay Area (Bay Area Air Quality Management District,
2010)
Santa Clara County 2nd largest GHG emitter in
region at 19.6% [18.8 MMT CO2 Eq.](BAAQMD, 2010)
Transportation = 42% (7.9 MMT CO2 Eq.) out of all
GHG emissions in the county.(BAAQMD, 2010)
2010 county population = 27% = 1.8 million
people of entire regional population (Department of Finance, 2012)
2040 county projection = 23% = 2.2 million
people of entire regional population (Department of Finance, 2012)

reductions in some criteria pollutants, such as black carbon (a component of PM), ROG, and carbon
monoxide will help to decrease the “radiative forcing” that drives global warming. (BAAQMD CAP, 2010, p. 1-
19)
24
Transportation largest emitter
of GHGs 46.3% (3.52 MMT
CO2Eq.) (City of San José, 2011)
2008 population = 9.9
thousand = 53% of county
population (City of San José, 2011)
1.2 million by 2035 = 55% of
county population (City of San José, 2011)
City of San José General
Plan GHG Emissions and
Population

D. Climate Change: Categories of
human health consequences
www.niehs.nih.gov/climatereport (p.5, 7)
1. Asthma, Respiratory
Allergies, and Airway Diseases
2. Cancer
3. Cardiovascular
Disease and Stroke
4. Foodborne Diseases and
Nutrition
5. Heat-Related
Morbidity and Mortality
6. Human Developmental
Effects
7. Mental Health and
Stress-Related Disorders
8. Neurological Diseases
and Disorders
9. Vectorborne and Zoonotic
Diseases
10. Waterborne Diseases
Weather-Related
11. Morbidity and
Mortality
25

Climate Change:
Health Impacts
The California Climate Change Center indicates a
relationship between temperature and response (Shonkoff et
al.2009, p.9)
• Rise in temperature of 1°C rise in U.S. causes about
• 20-30 additional cancer cases
• 1,000 additional deaths caused by air pollution
• Ozone and particulate matter  40% of additional annual deaths (Jacobson
2008; Bailey et al. 2008).
• 300 annual deaths in California (Bailey et al. 2008).
There is increased vulnerability to heat waves and higher
temperatures for low-income urban communities and
communities of color (Shonkoff et al.2009)
• Greater vulnerability to heat-island effect due to inner city segregation
(Schultz et al. 2002; Williams and Collins 2001; Shonkoff et al. 2009, p. 4)
• Reliance of public transit, agricultural work, outdoor work 26
(Impervious Surfaces in California from the California
Department of Public Health and the Public Health Institute.
English et al. 2007)

IV. Cumulative
Environmental
Impacts
The Adequacy of Environmental
Impact Reports (EIRs) and
Mitigated Negative Declarations
(MNDs)
According to Morello-Frosch
et. al., four categories of
cumulative impacts at the
census tract level:
1. Social and Health
Vulnerability
2. Health Risk and
Exposure (air pollution)
3. Climate Change
Vulnerability
4. Proximity to Hazardous
Land-Uses and Sensitive
Receptors
(EJSM, 2012)
27

Cumulative Impacts
In addition to air
quality and
greenhouse gases
Databases used :
 Comprehensive
Environmental
Response
Compensation and
Liability Information
System (CERCLIS)
Public Access Database
 U.S. EPA,
MyEnvironment Maps
 Resource Conservation
and Recovery Act
Information (RCRAInfo)
database
 GeoTracker
28
Created by: Le, Thai-Chau. 2012. Hazardous Waste, Biennial Report, and Underground
Tanks in San Jpse. San Jose State University.

Cumulative Impacts (by zip codes)
29
Created by: Le, Thai-Chau. 2012. Hazardous Waste, Biennial Report, and
Underground Tanks in San Jpse. San Jose State University.

Cumulative Impacts & Sensitive
Land-use (schools)
30

Environmental Impact
Assessments (EIAs)
Adequacy of Analysis and
Disclosure in proposed
developments under CEQA:
• Reviewed Environmental Impact Reports
(EIRs) and Mitigated Negative Declarations
(MND) for AIR Quality and Climate Change
• Did the lead agency and private
developers provide a rigorous
environmental and health analyses ?
• Can these documents provide an
indication of the environmental changes
from existing environmental baseline
conditions (Environmental Setting)?
• Whether mitigations are adequate to protect
the environment and health?
• Whether the documents fully disclose and
analyze the cumulative effects and provide
adequate mitigation measures to protect
health?
31
Project Name District
#
Size of Development Area
North San Pedro
Apartment Project
(IS/EIR)
3 0.73 acres
Japantown Project (EIR) 3 5.78 acres
8th Street & William
Condominiums (MND)
3 0.57 acres
Santana Row Planned
Development (MND)
5 40.78 acres
Ohlone Mixed-Use (EIR) 5 8.25 acres
Page Street & Meridian
Mixed-Use (MND)
6 3.59 acres
Race Street Terrace
(MND)
6 2.12 acres
Sun Garden
Redevelopment (EIR)
7 7 acres

Findings: Environmental Documents
Air Quality:
• Lack of Quantitative
Analysis
• Inadequate
projection models
• Cumulative Impacts
were not addressed
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
• Lack of Quantitative Analysis
• Absence of outlined
"Thresholds of Significance"
from regulatory agencies
(BAAQMD)
• Inadequate disclosure of
mitigation measures
32
• The connection between
health and the
environment was not made

(Morello-Frosch, R., Pastor, M., Sadd., J, EJSM, 2012)
City of San José: Current Environmental Impact Assessment Documents
lack Cumulative Impact Analysis (especially vulnerable populations)
33

V.
Recommendations
and Mitigation
Measures
34

35
Recommendations
When Looking at Future Developments:
 San José requires a CRRP: Thus far,
mitigations for air quality have not been
successful.
 Cumulative impacts need to be analyzed to
communities in the Latino Health Assessment
from current and proposed developments
 Outlined measurable mitigation strategies
should be included when developing in
impacted neighborhoods
 Disclosure of health impacts to sensitive
receptors in non-attainment areas should
be upheld
 Nexus between air quality,
traffic/transportation, and GHG emissions
and their association to public health
impacts should be explicit and analyzed.
• Use Health & Equity Metrics
addressed by Human Impact Partners’
take on SB 375
35
http://www.bayareavision.org/initiatives/equitabledevelopmen
t.html

Mitigation Measures: Air
Quality Impacts
Sustainable SF mitigations
• Inform all potential buyers of all increased health risk
associated with living close to major highways and
thoroughfares and educate them in the proper use of
any installed air filtration.
• Consider limiting building heights adjacent to
roadways with high traffic flows.
BAAQMD provide mitigations
specifically based on the phase of the
project.
36
Source: California Air Resource Board. 2005. Air quality and landuse handbook: A
community health perspective. Page 4-7. Retrieved from California Air Resource Board
website: http://www.arb.ca.gov/ch/handbook.pdf
Source: Safe and sustainable transportation. Humboldt County General Plan
Health Impact Assessment: Transportation Indicators.
Source: Bay Area Air Quality Management District. 2012. California
Environment Quality Act Air Quality Guidelines.
Recommendation on Development of New Sensitive Land Uses
Such as Residences, Schools, Daycare Centers, Playgrounds, or
Medical Facilities
Source Category Advisory Recommendations
Freeways and High-Traffic
Roads
- Avoid development of new
sensitive land uses within
500 feet of a freeway, urban
roads with 100,000
vehicles/day, or rural roads
with 50,000 vehicles/day.
(Google Image)
(Google Image)
(Google Image)

Mitigation Measures: Climate Change/
Greenhouse Gases Bay Area Air Quality Management
District (BAAQMD, 2012)
• Urban Form
• Infill development
• High density mixed use
• Compact Development
• Balance jobs and housing
• Improve the jobs and housing ratio within the
plan area
• Sustainable Development
• Construction of new buildings comply with the
California green building code
• Permitting incentives for energy efficiency and
solar projects.
37
Chris Lepe, 2010
California Air Pollution Control Officers
Association (CAPCOA, 2010)
• Vegetation
• Urban tree plantings
• Energy
• Building energy use
• Energy efficiency lighting
• Water
• Water supply (greywater, reclaimed water)
• Water use (efficiency – low flow, dought tolerant landscapes)

Climate Change Health Mitigations
Prevent any heat-related illnesses and death i.e.
2006 heat wave esp. among sensitive
demographics (English et. al 2007):
• Establish cooling centers & access to centers
• Outreach about heat waves and personal
cooling strategies  target older adults that
live alone (English et. al 2007)
• Install reflective roofs, increase green spaces
and trees (English et. al 2007)
• Provide those with mental illnesses:
psychological support, family reunion, and
family support following a disaster (Ebi and Paulson,
2010)
• The draft EIR and MNDs should include
mitigation and adaptation proposals (City of San José ,
2009)
• Map neighborhoods with high pollution levels
(Shonkoff et al. 2009, Morello-Frosch, 2012).
38
(English et. al 2007)
Santa Clara County Open Space Authority
http://www.openspaceauthority.org/trails/

The SCC Health Element with
the Department of Public
Health =an invaluable
opportunity to create a
interdisciplinary approach to
connect the environmental
impacts, health disparities, and
mitigation measures.
Conclusion
Environmental Justice will be achieved when
everyone enjoys the same degree of protection
from environmental and health hazards (EPA, 2012).
 Engage communities in the decision-making
processes, research, data collection, and
outreach.
 CEQA provides an opportunity for government
agencies and the public to submit comments
on future development
 SCC Health Element, SCC Department of
Health, other agencies, and the community
working together for environmental equality.
39

References
• Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD). (2011). 2015 Toxics Modeling to Support the
Community Air Risk Evaluation (CARE) Program. (Publication No. 201101-008-TX). Retrieved
from: Link
• Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD). Air Quality Standards and Attainment
Status. Retrieved from: Link
• Bay Area Air Quality Management (BAAQMD). (2009). Applied Method for Developing
Polygon Boundaries for CARE Impacted Communities Technical Memorandum. Retrieved
from: Link
• Bay Area Air Quality Management (BAAQMD). (2010). California Environmental Quality Act
(CEQA) Air Quality Guidelines. Retrieved from: Link
• Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD). (2010). Clean Air Plan 2010 Volume I
Appendices. Retrieved from: Link.
• Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD). (2010). Source inventory of bay area
greenhouse gas emissions. Retrieved from: Link
40

References
• Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD). (2011). 2015 Toxics Modeling to Support the
Community Air Risk Evaluation (CARE) Program. (Publication No. 201101-008-TX). Retrieved
from: Link
• Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD). Air Quality Standards and Attainment
Status. Retrieved from: Link
• Bay Area Air Quality Management (BAAQMD). (2009). Applied Method for Developing
Polygon Boundaries for CARE Impacted Communities Technical Memorandum. Retrieved
from: Link
• Bay Area Air Quality Management (BAAQMD). (2010). California Environmental Quality Act
(CEQA) Air Quality Guidelines. Retrieved from: Link
• Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD). (2010). Clean Air Plan 2010 Volume I
Appendices. Retrieved from: Link.
• Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD). (2010). Source inventory of bay area
greenhouse gas emissions. Retrieved from: Link
41

References
• Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD). (2010). Source inventory of
bay area greenhouse gas emissions. Retrieved from: Link
• Bell, J., Lee, M., M. (2011). Why Place and Race Matter; Impacting Health Through a
Focus on Race and Place.
• Blake, P., & Dooris, M. (2010). A green and healthy future: the settings approach to
building health, equity and sustainability. Critical Public Health, 20(3), 281-298.
• California Air Pollution Control Officers Association (CAPCOA). (2010). Quantifying
Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Measures - A Resource for Local Government to
Assess Emission Reductions from Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Measures.
Retrieved from: Link
• California Air Resource Control Board. ARB Fact Sheet: Air Pollution and Health.
42

References
• California Climate Change Center: CA Air Resources Board. (2009). Environmental
Health and Equity Impacts from Climate Change and Mitigation Policies in California:
A Review of Literature. Retrieved from: Link
• Center for Disease and Control (CDC). (2012). Health impact assessment. Retrieved
from: Link
• City of San José – Department of Planning, Building, and Code Enforcement.
(2011). General Plan: Envision 2040 Draft Environmental Impact Report
Appendix B: Transportation impact analyses reduced. Retrieved from: Link
• City of San José – Department of Planning, Building, and Code Enforcement. (2009).
Notice of Preparation (NOP) and Responses to the NOP. Retrieved from: Link
• City of San José. (2011). General Plan: Envision 2040 Draft Environmental Impact
Report: Appendix K – Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Retrieved from: Link
43

References
• Ebi, K.L., & Paulson, J.A. (2010). Climate Change and Child Health in the United
States. Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care, 40(1), 2-18.
• Ellman, M., Solomon, G., Trent, R. & Ross, Z. (2007). Heat-Related Illness and
Mortality: Information for the Public Health Network in California. Retrieved
from: Link
• English, P., Fitzsimmons, K., Hoshiko, S., Kim, T., Margolis, H.G., McKone, T.E., Rotkin-
Ellman, M., Solomon, G., Trent, R. & Ross, Z. (2007). Heat-Related Illness and
Mortality: Information for the Public Health Network in California. Retrieved from:
Link.
• Environmental Protection Agency. (2009). EPA: Greenhouse Gases Threaten Public
Health and the Environment.
• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2012). Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas
Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2010. Accessed at: Link
• Focus Maps. (2009). Retrieved from: Link 44

References
• HEI Air Toxics Review Panel. (2007). Mobile-Source Air Toxics: A Critical Review of
the Literature on Exposure and Health Effects. HEI Special Report 16. The
Health Effects Institute, Boston, Mass. Retrieved from www.healtheffects.org or
from HEI
• Jacobson, M. (2008). On the causal link between carbon dioxide and air pollution
mortality. Geophys Res. Let. 35 (L03809).
• Kim Gilhuly, et al. 2011. Using health impact assessment in community
development to improve air quality and public health. Community
Development; 42(2) 193-207.
• Metropolitan Transportation Commission and Association of Bay Area
Goverments. (2005, May 24). About mtc news jobs & contracts meetings &
events get involved services library maps & data maps and gis datamart
funding planning projects legislation links san francisco bay area vehicle miles
of travel (vmt) population and employment, 1990-2030. Retrieved from: Link
• Morello-Frosch, R. (2012). Environmental Justice (EJ) Screening and Community
Participation. Retrieved from: Link
45

References
• Morello-Frosch, R. (2012). Facing the Climate Gap: How Environmental Justice
Communities are Leading the Way to a More Sustainable and Equitable
California. Retrieved from: Link
• Morello-Frosch, R. (2010). Minding the Climate Gap: What’s at Stake if California’s
Climate Law isn’t Done Right and Right Away. Retrieved from: Link
• National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (2010). A Human Health
Perspective On Climate Change. Environmental Health Perspectives. Retrieved
from: Link
• Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment California Environmental
Protection Agency. (2001). Prioritization of Toxic Air Contaminants Under the
Children’s Environmental Health Protection Act SB 25. Retrieved from: Link
46

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