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Amazon's Bruising, Thrilling
Workplace
The New York Times
CORRECTION APPENDEDSEATTLE -- On Monday
mornings, fresh recruits
line up for an orientation intended to catapult them into
Amazon's
singular way of working.
They are told to forget the ''poor habits''

they learned at previous jobs, one employee recalled. When they
''hit the wall'' from the unrelenting pace, there is only
one solution: ''Climb the wall,'' others reported. To be
the best Amazonians they can be, they should be guided by the
leadership
principles, 14 rules inscribed on handy laminated cards. When
quizzed days
later, those with perfect scores earn a virtual award
proclaiming,
''I'm Peculiar'' -- the company's proud phrase
for overturning workplace conventions.
At Amazon, workers are encouraged to tear apart one another's
ideas in meetings, toil long and late (emails arrive past
midnight, followed
by text messages asking why they were not answered), and held
to standards
that the company boasts are ''unreasonably high.'' The
internal phone directory instructs colleagues on how to send
secret feedback
to one another's bosses. Employees say it is frequently used to
sabotage
others. (The tool offers sample texts, including this: ''I felt
concerned about his inflexibility and openly complaining about
minor
tasks.'')
Many of the newcomers filing in on Mondays may not be there
in a
few years. The company's winners dream up innovations that
they roll out
to a quarter-billion customers and accrue small fortunes in
soaring stock.
Losers leave or are fired in annual cullings of the staff --
''purposeful Darwinism,'' one former Amazon human
resources director said. Some workers who suffered from

cancer, miscarriages
and other personal crises said they had been evaluated unfairly
or edged out
rather than given time to recover.
Even as the company tests delivery by drone and ways to
restock
toilet paper at the push of a bathroom button, it is conducting a
little-known experiment in how far it can push white-collar
workers,
redrawing the boundaries of what is acceptable. The company,
founded and
still run by Jeff Bezos, rejects many of the popular management
bromides that
other corporations at least pay lip service to and has instead
designed what
many workers call an intricate machine propelling them to
achieve Mr.
Bezos' ever-expanding ambitions.
''This is a company that strives to do really big,
innovative, groundbreaking things, and those things aren't
easy,'' said Susan Harker, Amazon's top recruiter.
''When you're shooting for the moon, the nature of the work is
really challenging. For some people it doesn't work.''
Bo Olson was one of them. He lasted less than two years in a
book
marketing role and said that his enduring image was watching
people weep in
the office, a sight other workers described as well. ''You walk
out
of a conference room and you'll see a grown man covering his
face,'' he said. ''Nearly every person I worked with, I
saw cry at their desk.''

Thanks in part to its ability to extract the most from
employees,
Amazon is stronger than ever. Its swelling campus is
transforming a swath of
this city, a 10-million-square-foot bet that tens of thousands of
new workers
will be able to sell everything to everyone everywhere. Last
month, it
eclipsed Walmart as the most valuable retailer in the country,
with a market
valuation of $250 billion, and Forbes deemed Mr. Bezos the
fifth-wealthiest
person on earth.
Tens of millions of Americans know Amazon as customers, but
life
inside its corporate offices is largely a mystery. Secrecy is
required; even
low-level employees sign a lengthy confidentiality agreement.
The company
authorized only a handful of senior managers to talk to reporters
for this
article, declining requests for interviews with Mr. Bezos and his
top
leaders.
However, more than 100 current and former Amazonians --
members of
the leadership team, human resources executives, marketers,
retail
specialists and engineers who worked on projects from the
Kindle to grocery
delivery to the recent mobile phone launch -- described how
they tried to
reconcile the sometimes-punishing aspects of their workplace
with what many

called its thrilling power to create.
In interviews, some said they thrived at Amazon precisely
because
it pushed them past what they thought were their limits. Many
employees are
motivated by ''thinking big and knowing that we haven't
scratched the surface on what's out there to invent,'' said
Elisabeth Rommel, a retail executive who was one of those
permitted to speak.
Others who cycled in and out of the company said that what
they
learned in their brief stints helped their careers take off. And
more than a
few who fled said they later realized they had become addicted
to
Amazon's way of working.
''A lot of people who work there feel this tension:
It's the greatest place I hate to work,'' said John Rossman, a
former executive there who published a book, ''The Amazon
Way.''
Amazon may be singular but perhaps not quite as peculiar as it
claims. It has just been quicker in responding to changes that
the rest of
the work world is now experiencing: data that allows individual
performance
to be measured continuously, come-and-go relationships
between employers and
employees, and global competition in which empires rise and
fall overnight.
Amazon is in the vanguard of where technology wants to take
the modern
office: more nimble and more productive, but harsher and less

forgiving.
''Organizations are turning up the dial, pushing their
teams to do more for less money, either to keep up with the
competition or
just stay ahead of the executioner's blade,'' said Clay Parker
Jones, a consultant who helps old-line businesses become more
responsive to
change.
On a recent morning, as Amazon's new hires waited to begin
orientation, few of them seemed to appreciate the experiment in
which they
had enrolled. Only one, Keith Ketzle, a freckled Texan
triathlete with an
M.B.A., lit up with recognition, explaining how he left his old,
lumbering
company for a faster, grittier one.
''Conflict brings about innovation,'' he said.
A Philosophy of Work
Jeff Bezos turned to data-driven management very early.
He wanted his grandmother to stop smoking, he recalled in a
2010
graduation speech at Princeton. He didn't beg or appeal to
sentiment. He
just did the math, calculating that every puff cost her a few
minutes.
''You've taken nine years off your life!'' he told
her. She burst into tears.
He was 10 at the time. Decades later, he created a
technological

and retail giant by relying on some of the same impulses:
eagerness to tell
others how to behave; an instinct for bluntness bordering on
confrontation;
and an overarching confidence in the power of metrics, buoyed
by his
experience in the early 1990s at D. E. Shaw, a financial firm
that overturned
Wall Street convention by using algorithms to get the most out
of every
trade.
According to early executives and employees, Mr. Bezos was
determined almost from the moment he founded Amazon in
1994 to resist the
forces he thought sapped businesses over time -- bureaucracy,
profligate
spending, lack of rigor. As the company grew, he wanted to
codify his ideas
about the workplace, some of them proudly counterintuitive,
into instructions
simple enough for a new worker to understand, general enough
to apply to the
nearly limitless number of businesses he wanted to enter and
stringent enough
to stave off the mediocrity he feared.
The result was the leadership principles, the articles of faith
that describe the way Amazonians should act. In contrast to
companies where
declarations about their philosophy amount to vague platitudes,
Amazon has
rules that are part of its daily language and rituals, used in
hiring, cited
at meetings and quoted in food-truck lines at lunchtime. Some
Amazonians say

they teach them to their children.
The guidelines conjure an empire of elite workers (principle
No.
5: ''Hire and develop the best'') who hold one another to
towering expectations and are liberated from the forces -- red
tape, office
politics -- that keep them from delivering their utmost.
Employees are to
exhibit ''ownership'' (No. 2), or mastery of every
element of their businesses, and ''dive deep,'' (No. 12)
or find the underlying ideas that can fix problems or identify
new services
before shoppers even ask for them.
The workplace should be infused with transparency and
precision
about who is really achieving and who is not. Within Amazon,
ideal employees
are often described as ''athletes'' with endurance, speed
(No. 8: ''bias for action''), performance that can be
measured and an ability to defy limits (No. 7: ''think
big'').
''You can work long, hard or smart, but at Amazon.com
you can't choose two out of three,'' Mr. Bezos wrote in his
1997 letter to shareholders, when the company sold only books,
and which
still serves as a manifesto. He added that when he interviewed
potential
hires, he warned them, ''It's not easy to work
here.''
Mr. Rossman, the former executive, said that Mr. Bezos was
addressing a meeting in 2003 when he turned in the direction of
Microsoft,

across the water from Seattle, and said he didn't want Amazon
to become
''a country club.'' If Amazon becomes like Microsoft,
''we would die,'' Mr. Bezos added.
While the Amazon campus appears similar to those of some
tech
giants -- with its dog-friendly offices, work force that skews
young and
male, on-site farmers' market and upbeat posters -- the company
is
considered a place apart. Google and Facebook motivate
employees with gyms,
meals and benefits, like cash handouts for new parents,
''designed
to take care of the whole you,'' as Google puts it.
Amazon, though, offers no pretense that catering to employees
is a
priority. Compensation is considered competitive -- successful
midlevel
managers can collect the equivalent of an extra salary from
grants of a stock
that has increased more than tenfold since 2008. But workers
are expected to
embrace ''frugality'' (No. 9), from the bare-bones desks
to the cellphones and travel expenses that they often pay
themselves. (No
daily free food buffets or regular snack supplies, either.) The
focus is on
relentless striving to please customers, or ''customer
obsession'' (No. 1), with words like
''mission'' used to describe lightning-quick delivery of
Cocoa Krispies or selfie sticks.
As the company has grown, Mr. Bezos has become more

committed to
his original ideas, viewing them in almost moral terms, those
who have worked
closely with him say. ''My main job today: I work hard at
helping
to maintain the culture,'' Mr. Bezos said last year at a
conference
run by Business Insider, a web publication in which he is an
investor.
Of all of his management notions, perhaps the most distinctive
is
his belief that harmony is often overvalued in the workplace --
that it can
stifle honest critique and encourage polite praise for flawed
ideas. Instead,
Amazonians are instructed to ''disagree and commit'' (No.
13) -- to rip into colleagues' ideas, with feedback that can be
blunt to
the point of painful, before lining up behind a decision.
''We always want to arrive at the right
answer,'' said Tony Galbato, vice president for human
resources, in
an email statement. ''It would certainly be much easier and
socially cohesive to just compromise and not debate, but that
may lead to the
wrong decision.''
At its best, some employees said, Amazon can feel like the
Bezos
vision come to life, a place willing to embrace risk and
strengthen ideas by
stress test. Employees often say their co-workers are the
sharpest, most
committed colleagues they have ever met, taking to heart

instructions in the
leadership principles like ''never settle'' and
''no task is beneath them.'' Even relatively junior
employees can make major contributions. The new delivery-by-
drone project
announced in 2013, for example, was coinvented by a low-level
engineer named
Daniel Buchmueller.
Last August, Stephenie Landry, an operations executive,
joined in
discussions about how to shorten delivery times and developed
an idea for
rushing goods to urban customers in an hour or less. One
hundred eleven days
later, she was in Brooklyn directing the start of the new service,
Prime Now.
''A customer was able to get an Elsa doll that they
could not find in all of New York City, and they had it
delivered to their
house in 23 minutes,'' said Ms. Landry, who was authorized by
the
company to speak, still sounding exhilarated months later about
providing
''Frozen'' dolls in record time.
That becomes possible, she and others said, when everyone
follows
the dictates of the leadership principles. ''We're trying to
create those moments for customers where we're solving a really
practical need,'' Ms. Landry said, ''in this way that
feels really futuristic and magical.''
Motivating the 'Amabots'

Company veterans often say the genius of Amazon is the way
it
drives them to drive themselves. ''If you're a good Amazonian,
you become an Amabot,'' said one employee, using a term that
means
you have become at one with the system.
In Amazon warehouses, employees are monitored by
sophisticated
electronic systems to ensure they are packing enough boxes
every hour.
(Amazon came under fire in 2011 when workers in an eastern
Pennsylvania
warehouse toiled in more than 100-degree heat with ambulances
waiting
outside, taking away laborers as they fell. After an investigation
by the
local newspaper, the company installed air-conditioning.)
But in its offices, Amazon uses a self-reinforcing set of
management, data and psychological tools to spur its tens of
thousands of
white-collar employees to do more and more. ''The company is
running a continual performance improvement algorithm on its
staff,'' said Amy Michaels, a former Kindle marketer.
The process begins when Amazon's legions of recruiters
identify thousands of job prospects each year, who face extra
screening by
''bar raisers,'' star employees and part-time
interviewers charged with ensuring that only the best are hired.
As the
newcomers acclimate, they often feel dazzled, flattered and
intimidated by
how much responsibility the company puts on their shoulders
and how directly

Amazon links their performance to the success of their assigned
projects,
whether selling wine or testing the delivery of packages straight
to
shoppers' car trunks.
Every aspect of the Amazon system amplifies the others to
motivate
and discipline the company's marketers, engineers and finance
specialists: the leadership principles; rigorous, continuing
feedback on
performance; and the competition among peers who fear missing
a potential
problem or improvement and race to answer an email before
anyone else.
Some veterans interviewed said they were protected from
pressures
by nurturing bosses or worked in relatively slow divisions. But
many others
said the culture stoked their willingness to erode work-life
boundaries,
castigate themselves for shortcomings (being ''vocally
self-critical'' is included in the description of the leadership
principles) and try to impress a company that can often feel like
an
insatiable taskmaster. Even many Amazonians who have worked
on Wall Street
and at start-ups say the workloads at the new South Lake Union
campus can be
extreme: marathon conference calls on Easter Sunday and
Thanksgiving,
criticism from bosses for spotty Internet access on vacation, and
hours spent
working at home most nights or weekends.

''One time I didn't sleep for four days
straight,'' said Dina Vaccari, who joined in 2008 to sell Amazon
gift cards to other companies and once used her own money,
without asking for
approval, to pay a freelancer in India to enter data so she could
get more
done. ''These businesses were my babies, and I did whatever I
could
to make them successful.''
She and other workers had no shortage of career options but
said
they had internalized Amazon's priorities. One ex-employee's
fianc
became so concerned about her nonstop working night after
night that he would
drive to the Amazon campus at 10 p.m. and dial her cellphone
until she agreed
to come home. When they took a vacation to Florida, she spent
every day at
Starbucks using the wireless connection to get work done.
''That's when the ulcer started,'' she
said. (Like several other former workers, the woman requested
that her name
not be used because her current company does business with
Amazon. Some
current employees were reluctant to be identified because they
were barred
from speaking with reporters.)
To prod employees, Amazon has a powerful lever: more data
than any
retail operation in history. Its perpetual flow of real-time,
ultradetailed
metrics allows the company to measure nearly everything its

customers do:
what they put in their shopping carts, but do not buy; when
readers reach the
''abandon point'' in a Kindle book; and what they will
stream based on previous purchases. It can also tell when
engineers are not
building pages that load quickly enough, or when a vendor
manager does not
have enough gardening gloves in stock.
''Data creates a lot of clarity around
decision-making,'' said Sean Boyle, who runs the finance
division
of Amazon Web Services and was permitted by the company to
speak.
''Data is incredibly liberating.''
Amazon employees are held accountable for a staggering array
of
metrics, a process that unfolds in what can be anxiety-
provoking sessions
called business reviews, held weekly or monthly among various
teams. A day or
two before the meetings, employees receive printouts,
sometimes up to 50 or
60 pages long, several workers said. At the reviews, employees
are
cold-called and pop-quizzed on any one of those thousands of
numbers.
Explanations like ''we're not totally
sure'' or ''I'll get back to you'' are not
acceptable, many employees said. Some managers sometimes
dismissed such
responses as ''stupid'' or told workers to
''just stop it.'' The toughest questions are often about

getting to the bottom of ''cold pricklies,'' or email
notifications that inform shoppers that their goods won't arrive
when
promised -- the opposite of the ''warm fuzzy'' sensation
of consumer satisfaction.
The sessions crowd out other work, many workers complain.
But they
also say that is part of the point: The meetings force them to
absorb the
metrics of their business, their minds swimming with details.
''Once you know something isn't as good as it could
be, why wouldn't you want to fix it?'' said Julie Todaro, who
led some of Amazon's largest retail categories.
Employees talk of feeling how their work is never done or
good
enough. One Amazon building complex is named Day 1, a
reminder from Mr. Bezos
that it is only the beginning of a new era of commerce, with
much more to
accomplish.
In 2012, Chris Brucia, who was working on a new fashion sale
site,
received a punishing performance review from his boss, a half-
hour lecture on
every goal he had not fulfilled and every skill he had not yet
mastered. Mr.
Brucia silently absorbed the criticism, fearing he was about to
be managed
out, wondering how he would tell his wife.
''Congratulations, you're being
promoted,'' his boss finished, leaning in for a hug that Mr.

Brucia
said he was too shocked to return.
Noelle Barnes, who worked in marketing for Amazon for nine
years,
repeated a saying around campus: ''Amazon is where
overachievers go
to feel bad about themselves.''
A Running Competition
In 2013, Elizabeth Willet, a former Army captain who served
in
Iraq, joined Amazon to manage housewares vendors and was
thrilled to find
that a large company could feel so energetic and
entrepreneurial. After she
had a child, she arranged with her boss to be in the office from
7 a.m. to
4:30 p.m. each day, pick up her baby and often return to her
laptop later.
Her boss assured her things were going well, but her colleagues,
who did not
see how early she arrived, sent him negative feedback accusing
her of leaving
too soon.
''I can't stand here and defend you if your peers
are saying you're not doing your work,'' she says he told her.
She left the company after a little more than a year.
Ms. Willet's co-workers strafed her through the Anytime
Feedback Tool, the widget in the company directory that allows
employees to
send praise or criticism about colleagues to management.
(While bosses know

who sends the comments, their identities are not typically
shared with the
subjects of the remarks.) Because team members are ranked, and
those at the
bottom eliminated every year, it is in everyone's interest to
outperform
everyone else.
Craig Berman, an Amazon spokesman, said the tool was just
another
way to provide feedback, like sending an email or walking into
a
manager's office. Most comments, he said, are positive.
However, many workers called it a river of intrigue and
scheming.
They described making quiet pacts with colleagues to bury the
same person at
once, or to praise one another lavishly. Many others, along with
Ms. Willet,
described feeling sabotaged by negative comments from
unidentified colleagues
with whom they could not argue. In some cases, the criticism
was copied
directly into their performance reviews -- a move that Amy
Michaels, the
former Kindle manager, said that colleagues called ''the full
paste.''
Soon the tool, or something close, may be found in many more
offices. Workday, a human resources software company, makes
a similar product
called Collaborative Anytime Feedback that promises to turn the
annual
performance review into a daily event. One of the early backers
of Workday

was Jeff Bezos, in one of his many investments. (He also owns
The Washington
Post.)
The rivalries at Amazon extend beyond behind-the-back
comments.
Employees say that the Bezos ideal, a meritocracy in which
people and ideas
compete and the best win, where co-workers challenge one
another
''even when doing so is uncomfortable or exhausting,'' as
the leadership principles note, has turned into a world of
frequent combat.
Resources are sometimes hoarded. That includes promising job
candidates, who are especially precious at a company with a
high number of
open positions. To get new team members, one veteran said,
sometimes
''you drown someone in the deep end of the pool,'' then
take his or her subordinates. Ideas are critiqued so harshly in
meetings at
times that some workers fear speaking up.
David Loftesness, a senior developer, said he admired the
customer
focus but could not tolerate the hostile language used in many
meetings, a
comment echoed by many others.
For years, he and his team devoted themselves to improving
the
search capabilities of Amazon's website -- only to discover that
Mr.
Bezos had greenlighted a secret competing effort to build an
alternate

technology. ''I'm not going to be the kind of person who can
work in this environment,'' he said he concluded. He went on to
become a director of engineering at Twitter.
Each year, the internal competition culminates at an extended
semi-open tournament called an Organization Level Review,
where managers
debate subordinates' rankings, assigning and reassigning names
to boxes
in a matrix projected on the wall. In recent years, other large
companies,
including Microsoft, General Electric and Accenture
Consulting, have dropped
the practice -- often called stack ranking, or ''rank and
yank'' -- in part because it can force managers to get rid of
valuable talent just to meet quotas.
The review meeting starts with a discussion of the lower-level
employees, whose performance is debated in front of higher-
level managers. As
the hours pass, successive rounds of managers leave the room,
knowing that
those who remain will determine their fates.
Preparing is like getting ready for a court case, many
supervisors
say: To avoid losing good members of their teams -- which
could spell doom --
they must come armed with paper trails to defend the
wrongfully accused and
incriminate members of competing groups. Or they adopt a
strategy of choosing
sacrificial lambs to protect more essential players. ''You learn
how to diplomatically throw people under the bus,'' said a
marketer
who spent six years in the retail division. ''It's a horrible

feeling.''
Mr. Galbato, the human resources executive, explained the
company's reasoning for the annual staff paring. ''We hire a
lot of great people,'' he said in an email, ''but we
don't always get it right.''
Dick Finnegan, a consultant who advises companies on how to
retain
employees, warns of the costs of mandatory cuts. ''If you can
build
an organization with zero deadwood, why wouldn't you do it?''
he asked. ''But I don't know how sustainable it is. You'd
have to have a never-ending two-mile line around the block of
very qualified
people who want to work for you.''
Many women at Amazon attribute its gender gap -- unlike
Facebook,
Google or Walmart, it does not currently have a single woman
on its top
leadership team -- to its competition-and-elimination system.
Several former
high-level female executives, and other women participating in
a recent
internal Amazon online discussion that was shared with The
New York Times,
said they believed that some of the leadership principles worked
to their
disadvantage. They said they could lose out in promotions
because of
intangible criteria like ''earn trust'' (principle No.
10) or the emphasis on disagreeing with colleagues. Being too
forceful, they
said, can be particularly hazardous for women in the workplace.

Motherhood can also be a liability. Michelle Williamson, a
41-year-old parent of three who helped build Amazon's
restaurant supply
business, said her boss, Shahrul Ladue, had told her that raising
children
would most likely prevent her from success at a higher level
because of the
long hours required. Mr. Ladue, who confirmed her account,
said that Ms.
Williamson had been directly competing with younger
colleagues with fewer
commitments, so he suggested she find a less demanding job at
Amazon. (Both
he and Ms. Williamson left the company.)
He added that he usually worked 85 or more hours a week and
rarely
took a vacation.
When 'All' Isn't Good Enough
Molly Jay, an early member of the Kindle team, said she
received
high ratings for years. But when she began traveling to care for
her father,
who was suffering from cancer, and cut back working on nights
and weekends,
her status changed. She was blocked from transferring to a less
pressure-filled job, she said, and her boss told her she was ''a
problem.'' As her father was dying, she took unpaid leave to
care
for him and never returned to Amazon.
''When you're not able to give your absolute all,
80 hours a week, they see it as a major weakness,'' she said.

A woman who had thyroid cancer was given a low
performance rating
after she returned from treatment. She says her manager
explained that while
she was out, her peers were accomplishing a great deal. Another
employee who
miscarried twins left for a business trip the day after she had
surgery.
''I'm sorry, the work is still going to need to get
done,'' she said her boss told her. ''From where you are
in life, trying to start a family, I don't know if this is the right
place for you.''
A woman who had breast cancer was told that she was put on a
''performance improvement plan'' -- Amazon code for
''you're in danger of being fired'' -- because
''difficulties'' in her ''personal
life'' had interfered with fulfilling her work goals. Their
accounts echoed others from workers who had suffered health
crises and felt
they had also been judged harshly instead of being given time to
recover.
A former human resources executive said she was required to
put a
woman who had recently returned after undergoing serious
surgery, and another
who had just had a stillborn child, on performance improvement
plans,
accounts that were corroborated by a co-worker still at Amazon.
''What kind of company do we want to be?'' the executive
recalled asking her bosses.
The mother of the stillborn child soon left Amazon. ''I
had just experienced the most devastating event in my life,'' the
woman recalled via email, only to be told her performance

would be monitored
''to make sure my focus stayed on my job.''
Mr. Berman, the spokesman, said such responses to employees'
crises were ''not our policy or practice.'' He added,
''If we were to become aware of anything like that, we would
take
swift action to correct it.'' Amazon also made Ms. Harker, the
top
recruiter, available to describe the leadership team's strong
support
over the last two years as her husband battled a rare cancer. ''It
took my breath away,'' she said.
Several employment lawyers in the Seattle area said they got
regular calls from Amazon workers complaining of unfair
treatment, including
those who said they had been pushed out for ''not being
sufficiently devoted to the company,'' said Michael Subit. But
that
is not a basis for a suit by itself, he said. ''Unfairness is not
illegal,'' echoed Sara Amies, another lawyer. Without clear
evidence of discrimination, it is difficult to win a suit based on
a negative
evaluation, she said.
For all of the employees who are edged out, many others flee,
exhausted or unwilling to further endure the hardships for the
cause of
delivering swim goggles and rolls of Scotch tape to customers
just a little
quicker.
Jason Merkoski, 42, an engineer, worked on the team
developing the
first Kindle e-reader and served as a technology evangelist for

Amazon,
traveling the world to learn how people used the technology so
it could be
improved. He left Amazon in 2010 and then returned briefly in
2014.
''The sheer number of innovations means things go wrong,
you need to rectify, and then explain, and heaven help if you
got an email
from Jeff,'' he said. ''It's as if you've got
the C.E.O. of the company in bed with you at 3 a.m. breathing
down your
neck.''
A Stream of Departures
Amazon retains new workers in part by requiring them to
repay a
part of their signing bonus if they leave within a year, and a
portion of
their hefty relocation fees if they leave within two years.
Several fathers
said they left or were considering quitting because of pressure
from bosses
or peers to spend less time with their families. (Many tech
companies are
racing to top one another's family leave policies -- Netflix just
began
offering up to a year of paid parental leave. Amazon, though,
offers no paid
paternity leave.)
In interviews, 40-year-old men were convinced Amazon would
replace
them with 30-year-olds who could put in more hours, and 30-
year-olds were

sure that the company preferred to hire 20-somethings who
would outwork them.
After Max Shipley, a father of two young children, left this
spring, he
wondered if Amazon would ''bring in college kids who have
fewer
commitments, who are single, who have more time to focus on
work.''
Mr. Shipley is 25.
Amazon insists its reputation for high attrition is misleading.
A
2013 survey by PayScale, a salary analysis firm, put the median
employee
tenure at one year, among the briefest in the Fortune 500.
Amazon officials
insisted tenure was low because hiring was so robust, adding
that only 15
percent of employees had been at the company more than five
years. Turnover
is consistent with others in the technology industry, they said,
but declined
to disclose any data.
Employees, human resources executives and recruiters
describe a
steady exodus. ''The pattern of burn and churn at Amazon,
resulting
in a disproportionate number of candidates from Amazon
showing at our
doorstep, is clear and consistent,'' Nimrod Hoofien, a director of
engineering at Facebook and an Amazon veteran, said in a
recent Facebook
post.
Those departures are not a failure of the system, many current

and
former employees say, but rather the logical conclusion: mass
intake of new
workers, who help the Amazon machine spin and then wear out,
leaving the most
committed Amazonians to survive.
''Purposeful Darwinism,'' Robin Andrulevich, a
former top Amazon human resources executive who helped draft
the Leadership
Principles, posted in reply to Mr. Hoofien's comment. ''They
never could have done what they've accomplished without
that,'' she said in an interview, referring to Amazon's cycle
of constantly hiring employees, driving them and cutting them.
''Amazon is O.K. with moving through a lot of people to
identify and retain superstars,'' said Vijay Ravindran, who
worked
at the retailer for seven years, the last two as the manager
overseeing the
checkout technology. ''They keep the stars by offering a
combination of incredible opportunities and incredible
compensation.
It's like panning for gold.''
The employees who stream from the Amazon exits are highly
desirable because of their work ethic, local recruiters say. In
recent years,
companies like Facebook have opened large Seattle offices, and
they benefit
from the Amazon outflow.
Recruiters, though, also say that other businesses are
sometimes
cautious about bringing in Amazon workers, because they have
been trained to

be so combative. The derisive local nickname for Amazon
employees is
''Amholes'' -- pugnacious and work-obsessed.
Call them what you will, their ranks are rapidly increasing.
Amazon is finishing a 37-floor office tower near its South Lake
Union campus
and building another tower next to it. It plans a third next to
that and has
space for two more high-rises. By the time the dust settles in
three years,
Amazon will have enough space for 50,000 employees or so,
more than triple
what it had as recently as 2013.
Those new workers will strive to make Amazon the first
trillion-dollar retailer, in the hope that just about everyone will
be
watching Amazon movies and playing Amazon games on
Amazon tablets while they
tell their Amazon Echo communications device that they need
an
Amazon-approved plumber and new lawn chairs, and throw in
some Amazon potato
chips as well.
Maybe it will happen. Liz Pearce spent two years at Amazon,
managing projects like its wedding registry. ''The pressure to
deliver far surpasses any other metric,'' she said. ''I
would see people practically combust.''
But just as Jeff Bezos was able to see the future of e-
commerce
before anyone else, she added, he was able to envision a new
kind of
workplace: fluid but tough, with employees staying only a short

time and
employers demanding the maximum.
''Amazon is driven by data,'' said Ms. Pearce,
who now runs her own Seattle software company, which is well
stocked with
ex-Amazonians. ''It will only change if the data says it must --
when the entire way of hiring and working and firing stops
making economic
sense.''
The retailer is already showing some strain from its rapid
growth.
Even for entry-level jobs, it is hiring on the East Coast, and
many employees
are required to hand over all their contacts to company
recruiters at
''LinkedIn'' parties. In Seattle alone, more than 4,500
jobs are open, including one for an analyst specializing in
''high-volume hiring.''
Some companies, faced with such an overwhelming need for
new
bodies, might scale back their ambitions or soften their
message.
Not Amazon. In a recent recruiting video, one young woman
warns:
''You either fit here or you don't. You love it or you
don't. There is no middle ground.''
Correction: August 18, 2015, Tuesday
This article has been revised to reflect the following
correction:
An article on Sunday about the workplace culture at

Amazon.com erroneously
included a company among those that have opened offices in
Seattle and that
benefit from the outflow of workers from Amazon. Facebook
has done so, but
LinkedIn has not.
CAPTION(S):
PHOTOS: An Amazon building complex is named Day 1, a
reminder from
the chief, Jeff Bezos, that it is only the beginning of a new era
of
commerce. (A1); AMY MICHAELS, worked in advertising and
marketing; CHRIS
BRUCIA, worked on projects like software sales; SEAN
BOYLE, runs finance
division of Amazon Web services; PET-FRIENDLY: Chris
Clare, left, brought his
dog, Crosby, to visit Andrea Kraus, a receptionist. Pets are
welcome on
campus. (PHOTOGRAPHS BY RUTH FREMSON/THE NEW
YORK TIMES) FOUNDER: Jeff Bezos
established guidelines as instructions for employees, and to
stave off
mediocrity. (PHOTOGRAPH BY DAVID RYDER/GETTY
IMAGES) (A20); EXPANDING: Amazon
is building new towers in Seattle, and in about three years will
have space
for about 50,000 employees. (A20-A21); DINA VACCARI, sold
Amazon gift cards;
JASON MERKOSKI, engineer; DAVID LOFTESNESS,
developer and manager;
INDUSTRIOUS: At work at Amazon. Some women said they
believed that some of
the leadership principles worked to their disadvantage. (A21);

QUALITY TIME:
Amazon employees and family members attending the company
picnic. Some
fathers at Amazon said they considered quitting because of
pressure from
bosses to spend less time with their families. (PHOTOGRAPHS
BY RUTH
FREMSON/THE NEW YORK TIMES) (A22)
By JODI KANTOR and DAVID STREITFELD
Amazon's Bruising, Thrilling
Workplace
The New York Times
CORRECTION APPENDEDSEATTLE -- On Monday
mornings, fresh recruits
line up for an orientation intended to catapult them into
Amazon's
singular way of working.
They are told to forget the ''poor habits''
they learned at previous jobs, one employee recalled. When they
''hit the wall'' from the unrelenting pace, there is only
one solution: ''Climb the wall,'' others reported. To be
the best Amazonians they can be, they should be guided by the
leadership
principles, 14 rules inscribed on handy laminated cards. When
quizzed days
later, those with perfect scores earn a virtual award
proclaiming,
''I'm Peculiar'' -- the company's proud phrase
for overturning workplace conventions.
At Amazon, workers are encouraged to tear apart one another's
ideas in meetings, toil long and late (emails arrive past
midnight, followed
by text messages asking why they were not answered), and held

to standards
that the company boasts are ''unreasonably high.'' The
internal phone directory instructs colleagues on how to send
secret feedback
to one another's bosses. Employees say it is frequently used to
sabotage
others. (The tool offers sample texts, including this: ''I felt
concerned about his inflexibility and openly complaining about
minor
tasks.'')
Many of the newcomers filing in on Mondays may not be there
in a
few years. The company's winners dream up innovations that
they roll out
to a quarter-billion customers and accrue small fortunes in
soaring stock.
Losers leave or are fired in annual cullings of the staff --
''purposeful Darwinism,'' one former Amazon human
resources director said. Some workers who suffered from
cancer, miscarriages
and other personal crises said they had been evaluated unfairly
or edged out
rather than given time to recover.
Even as the company tests delivery by drone and ways to
restock
toilet paper at the push of a bathroom button, it is conducting a
little-known experiment in how far it can push white-collar
workers,
redrawing the boundaries of what is acceptable. The company,
founded and
still run by Jeff Bezos, rejects many of the popular management
bromides that
other corporations at least pay lip service to and has instead
designed what

many workers call an intricate machine propelling them to
achieve Mr.
Bezos' ever-expanding ambitions.
''This is a company that strives to do really big,
innovative, groundbreaking things, and those things aren't
easy,'' said Susan Harker, Amazon's top recruiter.
''When you're shooting for the moon, the nature of the work is
really challenging. For some people it doesn't work.''
Bo Olson was one of them. He lasted less than two years in a
book
marketing role and said that his enduring image was watching
people weep in
the office, a sight other workers described as well. ''You walk
out
of a conference room and you'll see a grown man covering his
face,'' he said. ''Nearly every person I worked with, I
saw cry at their desk.''
Thanks in part to its ability to extract the most from
employees,
Amazon is stronger than ever. Its swelling campus is
transforming a swath of
this city, a 10-million-square-foot bet that tens of thousands of
new workers
will be able to sell everything to everyone everywhere. Last
month, it
eclipsed Walmart as the most valuable retailer in the country,
with a market
valuation of $250 billion, and Forbes deemed Mr. Bezos the
fifth-wealthiest
person on earth.
Tens of millions of Americans know Amazon as customers, but
life

inside its corporate offices is largely a mystery. Secrecy is
required; even
low-level employees sign a lengthy confidentiality agreement.
The company
authorized only a handful of senior managers to talk to reporters
for this
article, declining requests for interviews with Mr. Bezos and his
top
leaders.
However, more than 100 current and former Amazonians --
members of
the leadership team, human resources executives, marketers,
retail
specialists and engineers who worked on projects from the
Kindle to grocery
delivery to the recent mobile phone launch -- described how
they tried to
reconcile the sometimes-punishing aspects of their workplace
with what many
called its thrilling power to create.
In interviews, some said they thrived at Amazon precisely
because
it pushed them past what they thought were their limits. Many
employees are
motivated by ''thinking big and knowing that we haven't
scratched the surface on what's out there to invent,'' said
Elisabeth Rommel, a retail executive who was one of those
permitted to speak.
Others who cycled in and out of the company said that what
they
learned in their brief stints helped their careers take off. And
more than a
few who fled said they later realized they had become addicted

to
Amazon's way of working.
''A lot of people who work there feel this tension:
It's the greatest place I hate to work,'' said John Rossman, a
former executive there who published a book, ''The Amazon
Way.''
Amazon may be singular but perhaps not quite as peculiar as it
claims. It has just been quicker in responding to changes that
the rest of
the work world is now experiencing: data that allows individual
performance
to be measured continuously, come-and-go relationships
between employers and
employees, and global competition in which empires rise and
fall overnight.
Amazon is in the vanguard of where technology wants to take
the modern
office: more nimble and more productive, but harsher and less
forgiving.
''Organizations are turning up the dial, pushing their
teams to do more for less money, either to keep up with the
competition or
just stay ahead of the executioner's blade,'' said Clay Parker
Jones, a consultant who helps old-line businesses become more
responsive to
change.
On a recent morning, as Amazon's new hires waited to begin
orientation, few of them seemed to appreciate the experiment in
which they
had enrolled. Only one, Keith Ketzle, a freckled Texan
triathlete with an
M.B.A., lit up with recognition, explaining how he left his old,

lumbering
company for a faster, grittier one.
''Conflict brings about innovation,'' he said.
A Philosophy of Work
Jeff Bezos turned to data-driven management very early.
He wanted his grandmother to stop smoking, he recalled in a
2010
graduation speech at Princeton. He didn't beg or appeal to
sentiment. He
just did the math, calculating that every puff cost her a few
minutes.
''You've taken nine years off your life!'' he told
her. She burst into tears.
He was 10 at the time. Decades later, he created a
technological
and retail giant by relying on some of the same impulses:
eagerness to tell
others how to behave; an instinct for bluntness bordering on
confrontation;
and an overarching confidence in the power of metrics, buoyed
by his
experience in the early 1990s at D. E. Shaw, a financial firm
that overturned
Wall Street convention by using algorithms to get the most out
of every
trade.
According to early executives and employees, Mr. Bezos was
determined almost from the moment he founded Amazon in
1994 to resist the
forces he thought sapped businesses over time -- bureaucracy,

profligate
spending, lack of rigor. As the company grew, he wanted to
codify his ideas
about the workplace, some of them proudly counterintuitive,
into instructions
simple enough for a new worker to understand, general enough
to apply to the
nearly limitless number of businesses he wanted to enter and
stringent enough
to stave off the mediocrity he feared.
The result was the leadership principles, the articles of faith
that describe the way Amazonians should act. In contrast to
companies where
declarations about their philosophy amount to vague platitudes,
Amazon has
rules that are part of its daily language and rituals, used in
hiring, cited
at meetings and quoted in food-truck lines at lunchtime. Some
Amazonians say
they teach them to their children.
The guidelines conjure an empire of elite workers (principle
No.
5: ''Hire and develop the best'') who hold one another to
towering expectations and are liberated from the forces -- red
tape, office
politics -- that keep them from delivering their utmost.
Employees are to
exhibit ''ownership'' (No. 2), or mastery of every
element of their businesses, and ''dive deep,'' (No. 12)
or find the underlying ideas that can fix problems or identify
new services
before shoppers even ask for them.
The workplace should be infused with transparency and

precision
about who is really achieving and who is not. Within Amazon,
ideal employees
are often described as ''athletes'' with endurance, speed
(No. 8: ''bias for action''), performance that can be
measured and an ability to defy limits (No. 7: ''think
big'').
''You can work long, hard or smart, but at Amazon.com
you can't choose two out of three,'' Mr. Bezos wrote in his
1997 letter to shareholders, when the company sold only books,
and which
still serves as a manifesto. He added that when he interviewed
potential
hires, he warned them, ''It's not easy to work
here.''
Mr. Rossman, the former executive, said that Mr. Bezos was
addressing a meeting in 2003 when he turned in the direction of
Microsoft,
across the water from Seattle, and said he didn't want Amazon
to become
''a country club.'' If Amazon becomes like Microsoft,
''we would die,'' Mr. Bezos added.
While the Amazon campus appears similar to those of some
tech
giants -- with its dog-friendly offices, work force that skews
young and
male, on-site farmers' market and upbeat posters -- the company
is
considered a place apart. Google and Facebook motivate
employees with gyms,
meals and benefits, like cash handouts for new parents,
''designed
to take care of the whole you,'' as Google puts it.

Amazon, though, offers no pretense that catering to employees
is a
priority. Compensation is considered competitive -- successful
midlevel
managers can collect the equivalent of an extra salary from
grants of a stock
that has increased more than tenfold since 2008. But workers
are expected to
embrace ''frugality'' (No. 9), from the bare-bones desks
to the cellphones and travel expenses that they often pay
themselves. (No
daily free food buffets or regular snack supplies, either.) The
focus is on
relentless striving to please customers, or ''customer
obsession'' (No. 1), with words like
''mission'' used to describe lightning-quick delivery of
Cocoa Krispies or selfie sticks.
As the company has grown, Mr. Bezos has become more
committed to
his original ideas, viewing them in almost moral terms, those
who have worked
closely with him say. ''My main job today: I work hard at
helping
to maintain the culture,'' Mr. Bezos said last year at a
conference
run by Business Insider, a web publication in which he is an
investor.
Of all of his management notions, perhaps the most distinctive
is
his belief that harmony is often overvalued in the workplace --
that it can
stifle honest critique and encourage polite praise for flawed
ideas. Instead,

Amazonians are instructed to ''disagree and commit'' (No.
13) -- to rip into colleagues' ideas, with feedback that can be
blunt to
the point of painful, before lining up behind a decision.
''We always want to arrive at the right
answer,'' said Tony Galbato, vice president for human
resources, in
an email statement. ''It would certainly be much easier and
socially cohesive to just compromise and not debate, but that
may lead to the
wrong decision.''
At its best, some employees said, Amazon can feel like the
Bezos
vision come to life, a place willing to embrace risk and
strengthen ideas by
stress test. Employees often say their co-workers are the
sharpest, most
committed colleagues they have ever met, taking to heart
instructions in the
leadership principles like ''never settle'' and
''no task is beneath them.'' Even relatively junior
employees can make major contributions. The new delivery-by-
drone project
announced in 2013, for example, was coinvented by a low-level
engineer named
Daniel Buchmueller.
Last August, Stephenie Landry, an operations executive,
joined in
discussions about how to shorten delivery times and developed
an idea for
rushing goods to urban customers in an hour or less. One
hundred eleven days
later, she was in Brooklyn directing the start of the new service,

Prime Now.
''A customer was able to get an Elsa doll that they
could not find in all of New York City, and they had it
delivered to their
house in 23 minutes,'' said Ms. Landry, who was authorized by
the
company to speak, still sounding exhilarated months later about
providing
''Frozen'' dolls in record time.
That becomes possible, she and others said, when everyone
follows
the dictates of the leadership principles. ''We're trying to
create those moments for customers where we're solving a really
practical need,'' Ms. Landry said, ''in this way that
feels really futuristic and magical.''
Motivating the 'Amabots'
Company veterans often say the genius of Amazon is the way
it
drives them to drive themselves. ''If you're a good Amazonian,
you become an Amabot,'' said one employee, using a term that
means
you have become at one with the system.
In Amazon warehouses, employees are monitored by
sophisticated
electronic systems to ensure they are packing enough boxes
every hour.
(Amazon came under fire in 2011 when workers in an eastern
Pennsylvania
warehouse toiled in more than 100-degree heat with ambulances
waiting
outside, taking away laborers as they fell. After an investigation

by the
local newspaper, the company installed air-conditioning.)
But in its offices, Amazon uses a self-reinforcing set of
management, data and psychological tools to spur its tens of
thousands of
white-collar employees to do more and more. ''The company is
running a continual performance improvement algorithm on its
staff,'' said Amy Michaels, a former Kindle marketer.
The process begins when Amazon's legions of recruiters
identify thousands of job prospects each year, who face extra
screening by
''bar raisers,'' star employees and part-time
interviewers charged with ensuring that only the best are hired.
As the
newcomers acclimate, they often feel dazzled, flattered and
intimidated by
how much responsibility the company puts on their shoulders
and how directly
Amazon links their performance to the success of their assigned
projects,
whether selling wine or testing the delivery of packages straight
to
shoppers' car trunks.
Every aspect of the Amazon system amplifies the others to
motivate
and discipline the company's marketers, engineers and finance
specialists: the leadership principles; rigorous, continuing
feedback on
performance; and the competition among peers who fear missing
a potential
problem or improvement and race to answer an email before
anyone else.

Some veterans interviewed said they were protected from
pressures
by nurturing bosses or worked in relatively slow divisions. But
many others
said the culture stoked their willingness to erode work-life
boundaries,
castigate themselves for shortcomings (being ''vocally
self-critical'' is included in the description of the leadership
principles) and try to impress a company that can often feel like
an
insatiable taskmaster. Even many Amazonians who have worked
on Wall Street
and at start-ups say the workloads at the new South Lake Union
campus can be
extreme: marathon conference calls on Easter Sunday and
Thanksgiving,
criticism from bosses for spotty Internet access on vacation, and
hours spent
working at home most nights or weekends.
''One time I didn't sleep for four days
straight,'' said Dina Vaccari, who joined in 2008 to sell Amazon
gift cards to other companies and once used her own money,
without asking for
approval, to pay a freelancer in India to enter data so she could
get more
done. ''These businesses were my babies, and I did whatever I
could
to make them successful.''
She and other workers had no shortage of career options but
said
they had internalized Amazon's priorities. One ex-employee's
fianc
became so concerned about her nonstop working night after
night that he would

drive to the Amazon campus at 10 p.m. and dial her cellphone
until she agreed
to come home. When they took a vacation to Florida, she spent
every day at
Starbucks using the wireless connection to get work done.
''That's when the ulcer started,'' she
said. (Like several other former workers, the woman requested
that her name
not be used because her current company does business with
Amazon. Some
current employees were reluctant to be identified because they
were barred
from speaking with reporters.)
To prod employees, Amazon has a powerful lever: more data
than any
retail operation in history. Its perpetual flow of real-time,
ultradetailed
metrics allows the company to measure nearly everything its
customers do:
what they put in their shopping carts, but do not buy; when
readers reach the
''abandon point'' in a Kindle book; and what they will
stream based on previous purchases. It can also tell when
engineers are not
building pages that load quickly enough, or when a vendor
manager does not
have enough gardening gloves in stock.
''Data creates a lot of clarity around
decision-making,'' said Sean Boyle, who runs the finance
division
of Amazon Web Services and was permitted by the company to
speak.
''Data is incredibly liberating.''

Amazon employees are held accountable for a staggering array
of
metrics, a process that unfolds in what can be anxiety-
provoking sessions
called business reviews, held weekly or monthly among various
teams. A day or
two before the meetings, employees receive printouts,
sometimes up to 50 or
60 pages long, several workers said. At the reviews, employees
are
cold-called and pop-quizzed on any one of those thousands of
numbers.
Explanations like ''we're not totally
sure'' or ''I'll get back to you'' are not
acceptable, many employees said. Some managers sometimes
dismissed such
responses as ''stupid'' or told workers to
''just stop it.'' The toughest questions are often about
getting to the bottom of ''cold pricklies,'' or email
notifications that inform shoppers that their goods won't arrive
when
promised -- the opposite of the ''warm fuzzy'' sensation
of consumer satisfaction.
The sessions crowd out other work, many workers complain.
But they
also say that is part of the point: The meetings force them to
absorb the
metrics of their business, their minds swimming with details.
''Once you know something isn't as good as it could
be, why wouldn't you want to fix it?'' said Julie Todaro, who
led some of Amazon's largest retail categories.

Employees talk of feeling how their work is never done or
good
enough. One Amazon building complex is named Day 1, a
reminder from Mr. Bezos
that it is only the beginning of a new era of commerce, with
much more to
accomplish.
In 2012, Chris Brucia, who was working on a new fashion sale
site,
received a punishing performance review from his boss, a half-
hour lecture on
every goal he had not fulfilled and every skill he had not yet
mastered. Mr.
Brucia silently absorbed the criticism, fearing he was about to
be managed
out, wondering how he would tell his wife.
''Congratulations, you're being
promoted,'' his boss finished, leaning in for a hug that Mr.
Brucia
said he was too shocked to return.
Noelle Barnes, who worked in marketing for Amazon for nine
years,
repeated a saying around campus: ''Amazon is where
overachievers go
to feel bad about themselves.''
A Running Competition
In 2013, Elizabeth Willet, a former Army captain who served
in
Iraq, joined Amazon to manage housewares vendors and was
thrilled to find
that a large company could feel so energetic and

entrepreneurial. After she
had a child, she arranged with her boss to be in the office from
7 a.m. to
4:30 p.m. each day, pick up her baby and often return to her
laptop later.
Her boss assured her things were going well, but her colleagues,
who did not
see how early she arrived, sent him negative feedback accusing
her of leaving
too soon.
''I can't stand here and defend you if your peers
are saying you're not doing your work,'' she says he told her.
She left the company after a little more than a year.
Ms. Willet's co-workers strafed her through the Anytime
Feedback Tool, the widget in the company directory that allows
employees to
send praise or criticism about colleagues to management.
(While bosses know
who sends the comments, their identities are not typically
shared with the
subjects of the remarks.) Because team members are ranked, and
those at the
bottom eliminated every year, it is in everyone's interest to
outperform
everyone else.
Craig Berman, an Amazon spokesman, said the tool was just
another
way to provide feedback, like sending an email or walking into
a
manager's office. Most comments, he said, are positive.
However, many workers called it a river of intrigue and
scheming.

They described making quiet pacts with colleagues to bury the
same person at
once, or to praise one another lavishly. Many others, along with
Ms. Willet,
described feeling sabotaged by negative comments from
unidentified colleagues
with whom they could not argue. In some cases, the criticism
was copied
directly into their performance reviews -- a move that Amy
Michaels, the
former Kindle manager, said that colleagues called ''the full
paste.''
Soon the tool, or something close, may be found in many more
offices. Workday, a human resources software company, makes
a similar product
called Collaborative Anytime Feedback that promises to turn the
annual
performance review into a daily event. One of the early backers
of Workday
was Jeff Bezos, in one of his many investments. (He also owns
The Washington
Post.)
The rivalries at Amazon extend beyond behind-the-back
comments.
Employees say that the Bezos ideal, a meritocracy in which
people and ideas
compete and the best win, where co-workers challenge one
another
''even when doing so is uncomfortable or exhausting,'' as
the leadership principles note, has turned into a world of
frequent combat.
Resources are sometimes hoarded. That includes promising job
candidates, who are especially precious at a company with a

high number of
open positions. To get new team members, one veteran said,
sometimes
''you drown someone in the deep end of the pool,'' then
take his or her subordinates. Ideas are critiqued so harshly in
meetings at
times that some workers fear speaking up.
David Loftesness, a senior developer, said he admired the
customer
focus but could not tolerate the hostile language used in many
meetings, a
comment echoed by many others.
For years, he and his team devoted themselves to improving
the
search capabilities of Amazon's website -- only to discover that
Mr.
Bezos had greenlighted a secret competing effort to build an
alternate
technology. ''I'm not going to be the kind of person who can
work in this environment,'' he said he concluded. He went on to
become a director of engineering at Twitter.
Each year, the internal competition culminates at an extended
semi-open tournament called an Organization Level Review,
where managers
debate subordinates' rankings, assigning and reassigning names
to boxes
in a matrix projected on the wall. In recent years, other large
companies,
including Microsoft, General Electric and Accenture
Consulting, have dropped
the practice -- often called stack ranking, or ''rank and
yank'' -- in part because it can force managers to get rid of
valuable talent just to meet quotas.

The review meeting starts with a discussion of the lower-level
employees, whose performance is debated in front of higher-
level managers. As
the hours pass, successive rounds of managers leave the room,
knowing that
those who remain will determine their fates.
Preparing is like getting ready for a court case, many
supervisors
say: To avoid losing good members of their teams -- which
could spell doom --
they must come armed with paper trails to defend the
wrongfully accused and
incriminate members of competing groups. Or they adopt a
strategy of choosing
sacrificial lambs to protect more essential players. ''You learn
how to diplomatically throw people under the bus,'' said a
marketer
who spent six years in the retail division. ''It's a horrible
feeling.''
Mr. Galbato, the human resources executive, explained the
company's reasoning for the annual staff paring. ''We hire a
lot of great people,'' he said in an email, ''but we
don't always get it right.''
Dick Finnegan, a consultant who advises companies on how to
retain
employees, warns of the costs of mandatory cuts. ''If you can
build
an organization with zero deadwood, why wouldn't you do it?''
he asked. ''But I don't know how sustainable it is. You'd
have to have a never-ending two-mile line around the block of
very qualified
people who want to work for you.''

Many women at Amazon attribute its gender gap -- unlike
Facebook,
Google or Walmart, it does not currently have a single woman
on its top
leadership team -- to its competition-and-elimination system.
Several former
high-level female executives, and other women participating in
a recent
internal Amazon online discussion that was shared with The
New York Times,
said they believed that some of the leadership principles worked
to their
disadvantage. They said they could lose out in promotions
because of
intangible criteria like ''earn trust'' (principle No.
10) or the emphasis on disagreeing with colleagues. Being too
forceful, they
said, can be particularly hazardous for women in the workplace.
Motherhood can also be a liability. Michelle Williamson, a
41-year-old parent of three who helped build Amazon's
restaurant supply
business, said her boss, Shahrul Ladue, had told her that raising
children
would most likely prevent her from success at a higher level
because of the
long hours required. Mr. Ladue, who confirmed her account,
said that Ms.
Williamson had been directly competing with younger
colleagues with fewer
commitments, so he suggested she find a less demanding job at
Amazon. (Both
he and Ms. Williamson left the company.)
He added that he usually worked 85 or more hours a week and

rarely
took a vacation.
When 'All' Isn't Good Enough
Molly Jay, an early member of the Kindle team, said she
received
high ratings for years. But when she began traveling to care for
her father,
who was suffering from cancer, and cut back working on nights
and weekends,
her status changed. She was blocked from transferring to a less
pressure-filled job, she said, and her boss told her she was ''a
problem.'' As her father was dying, she took unpaid leave to
care
for him and never returned to Amazon.
''When you're not able to give your absolute all,
80 hours a week, they see it as a major weakness,'' she said.
A woman who had thyroid cancer was given a low
performance rating
after she returned from treatment. She says her manager
explained that while
she was out, her peers were accomplishing a great deal. Another
employee who
miscarried twins left for a business trip the day after she had
surgery.
''I'm sorry, the work is still going to need to get
done,'' she said her boss told her. ''From where you are
in life, trying to start a family, I don't know if this is the right
place for you.''
A woman who had breast cancer was told that she was put on a
''performance improvement plan'' -- Amazon code for
''you're in danger of being fired'' -- because

''difficulties'' in her ''personal
life'' had interfered with fulfilling her work goals. Their
accounts echoed others from workers who had suffered health
crises and felt
they had also been judged harshly instead of being given time to
recover.
A former human resources executive said she was required to
put a
woman who had recently returned after undergoing serious
surgery, and another
who had just had a stillborn child, on performance improvement
plans,
accounts that were corroborated by a co-worker still at Amazon.
''What kind of company do we want to be?'' the executive
recalled asking her bosses.
The mother of the stillborn child soon left Amazon. ''I
had just experienced the most devastating event in my life,'' the
woman recalled via email, only to be told her performance
would be monitored
''to make sure my focus stayed on my job.''
Mr. Berman, the spokesman, said such responses to employees'
crises were ''not our policy or practice.'' He added,
''If we were to become aware of anything like that, we would
take
swift action to correct it.'' Amazon also made Ms. Harker, the
top
recruiter, available to describe the leadership team's strong
support
over the last two years as her husband battled a rare cancer. ''It
took my breath away,'' she said.
Several employment lawyers in the Seattle area said they got
regular calls from Amazon workers complaining of unfair

treatment, including
those who said they had been pushed out for ''not being
sufficiently devoted to the company,'' said Michael Subit. But
that
is not a basis for a suit by itself, he said. ''Unfairness is not
illegal,'' echoed Sara Amies, another lawyer. Without clear
evidence of discrimination, it is difficult to win a suit based on
a negative
evaluation, she said.
For all of the employees who are edged out, many others flee,
exhausted or unwilling to further endure the hardships for the
cause of
delivering swim goggles and rolls of Scotch tape to customers
just a little
quicker.
Jason Merkoski, 42, an engineer, worked on the team
developing the
first Kindle e-reader and served as a technology evangelist for
Amazon,
traveling the world to learn how people used the technology so
it could be
improved. He left Amazon in 2010 and then returned briefly in
2014.
''The sheer number of innovations means things go wrong,
you need to rectify, and then explain, and heaven help if you
got an email
from Jeff,'' he said. ''It's as if you've got
the C.E.O. of the company in bed with you at 3 a.m. breathing
down your
neck.''
A Stream of Departures

Amazon retains new workers in part by requiring them to
repay a
part of their signing bonus if they leave within a year, and a
portion of
their hefty relocation fees if they leave within two years.
Several fathers
said they left or were considering quitting because of pressure
from bosses
or peers to spend less time with their families. (Many tech
companies are
racing to top one another's family leave policies -- Netflix just
began
offering up to a year of paid parental leave. Amazon, though,
offers no paid
paternity leave.)
In interviews, 40-year-old men were convinced Amazon would
replace
them with 30-year-olds who could put in more hours, and 30-
year-olds were
sure that the company preferred to hire 20-somethings who
would outwork them.
After Max Shipley, a father of two young children, left this
spring, he
wondered if Amazon would ''bring in college kids who have
fewer
commitments, who are single, who have more time to focus on
work.''
Mr. Shipley is 25.
Amazon insists its reputation for high attrition is misleading.
A
2013 survey by PayScale, a salary analysis firm, put the median
employee
tenure at one year, among the briefest in the Fortune 500.
Amazon officials

insisted tenure was low because hiring was so robust, adding
that only 15
percent of employees had been at the company more than five
years. Turnover
is consistent with others in the technology industry, they said,
but declined
to disclose any data.
Employees, human resources executives and recruiters
describe a
steady exodus. ''The pattern of burn and churn at Amazon,
resulting
in a disproportionate number of candidates from Amazon
showing at our
doorstep, is clear and consistent,'' Nimrod Hoofien, a director of
engineering at Facebook and an Amazon veteran, said in a
recent Facebook
post.
Those departures are not a failure of the system, many current
and
former employees say, but rather the logical conclusion: mass
intake of new
workers, who help the Amazon machine spin and then wear out,
leaving the most
committed Amazonians to survive.
''Purposeful Darwinism,'' Robin Andrulevich, a
former top Amazon human resources executive who helped draft
the Leadership
Principles, posted in reply to Mr. Hoofien's comment. ''They
never could have done what they've accomplished without
that,'' she said in an interview, referring to Amazon's cycle
of constantly hiring employees, driving them and cutting them.
''Amazon is O.K. with moving through a lot of people to

identify and retain superstars,'' said Vijay Ravindran, who
worked
at the retailer for seven years, the last two as the manager
overseeing the
checkout technology. ''They keep the stars by offering a
combination of incredible opportunities and incredible
compensation.
It's like panning for gold.''
The employees who stream from the Amazon exits are highly
desirable because of their work ethic, local recruiters say. In
recent years,
companies like Facebook have opened large Seattle offices, and
they benefit
from the Amazon outflow.
Recruiters, though, also say that other businesses are
sometimes
cautious about bringing in Amazon workers, because they have
been trained to
be so combative. The derisive local nickname for Amazon
employees is
''Amholes'' -- pugnacious and work-obsessed.
Call them what you will, their ranks are rapidly increasing.
Amazon is finishing a 37-floor office tower near its South Lake
Union campus
and building another tower next to it. It plans a third next to
that and has
space for two more high-rises. By the time the dust settles in
three years,
Amazon will have enough space for 50,000 employees or so,
more than triple
what it had as recently as 2013.
Those new workers will strive to make Amazon the first

trillion-dollar retailer, in the hope that just about everyone will
be
watching Amazon movies and playing Amazon games on
Amazon tablets while they
tell their Amazon Echo communications device that they need
an
Amazon-approved plumber and new lawn chairs, and throw in
some Amazon potato
chips as well.
Maybe it will happen. Liz Pearce spent two years at Amazon,
managing projects like its wedding registry. ''The pressure to
deliver far surpasses any other metric,'' she said. ''I
would see people practically combust.''
But just as Jeff Bezos was able to see the future of e-
commerce
before anyone else, she added, he was able to envision a new
kind of
workplace: fluid but tough, with employees staying only a short
time and
employers demanding the maximum.
''Amazon is driven by data,'' said Ms. Pearce,
who now runs her own Seattle software company, which is well
stocked with
ex-Amazonians. ''It will only change if the data says it must --
when the entire way of hiring and working and firing stops
making economic
sense.''
The retailer is already showing some strain from its rapid
growth.
Even for entry-level jobs, it is hiring on the East Coast, and
many employees
are required to hand over all their contacts to company

recruiters at
''LinkedIn'' parties. In Seattle alone, more than 4,500
jobs are open, including one for an analyst specializing in
''high-volume hiring.''
Some companies, faced with such an overwhelming need for
new
bodies, might scale back their ambitions or soften their
message.
Not Amazon. In a recent recruiting video, one young woman
warns:
''You either fit here or you don't. You love it or you
don't. There is no middle ground.''
Correction: August 18, 2015, Tuesday
This article has been revised to reflect the following
correction:
An article on Sunday about the workplace culture at
Amazon.com erroneously
included a company among those that have opened offices in
Seattle and that
benefit from the outflow of workers from Amazon. Facebook
has done so, but
LinkedIn has not.
CAPTION(S):
PHOTOS: An Amazon building complex is named Day 1, a
reminder from
the chief, Jeff Bezos, that it is only the beginning of a new era
of
commerce. (A1); AMY MICHAELS, worked in advertising and
marketing; CHRIS
BRUCIA, worked on projects like software sales; SEAN

BOYLE, runs finance
division of Amazon Web services; PET-FRIENDLY: Chris
Clare, left, brought his
dog, Crosby, to visit Andrea Kraus, a receptionist. Pets are
welcome on
campus. (PHOTOGRAPHS BY RUTH FREMSON/THE NEW
YORK TIMES) FOUNDER: Jeff Bezos
established guidelines as instructions for employees, and to
stave off
mediocrity. (PHOTOGRAPH BY DAVID RYDER/GETTY
IMAGES) (A20); EXPANDING: Amazon
is building new towers in Seattle, and in about three years will
have space
for about 50,000 employees. (A20-A21); DINA VACCARI, sold
Amazon gift cards;
JASON MERKOSKI, engineer; DAVID LOFTESNESS,
developer and manager;
INDUSTRIOUS: At work at Amazon. Some women said they
believed that some of
the leadership principles worked to their disadvantage. (A21);
QUALITY TIME:
Amazon employees and family members attending the company
picnic. Some
fathers at Amazon said they considered quitting because of
pressure from
bosses to spend less time with their families. (PHOTOGRAPHS
BY RUTH
FREMSON/THE NEW YORK TIMES) (A22)
By JODI KANTOR and DAVID STREITFELD
content_
Full Text: COPYRIGHT 2015 The New York Times Company.
http://www.nytimes.com

Source Citation:
Kantor, Jodi, and David Streitfeld.
"Amazon's Bruising, Thrilling Workplace." New York Times 16
Aug. 2015: A1(L). Business Insights: Essentials. Web. 25 Nov.
2019.
URL
http://bi.gale.com/essentials/article/GALE%7CA425503654/3d9
5d2463ca47cf5d0860d8bb257002c?u=tlearn_trl
Document Number:
GALE|A425503654

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