Slide to define about Hookworm infestation

Hookworm infestation
By- Pankaj Kumar

CH. SUGHAR SINGH NURSING AND PARAMEDICAL
COLLEGE
SUBJECT – COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
Topic – Hookworm infestation
Prepared BY
Pankaj Kumar
BSc. Nursing 4th Year

contents
➢ Introduction
➢ Definition
➢ Epidemiological features
➢ Life cycle of hookworm
➢ Incubation period
➢ Clinical manifestation
➢ Diagnosis
➢ Treatment
➢ Prevention
➢ Controlling measures
➢ Health education

INTRODUCTION
INFECTION INFESTATION
Infection is the invasion of
microorganisms that causes a
disease to the host.
Infestation is the invasion of insects
and worms that causes a disease to
the host.
Caused by the invasion of
microorganisms such as
protozoans, fungi, bacteria, and
viruses.
Caused by the invasion of complex
organisms such as insects and
worms.
Microorganisms enter the tissues of
the host and multiply, arresting the
normal physiology of the cells
during infection.
Insects or worms reproduce on the
surface of the host or inside the
lumens.

Hookworm infestation occur mainly countries with poor
sanitation facilities. It were affect the most of the body organs
and parts which were lead cause many more infection and
severe illness can cause.
More number of cases occur in rural areas of sub-Saharan
Africa, Latin America, Southeast Asia, and China.

Hookworm infestations are the parasitic infection and long-term
diseases that produce symptoms in their early stages and sometimes
serious effects at well-developed stages or may be quite fatal at
times.
It causes anemia, edema, cardiac dilation and cardiac failure. It also
retard growth and mental development of children and protein
energy malnutrition in developing countries, affecting an estimated
740 million people.
Necator americanus is the most common hookworm worldwide, while
Ancylostoma duodenale is more geographically restricted.
DEFINITION

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL FEATURES
AGENTS {Causative Agents}
1- Hookworm infection is caused by the nematode parasites
Necator americanus (N. americanus) and Ancyiostoma duodenale(A.
duodenale).
2- Adult worms survive in jejunum by attaching themselves to villi.
3- Man is the only reservoir of infection.
4- Person is infectious as long as his stool containing ova of the
hookworm.

HOST FACTORS
1- All age group and both sexes are affected more were seen in
the group between 5 and 40 years.
2- People involved in agricultural works and those walk with
bare feet and those with poor hand hygiene are at risk of being
infected.

Environmental FACTORS
1- Damp, sandy soil, with adequate moisture and oxygen facilitates
the survival of larvae.
2- Temperature of 24°C to 32°C, rainfall of 100 cm above, humidity
and condition of the soil being the most important factors in the
spread of this disease and provides favorable platform for the survival
of larvae.
3- Human habits like indiscriminate open field defecator, walking
bare-feet and allowing children to play bare feet in the mud.
4- Use of untreated sewage for farming.
5- Low standard of living.

Incubation period
❑ In case of Ancylostoma duodenale - 5 weeks to 9
months.
❑ In case of Necator americanus - 7 weeks.

Clinical manifestation
1- After entry through skin, toe itch or ground sores is caused, which cause
dermatitis.
2- Iron deficiency anemia due to blood loss is often associated with hookworm
infection.
3- Weakness
4- Edema of legs
5- Pallor of the skin
6- Puffiness of the face
7- Constipation

8- Loss of Appetite
9- Slight fever
10- Abdominal pain
11- Nausea & Vomiting
12- Itchy skin
13- Lumps and streaks beneath the skin
14- Dyspnea
15- Dyspepsia

Diagnosis
1- History collection
2- Physical examination
3- Stool examination
4- Complete blood count
5- Chest X-ray
6- Ultrasound

treatement
1- Mebendazole and albendazole, Pyrantelpamoate are the
treatment of choice.
2- Single dose of 500 mg of mebendazole (OR).
3- 100 mg of mebendazole twice a day for 3 consecutive days (OR).
4- Albendazole is given at a single dose of 400 mg.
5- Associated iron-deficiency anemia should be detected and
treated adequately.
6- Iron therapy
7- Pyrantel pamoate (11mg/kg) for 3 days.

prevention
Food Hygiene
(a)- Wash vegetables thoroughly before cooking.
(b)- Maintain good hand hygiene throughout the process of cooking,
eating, and feeding the children.
(c)- Do not allow children to eat food with unwashed hands.
Proper Sewage Disposal
(a)- Proper sewage disposal system should be installed in urban areas.
(b)- Promote the use of low cost sanitary latrines in rural areas.

Farming Practices
(a)- Farming practices such as using raw feces as fertilizers should
be discouraged.
(b)- Educate farmers on using proper fertilizer in place of untreated
sewage, the main cause of spread of hookworm infestation.
Others
(a)- People must maintain personal hygiene and cleanliness.
(b)- People should have habit of wearing slippers, shoes and should
not go out barefoot. In the endemic region, people must have habit of
washing their feet after coming from outside.

Control measures
1- Disinfect and dispose off feces (which contain eggs of this worm)
carefully, to avoid contamination of water and soil.
2- Investigate the source of infection, because each patient and
carrier is the potential or actual spreader of the infection. All the
contacts of the patient must be examined.
3- In endemic areas, survey may be done to find out unreported
cases, rate of prevalence and source of infection.
4- Follow preventive measures as per guidelines.

1- Provide mass health education in the community.
2- Encourage community participation constructing low cost
sanitary latrines in the rural areas.
3- Maintain personal hygiene.
4- Prevention of soil and water pollution.
5- Advice community to use footwear.
6- Use health facilities for treatment.
Health education

Nursing management
1- To reduce or diminish pain.
2- Nurse should have to monitor the site of impaired tissue integrity at
least once daily for color changes, redness, swelling, warmth or any
other sign of infection and provide skin care as needed.
3- Enforce knowledge about the disease and its treatment as per need
of the patient.
4- Administer medication in any form as per route but after the doctor’s
written order.
5- Instruct to maintain personal hygiene.
6- Monitor the vital sign regularly.
7- Administer IV fluids to maintain optimal fluid balance.

Slide to define about Hookworm infestation

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