skeletal System Notes-1.ppt and the good notes
- 1. . The Skeletal System By Dr.Joel Tenywa
- 2. The Skeletal System Slide 5.1 Copyright Š 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ¡ Parts of the skeletal system ¡ Bones (skeleton) ¡ Joints ¡ Cartilage ¡ Ligaments (bone to bone)(tendon=bone to muscle) ¡ Divided into two divisions ¡ Axial skeleton (skull, ribs, vertebrae) ¡ Appendicular skeleton â limbs and girdle
- 3. ⢠Axial skeleton (highlighted in blue) ⢠Appendicular skeleton (highlighted in yellow)
- 4. Functions of Bones Slide 5.2 ¡ Support of the body ¡ Protection of soft organs ¡ Movement due to attached skeletal muscles ¡ Storage of minerals and fats ¡ Blood cell formation
- 5. Bones of the Human Body Slide 5.3 ¡ The skeleton has 206 bones ¡ Two basic types of bone tissue ¡Compact bone ¡ Homogeneous ¡Spongy bone ¡ Small needle-like pieces of bone ¡ Many open spaces Figure 5.2b
- 6. Classification of Bones Slide 5.4a ¡ Long bones ¡Typically longer than wide ¡Have a shaft with heads at both ends ¡Contain mostly compact bone ⢠Examples: Femur, humerus
- 7. Classification of Bones Slide 5.4b ¡ Short bones ¡Generally cube-shape ¡Contain mostly spongy bone ¡Examples: Carpals, tarsals
- 8. Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape Slide 5.4c Figure 5.1
- 9. Classification of Bones Slide 5.5a ¡ Flat bones ¡Thin and flattened ¡Usually curved ¡Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone ¡Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum
- 10. Classification of Bones Slide 5.5b ¡ Irregular bones ¡Irregular shape ¡Do not fit into other bone classification categories ¡Example: Vertebrae and hip
- 11. Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape Slide 5.5c Figure 5.1
- 12. Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone Slide 5.6 ¡ Diaphysis ¡Shaft ¡Composed of compact bone ¡ Epiphysis ¡Ends of the bone ¡Composed mostly of spongy bone Figure 5.2a
- 13. Structures of a Long Bone Slide 5.7 ¡ Periosteum ¡ Outside covering of the diaphysis ¡ Fibrous connective tissue membrane ¡ Sharpeyâs fibers ¡ Secure periosteum to underlying bone ¡ Arteries ¡ Supply bone cells with nutrients Figure 5.2c
- 14. Structures of a Long Bone Slide 5.8a ¡ Articular cartilage ¡Covers the external surface of the epiphyses ¡Made of hyaline cartilage ¡Decreases friction at joint surfaces Figure 5.2a
- 15. Structures of a Long Bone Slide 5.8b ¡ Medullary cavity ¡Cavity of the shaft ¡Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults ¡Contains red marrow (for blood cell formation) in infants Figure 5.2a
- 16. Bone Markings - Page 119 Slide 5.9 ¡ Surface features of bones ¡ Sites of attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligaments ¡ Passages for nerves and blood vessels ¡ Categories of bone markings ¡ Projections and processes â grow out from the bone surface ¡ Depressions or cavities â indentations
- 17. Changes in the Human Skeleton Slide 5.12 ¡ In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilage ¡ During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone ¡ Cartilage remains in isolated areas ¡ Bridge of the nose ¡ Parts of ribs ¡ Joints
- 18. Bone Growth Slide ¡ Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long bone during childhood ¡New cartilage is continuously formed ¡Older cartilage becomes ossified ¡Cartilage is broken down ¡Bone replaces cartilage
- 19. Bone Growth Slide ¡ Bones are remodeled and lengthened until growth stops ¡Bones change shape somewhat ¡Bones grow in width
- 20. Long Bone Formation and Growth Slide Figure 5.4a
- 21. Types of Bone Cells Slide 5.15 ¡ Osteocytes ¡ Mature bone cells ¡ Osteoblasts ¡ Bone-forming cells ¡ Osteoclasts ¡ Bone-destroying cells ¡ Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium ¡ Bone remodeling is a process by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts
- 22. The Axial Skeleton Slide ¡ Forms the longitudinal part of the body ¡ Divided into three parts ¡Skull ¡Vertebral column ¡Bony thorax
- 23. The Axial Skeleton Slide Figure 5.6
- 24. The Skull Slide ¡ Two sets of bones ¡Cranium ¡Facial bones ¡ Bones are joined by sutures ¡ Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint
- 26. Bones of the Skull Slide 5.22 Figure 5.11
- 27. Human Skull, Superior View Slide 5.23 Figure 5.8
- 28. Human Skull, Inferior View Slide 5.24 Figure 5.9
- 29. Paranasal Sinuses Slide ¡ Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity Figure 5.10
- 30. Paranasal Sinuses Slide ¡ Functions of paranasal sinuses ¡ Lighten the skull ¡ Give resonance and amplification to voice Figure 5.10
- 31. The Hyoid Bone Slide 5.26 ¡ The only bone that does not articulate with another bone ¡ Serves as a moveable base for the tongue Figure 5.12
- 32. The Fetal Skull Slide ¡ The fetal skull is large compared to the infants total body length Figure 5.13
- 33. The Fetal Skull Slide ¡ Fontanelles â fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones ¡ Allow the brain to grow ¡ Convert to bone within 24 months after birth Figure 5.13
- 34. The Vertebral Column Slide 5.28 ¡ Vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs ¡ The spine has a normal curvature ¡ Each vertebrae is given a name according to its location Figure 5.14
- 35. Structure of a Typical Vertebrae Slide 5.29 Figure 5.16
- 36. The Bony Thorax Slide ¡ Forms a cage to protect major organs Figure 5.19a
- 37. The Bony Thorax Slide ¡ Made-up of three parts ¡Sternum ¡Ribs ¡Thoracic vertebrae Figure 5.19a
- 38. The Appendicular Skeleton Slide ¡ Limbs (appendages) ¡ Pectoral girdle ¡ Pelvic girdle
- 40. The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle Slide 5.33 ¡ Composed of two bones ¡Clavicle â collarbone ¡Scapula â shoulder blade ¡ These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement
- 41. Bones of the Shoulder Girdle Slide Figure 5.20a, b
- 42. Bones of the Upper Limb Slide ¡ The arm is formed by a single bone ¡Humerus Figure 5.21a, b
- 43. Bones of the Upper Limb Slide ⢠The forearm has two bones ⢠Ulna ⢠Radius Figure 5.21c
- 44. Bones of the Upper Limb Slide 5.36 ¡ The hand ¡Carpals â wrist ¡Metacarpals â palm ¡Phalanges â fingers Figure 5.22
- 45. Bones of the Pelvic Girdle Slide 5.37 ¡ Hip bones ¡ Composed of three pair of fused bones ¡ Ilium ¡ Ischium ¡ Pubic bone ¡ The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis ¡ Protects several organs ¡ Reproductive organs ¡ Urinary bladder ¡ Part of the large intestine
- 47. Gender Differences of the Pelvis Slide 5.39 Figure 5.23c
- 48. Bones of the Lower Limbs Slide ¡ The thigh has one bone ¡Femur â thigh bone Figure 5.35a, b
- 49. Bones of the Lower Limbs Slide ¡ The leg has two bones ¡Tibia ¡Fibula Figure 5.35c
- 50. Bones of the Lower Limbs Slide 5.41 ¡ The foot ¡Tarsus â ankle ¡Metatarsals â sole ¡Phalanges â toes Figure 5.25
- 51. Bone Fractures Slide 5.16 ¡ A break in a bone ¡ Types of bone fractures ¡ Closed (simple) fracture â break that does not penetrate the skin ¡ Open (compound) fracture â broken bone penetrates through the skin ¡ Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization ¡ Realignment of the bone
- 52. Common Types of Fractures Slide 5.17 Table 5.2
- 53. Repair of Bone Fractures Slide 5.18 ¡ Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed ¡ Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus ¡ Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus ¡ Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch
- 54. Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture Slide 5.19 Figure 5.5
- 55. Joints Slide 5.43 ¡ Articulations of bones ¡ Functions of joints ¡Hold bones together ¡Allow for mobility ¡ Ways joints are classified ¡Functionally ¡Structurally
- 56. Functional Classification of Joints Slide 5.44 ¡ Synarthroses â immovable joints ¡ Amphiarthroses â slightly moveable joints ¡ Diarthroses â freely moveable joints
- 57. Structural Classification of Joints Slide 5.45 ¡ Fibrous joints ¡Generally immovable ¡ Cartilaginous joints ¡Immovable or slightly moveable ¡ Synovial joints ¡Freely moveable
- 58. http://Types of Joint Movement
- 59. Fibrous Joints Slide 5.46 ¡ Bones united by fibrous tissue â synarthrosis or largely immovable. Figure 5.27d, e
- 60. Cartilaginous Joints â mostly amphiarthrosis Slide 5.47 ¡ Bones connected by cartilage ¡ Examples ¡Pubic symphysis ¡Intervertebral joints Figure 5.27b, c
- 61. Synovial Joints Slide 5.48 ¡ Articulating bones are separated by a joint cavity ¡ Synovial fluid is found in the joint cavity Figure 5.27fâh
- 62. Features of Synovial Joints- Diarthroses Slide 5.49 ¡ Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) covers the ends of bones ¡ Joint surfaces are enclosed by a fibrous articular capsule ¡ Have a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid ¡ Ligaments reinforce the joint
- 63. Structures Associated with the Synovial Joint Slide 5.50 ¡ Bursae â flattened fibrous sacs ¡ Lined with synovial membranes ¡ Filled with synovial fluid ¡ Not actually part of the joint ¡ Tendon sheath ¡ Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon
- 64. The Synovial Joint Slide 5.51 Figure 5.28
- 65. Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape Slide Figure 5.29aâc
- 66. Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape Slide Figure 5.29dâf
- 67. Inflammatory Conditions Associated with Joints Slide 5.53 ¡ Bursitis â inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction ¡ Tendonitis â inflammation of tendon sheaths ¡ Arthritis â inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints ¡ Over 100 different types ¡ The most widespread crippling disease in the United States
- 68. Clinical Forms of Arthritis Slide ¡ Osteoarthritis ¡ Most common chronic arthritis ¡ Probably related to normal aging processes ¡ Rheumatoid arthritis ¡ An autoimmune disease â the immune system attacks the joints ¡ Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints ¡ Often leads to deformities