slide-set-revasc.pptx prosthetic valve dysfunction

Endorsed by the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions
2021 ACC/AHA/AATS/STS/SCAI Guideline
for Coronary Artery Revascularization

This slide set is adapted from the 2021 ACC/AHA/AATS/STS/SCAI Guideline for
Coronary Artery Revascularization. Published online ahead of print December
3, 2021, available at: Circulation.
https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001038 and Journal
of the American College of Cardiology published online ahead of print
December 3, 2021. J Am Coll Cardiol.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2021.09.006
Citation

3
2021 Writing Committee Members*
Jennifer S. Lawton, MD, FAHA, Chair†
Jacqueline E. Tamis-Holland, MD, FAHA, FACC, FSCAI, Vice Chair‡
Sripal Bangalore, MD, MHA, FACC, FAHA, FSCAI†
Eric R. Bates, MD, FACC, FAHA†
Theresa M. Beckie, PhD, FAHA†
James M. Bischoff, MEd†
John A. Bittl, MD, FACC†
Mauricio G. Cohen, MD, FACC, FSCAI§
J. Michael DiMaio, MD†
Creighton W. Don, MD, PhD, FACC¶
Stephen E. Fremes, MD, FACC#
Mario F. Gaudino, MD, PhD, MSCE, FACC, FAHA†
Zachary D. Goldberger, MD, FACC, FAHA‡
Michael C. Grant, MD, MSE†
Jang B. Jaswal, MS†
Paul A. Kurlansky, MD, FACC†
Roxana Mehran, MD, FACC†
Thomas S. Metkus, Jr., MD, FACC†
Lorraine C. Nnacheta, DrPH, MPH†
Sunil V. Rao, MD, FACC†
Joseph F. Sabik, MD, FACC||
Frank W. Sellke, MD, FACC, FAHA†
Garima Sharma, MD, FACC†
Celina M. Yong, MD, MBA, MSc, FSCAI, FACC, FAHA†
Brittany A. Zwischenberger, MD†
*Writing committee members are required to recuse themselves from voting on sections to which their specific relationships with industry may
apply; see Appendix 1 for detailed information. †ACC/AHA Representative. ‡ACC/AHA Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines Liaison. §
ACC/AHA Task Force on Data Standards Representative. ¶SCAI Representative. #AATS Representative. ||STS representative. **Former Joint
Committee member; current member during the writing effort.

Top 10 Take-Home Messages
4
2021 Guideline for Coronary Artery Revascularization

Top 10 Take Home Messages
5
1. Treatment decisions with regard to coronary
revascularization in patients with coronary artery disease
should be based on clinical indications, regardless of sex, race,
or ethnicity, because there is no evidence that some patients
benefit less than others, and efforts to reduce disparities of
care are warranted.

2. In patients being considered for coronary revascularization for
whom the optimal treatment strategy is unclear, a multidisciplinary
Heart Team approach is recommended. Treatment decisions should
be patient centered, incorporate patient preferences and goals, and
include shared decision-making.
6

3. For patients with significant left main disease, surgical
revascularization is indicated to improve survival relative to that
likely to be achieved with medical therapy. Percutaneous
revascularization is a reasonable option to improve survival, compared
with medical therapy, in selected patients with low to medium
anatomic complexity of coronary artery disease and left main disease
that is equally suitable for surgical or percutaneous revascularization.
7

4. Updated evidence from contemporary trials supplement older
evidence with regard to mortality benefit of revascularization in
patients with stable ischemic heart disease, normal left ventricular
ejection fraction, and triple-vessel coronary artery disease. Surgical
revascularization may be reasonable to improve survival. A survival
benefit with percutaneous revascularization is uncertain.
Revascularization decisions are based on consideration of disease
complexity, technical feasibility of treatment, and a Heart Team
discussion.
8

5. The use of a radial artery as a surgical revascularization conduit is
preferred to the use of a saphenous vein conduit to bypass the second
most important target vessel with significant stenosis after the left
anterior descending coronary artery. Benefits include superior patency,
reduced adverse cardiac events, and improved survival.
9

6. Radial artery access is recommended in patients undergoing
percutaneous intervention who have acute coronary syndromes or
stable ischemic heart disease, to reduce bleeding and vascular
complications compared with a femoral approach. Patients with
acute coronary syndromes also benefit from a reduction in mortality
rate with this approach.
10

7. A short duration of dual antiplatelet therapy after percutaneous
revascularization in patients with stable ischemic heart disease is
reasonable to reduce the risk of bleeding events. After consideration
of recurrent ischemia and bleeding risks, select patients may safely
transition to P2Y12 inhibitor monotherapy and stop aspirin after 1 to 3
months of dual antiplatelet therapy.
11

8. Staged percutaneous intervention (while in hospital or after
discharge) of a significantly stenosed non-culprit artery in patients
presenting with an ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction is
recommended in select patients to improve outcomes. Percutaneous
intervention of the non-culprit artery at the time of primary
percutaneous coronary intervention is less clear and may be
considered in stable patients with uncomplicated revascularization
of the culprit artery, low-complexity non-culprit artery disease, and
normal renal function. In contrast, percutaneous intervention of the
non-culprit artery can be harmful in patients in cardiogenic shock.
12

9. Revascularization decisions in patients with diabetes and
multivessel coronary artery disease are optimized by the use of a
Heart Team approach. Patients with diabetes who have triple-vessel
disease should undergo surgical revascularization; percutaneous
coronary intervention may be considered if they are poor candidates
for surgery.
13

10. Treatment decisions for patients undergoing surgical
revascularization of coronary artery disease should include the
calculation of a patient’s surgical risk with the Society of Thoracic
Surgeons score. The usefulness of the SYNTAX score calculation in
treatment decisions is less clear because of the interobserver
variability in its calculation and its absence of clinical variables.
14

15
Table 2. Applying Class of Recommendation and Level of Evidence to
Clinical Strategies, Interventions, Treatments, or Diagnostic Testing
in Patient Care (Updated May 2019)

16
Improving Equity of Care in Revascularization
and Shared Decision-Making

Improving Equity of Care in
Revascularization
17
Recommendation to Improve Equity of Care in Revascularization
Referenced studies that support the recommendation are summarized in Online Data Supplement 1.
COR LOE
Recommendation
1 B-NR
1. In patients who require coronary revascularization, treatment decisions should be
based on clinical indication, regardless of sex, or race or ethnicity, and efforts to
reduce disparities of care are warranted.

18
Shared Decision-Making and Informed Consent
Recommendations for Shared Decision-Making and Informed Consent
COR LOE Recommendations
1 C-LD
1. In patients undergoing revascularization, decisions should be patient centered—that is,
considerate of the patient’s preferences and goals, cultural beliefs, health literacy, and social
determinants of health—and made in collaboration with the patient’s support system .
1 C-LD
2. In patients undergoing coronary angiography or revascularization, adequate information
about benefits, risks, therapeutic consequences, and potential alternatives in the performance
of percutaneous and surgical myocardial revascularization should be given, when feasible,
with sufficient time for informed decision-making to improve clinical outcomes.

19
Figure 1. Shared
decision-making
algorithm.

Table 4. Ideal Components of the Shared Decision-Making and
Informed Consent Process
20
Patient-Centered Care
Assess a patient’s ability to understand complex health information
Seek support of family/others
Elicit and respect cultural, racial, ethnic, or religious preferences and values
Evaluate social determinants of health (education, income, access to health care)
Improve telephone/telemedicine access
Discuss treatment alternatives and how each affects the patient’s quality of life

21
Informed Consent Process (con’t.)
Shared Decision-Making
Encourage questions and explain the patient’s role in the decision-making partnership
Clearly and accurately communicate the potential risks and benefits of a particular procedure and alternative treatments
Ensure that patients have a key role in deciding what revascularization approach is appropriate
Use shared decision aids:
 Alphabetical List of Decision Aids by Health Topic, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute
(https://decisionaid.ohri.ca/implement.html) (27)
 SHARE Approach Curriculum Tools, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (https://www.ahrq.gov/health-
literacy/curriculum-tools/shareddecisionmaking/tools/tool-1/index.html) (28)
Spend sufficient time to engage in shared decision-making; allow for a second opinion
Work with a chaplain, social worker, or other team members to facilitate shared decision-making
Encourage patients to share their fears, stress, or other emotions, and address appropriately
Negotiate decision in partnership with the patient and family members
Respect patient’s autonomy to decline recommended treatment

22
Informed Consent Process (con’t.)
Consent Procedures
Use plain language, avoiding jargon, and adopt the patient’s words; integrate pictures to teach
Document teach-back of patient’s knowledge and understanding
Conduct conversations with a trained interpreter, as needed
Provide patient-specific short- and long-term risks, benefits, and alternative treatments
Provide unbiased, evidence-based, reliable, accessible, and relevant information to patient
Discuss specific risks and benefits with regard to survival, relief of angina, quality of life, and potential additional
intervention, as well as uncertainties associated with different treatment strategies
Provide patient time to reflect on the trade-offs imposed by the outcome estimates
Provide information on the level of operator expertise, volume of the facility, and local results in the performance of
coronary revascularization options
Clearly inform of the need for continued medical therapy and lifestyle modifications

23
Preprocedural Assessment and the
Heart Team

24
The Heart Team
Recommendation for the Heart Team
COR LOE Recommendation
1 B-NR
1. In patients for whom the optimal treatment strategy is unclear, a Heart Team
approach that includes representatives from interventional cardiology, cardiac
surgery, and clinical cardiology is recommended to improve patient outcomes.

25
Figure 2. Phases
of patient-
centric care in
the treatment of
coronary artery
disease.
CV indicates cardiovascular;
SIHD, stable ischemic heart
disease; and STEMI, ST-
segment elevation myocardial
infarction.

26
Table 5. Factors for Consideration by the
Heart Team
Coronary Anatomy
 Left main disease
 Multivessel disease
 High anatomic complexity (i.e., bifurcation disease, high SYNTAX
score)
Comorbidities
 Diabetes
 Systolic dysfunction
 Coagulopathy
 Valvular heart disease
 Frailty
 Malignant neoplasm
 End-stage renal disease
 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
 Immunosuppression
 Debilitating neurological disorders
 Liver disease/cirrhosis
 Prior CVA
 Calcified/Porcelain aorta
 Aortic Aneurysm

27
Table 5. Factors for Consideration by the
Heart Team (con’t.)
Procedural Factors
 Local and regional outcomes
 Access site for PCI
 Surgical risk
 PCI risk
Patient Factors
 Unstable presentation or shock
 Patient preferences
 Inability or unwillingness to adhere to DAPT
 Patient social support
 Religious beliefs
 Patient education, knowledge, and understanding
DAPT indicates dual antiplatelet therapy; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; and SYNTAX,
Synergy Between PCI With TAXUS and Cardiac Surgery.

28
Predicting Patient Risk of Death With CABG
Recommendation for Predicting Patient Risk of Death With CABG
Referenced studies that support the recommendation are summarized in Online Data Supplements 3.
1 B-NR
1. In patients who are being considered for CABG, calculation of the
Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) risk score is recommended to help
stratify patient risk.

29
Table 6. Assessment of Risk Factors Not
Quantified in the STS Score
Risk Factor Assessment Tool
Cirrhosis Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD)
Frailty Gait speed
Malnutrition Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST)
STS indicates Society of Thoracic Surgeons.

31
Defining Coronary Artery Lesion Complexity:
Calculation of the SYNTAX (Synergy Between PCI With
TAXUS and Cardiac Surgery) Score
Recommendation for Defining Coronary Artery Lesion Complexity: Calculation of the SYNTAX
Score
2b B-NR
1. In patients with multivessel CAD, an assessment of CAD complexity, such
as the SYNTAX score, may be useful to guide revascularization.

32
Table 7. Angiographic Features Contributing
to Increasing Complexity of CAD
Multivessel disease
Left main or proximal LAD artery lesion
Chronic total occlusion
Trifurcation lesion
Complex bifurcation lesion
Heavy calcification
Severe tortuosity
Aorto-ostial stenosis
Diffusely diseased and narrowed segments distal to the lesion
Thrombotic lesion
Lesion length >20 mm
CAD indicates coronary artery disease; and
LAD, left anterior descending.

33
Use of Coronary Physiology to Guide
Revascularization With PCI
Recommendations for the Use of Coronary Physiology to Guide Revascularization With PCI
Referenced studies that support the recommendations are summarized in Online Data Supplement 5.
1 A
1. In patients with angina or an anginal equivalent, undocumented ischemia, and
angiographically intermediate stenoses, the use of fractional flow reserve (FFR)
or instantaneous wave-free ratio (iFR) is recommended to guide the decision to
proceed with PCI.
3: No
benefit
B-R
2. In stable patients with angiographically intermediate stenoses and FFR >0.80 or
iFR >0.89, PCI should not be performed.

34
Intravascular Ultrasound to Assess Lesion
Severity
Recommendation for Intravascular Ultrasound to Assess Lesion Severity
2a B-NR
1. In patients with intermediate stenosis of the left main artery, intravascular
ultrasound (IVUS) is reasonable to help define lesion severity.

36
Revascularization of the Infarct Artery in
Patients With STEMI
Recommendations for Revascularization of the Infarct Artery in Patients with STEMI
1 A
1. In patients with STEMI and ischemic symptoms for <12 hours, PCI should be
performed to improve survival.
1 B-R
2. In patients with STEMI and cardiogenic shock or hemodynamic instability,
PCI or CABG (when PCI is not feasible) is indicated to improve survival,
irrespective of the time delay from MI onset.

37
Patients With STEMI (con’t.)
1 B-NR
3. In patients with STEMI who have mechanical complications (e.g., ventricular septal
rupture, mitral valve insufficiency because of papillary muscle infarction or rupture,
or free wall rupture), CABG is recommended at the time of surgery, with the goal of
improving survival.
1 C- LD
4. In patients with STEMI and evidence of failed reperfusion after fibrinolytic therapy,
rescue PCI of the infarct artery should be performed to improve clinical outcomes.

38
2a B-R
5. In patients with STEMI who are treated with fibrinolytic therapy, angiography
within 3 to 24 hours with the intent to perform PCI is reasonable to improve
clinical outcomes.
2a B-NR
6. In patients with STEMI who are stable and presenting 12 to 24 hours after
symptom onset, PCI is reasonable to improve clinical outcomes.
2a B-NR
7. In patients with STEMI in whom PCI is not feasible or successful, with a large
area of myocardium at risk, emergency or urgent CABG can be effective as a
reperfusion modality to improve clinical outcomes.

39
2a C-EO
8. In patients with STEMI complicated by ongoing ischemia, acute severe heart failure, or life-
threatening arrhythmia, PCI can be beneficial to improve clinical outcomes, irrespective of
time delay from MI onset.
3: No
Benefit
B-R
9. In asymptomatic stable patients with STEMI who have a totally occluded infarct artery >24
hours after symptom onset and are without evidence of severe ischemia, PCI should not be
performed (25, 26).
3: Harm C-EO
10. In patients with STEMI, emergency CABG should not be performed after failed primary PCI:
 In the absence of ischemia or a large area of myocardium at risk, or
 If surgical revascularization is not feasible because of a no-reflow state or poor distal
targets.

40
Figure 3. Indications for revascularization in
STEMI (patients without fibrinolytics).
CABG indicates coronary artery
bypass graft; PCI, percutaneous
coronary intervention; and STEMI,
ST-segment elevation myocardial
infarction.
Colors correspond
to Table 2.

41
Revascularization of the Non-Infarct
Artery in Patients With STEMI
Recommendations for Revascularization of the Non-Infarct Artery in Patients With STEMI
1 A
1. In selected hemodynamically stable patients with STEMI and multivessel
disease, after successful primary PCI, staged PCI of a significant non-infarct
artery stenosis is recommended to reduce the risk of death or MI.

42
Revascularization of the Non-Infarct
Artery in Patients With STEMI (con’t.)
2a C-EO
2. In selected patients with STEMI with complex multivessel non-infarct artery
disease, after successful primary PCI, elective CABG is reasonable to reduce
the risk of cardiac events.
2b B-R
3. In selected hemodynamically stable patients with STEMI and low-complexity
multivessel disease, PCI of a non-infarct artery stenosis may be considered at
the time of primary PCI to reduce cardiac event rates.
3: Harm B-R
4. In patients with STEMI complicated by cardiogenic shock, routine PCI of a
non-infarct artery at the time of primary PCI should not be performed
because of the higher risk of death or renal failure.

43
Figure 4.
Revascularization of
non–infarct-related
coronary artery
lesions in patients
with STEMI.
CABG indicates coronary artery bypass
graft; PCI, percutaneous coronary
intervention; and STEMI, ST-segment–
elevation myocardial infarction.
Colors correspond
to Table 2.
*Normal blood pressure and heart
rate left ventricular end-diastolic
pressure ˂20 mmHg, no chronic renal
insufficiency or acute kidney injury,
and expected total contrast volume
˂3× glomerular filtration rate, simple
lesion anatomy.
†In making the decision about the
need for and mode of
revascularization the Heart Team
should consider the suitability of the
non-culprit artery for PCI, the
coronary complexity and the risk of
revascularization, the extent of
myocardium at risk, and patient
comorbidities, including life
expectancy or other significant
patient comorbidities, such as
chronic renal insufficiency or acute
kidney injury.
‡ Staged PCI can be performed in
hospital or after discharge, up to 45
days post MI.
Symbol denotes time elapsed before
proceeding to the next procedure.

44
Table 8. Patient Clinical Status
Definitions to Guide Revascularization
Elective The patient’s cardiac function has been stable in the days or weeks before
intervention (whether surgical or procedural). The intervention could be deferred
without increased risk of compromise to cardiac outcome.
Urgent Intervention is required during the same hospitalization to minimize chance of
further clinical deterioration. Examples include, but are not limited to, worsening
sudden chest pain, heart failure, acute myocardial infarction, anatomy, intra-aortic
balloon pump, unstable angina, with intravenous nitroglycerin, or rest angina.

45
Table 8. Patient Clinical Status Definitions
to Guide Revascularization (con’t.)
Emergency Patients requiring emergency intervention will have ongoing, refractory (difficult,
complicated, and/or unmanageable), unrelenting cardiac compromise, with or without
hemodynamic instability, and not responsive to any form of therapy except cardiac
intervention. An emergency intervention is one in which there should be no delay in
providing operative intervention.
Emergency/salvage Patients requiring emergency/salvage intervention are those who require cardiopulmonary
resuscitation en route to the operating room, or procedure room, before induction of
anesthesia or who require extracorporeal membrane oxygenation to maintain life.

46
Revascularization in Non–ST-
Segment–Elevation Acute Coronary
Syndrome (NSTE-ACS)

47
Coronary Angiography and Revascularization
in Patients with NSTE-ACS
Recommendations for Coronary Angiography and Revascularization in Patients With NSTE-ACS
1 A
1. In patients with NSTE-ACS who are at elevated risk of recurrent ischemic events and are
appropriate candidates for revascularization, an invasive strategy with the intent to proceed
with revascularization is indicated to reduce cardiovascular events.
1 B-R
2. In patients with NSTE-ACS and cardiogenic shock who are appropriate candidates for
revascularization, emergency revascularization is recommended to reduce risk of death.

48
in Patients with NSTE-ACS (con’t.)
1 C-LD
3. In appropriate patients with NSTE-ACS who have refractory angina or hemodynamic
or electrical instability, an immediate invasive strategy with intent to perform
revascularization is indicated to improve outcomes.
2a B-R
4. In patients with NSTE-ACS who are initially stabilized and are at high risk of clinical
events, it is reasonable to choose an early invasive strategy (within 24 hours) over a
delayed invasive strategy to improve outcomes.
2a B-R
5. In patients with NSTE-ACS who are initially stabilized and are at intermediate or low
risk of clinical events, an invasive strategy with intent to perform revascularization is
reasonable before hospital discharge to improve outcomes.

49
2a B-NR
6. In patients with NSTE-ACS who have failed PCI and have ongoing ischemia,
hemodynamic compromise, or threatened occlusion of an artery with substantial
myocardium at risk, who are appropriate candidates for CABG, emergency CABG is
reasonable.
3: Harm B-R
7. In patients with NSTE-ACS who present in cardiogenic shock, routine multivessel PCI of
non-culprit lesions in the same setting should not be performed.
in Patients with NSTE-ACS (con’t.)

50
Figure 5. Recommendations for the timing of
invasive strategy in patients with NSTE-ACS.
Colors correspond
to Table 2.
NSTE-ACS indicates non–ST-segment–
elevation acute coronary syndrome.

52
Recommendations for Revascularization to Improve Survival in SIHD Compared With Medical Therapy
Left ventricular dysfunction and multivessel CAD
1 B-R
1. In patients with SIHD and multivessel CAD appropriate for CABG with severe left
ventricular systolic dysfunction (left ventricular ejection fraction <35%), CABG is
recommended to improve survival.
2a B-NR
2. In selected patients with SIHD and multivessel CAD appropriate for CABG and mild-
to-moderate left ventricular systolic dysfunction (ejection fraction 35%–50%), CABG
(to include a left internal mammary artery [LIMA] graft to the LAD) is reasonable to
improve survival.
Revascularization to Improve Survival in SIHD
Compared With Medical Therapy

53
Compared With Medical Therapy (con’t.)
Left main CAD
1 B-R
3. In patients with SIHD and significant left main stenosis, CABG is recommended
to improve survival.
2a B-NR
4. In selected patients with SIHD and significant left main stenosis for whom PCI
can provide equivalent revascularization to that possible with CABG, PCI is
reasonable to improve survival.

54
Multivessel CAD
2b B-R
5. In patients with SIHD, normal ejection fraction, significant stenosis in 3
major coronary arteries (with or without proximal LAD), and anatomy
suitable for CABG, CABG may be reasonable to improve survival.
2b B-R
6. In patients with SIHD, normal ejection fraction, significant stenosis in 3
major coronary arteries (with or without proximal LAD), and anatomy
suitable for PCI, the usefulness of PCI to improve survival is uncertain.

55
Stenosis in the proximal LAD artery
2b B-R
7. In patients with SIHD, normal left ventricular ejection fraction, and significant
stenosis in the proximal LAD, the usefulness of coronary revascularization to
improve survival is uncertain.
Single- or double-vessel disease not involving the proximal LAD
3: No
Benefit
B-R
8. In patients with SIHD, normal left ventricular ejection fraction, and 1- or 2-
vessel CAD not involving the proximal LAD, coronary revascularization is not

56
3: Harm B-NR
9. In patients with SIHD who have ≥1 coronary arteries that are not anatomically or
functionally significant (<70% diameter of non–left main coronary artery stenosis,
FFR >0.80), coronary revascularization should not be performed with the primary
or sole intent to improve survival.

57
Figure 6.
Revascularization
in patients with
SIHD.
Colors correspond
to Table 2.
CABG indicates coronary artery
bypass graft; CAD, coronary artery
disease; EF, ejection fraction; PCI,
percutaneous coronary intervention;
SIHD, stable ischemic heart disease;
and GDMT, guideline-directed medical
therapy.

58
Revascularization to reduce cardiovascular
events in SIHD compared with medical therapy
Recommendations for Revascularization to Reduce Cardiovascular Events in SIHD Compared with Medical Therapy
Multivessel CAD
2a B-R
1. In patients with SIHD and multivessel CAD appropriate for either CABG or
PCI, revascularization is reasonable to lower the risk of cardiovascular events
such as spontaneous MI, unplanned urgent revascularizations, or cardiac death.

59
Revascularization to Improve Symptoms
Recommendations for Revascularization to Improve Symptoms
1 A
1. In patients with refractory angina despite medical therapy and with significant coronary
artery stenoses amenable to revascularization, revascularization is recommended to improve
symptoms.
3: Harm C-LD
2. In patients with angina but no anatomic or physiological criteria for revascularization,
neither CABG nor PCI should be performed.

60
Situations in Which PCI or CABG
Would Be Preferred

61
Patients With Complex Disease
Recommendations for Patients With Complex Disease
1 B-R
1. In patients who require revascularization for significant left main CAD with
high-complexity CAD, it is recommended to choose CABG over PCI to
improve survival.
2a B-R
2. In patients who require revascularization for multivessel CAD with complex
or diffuse CAD (e.g., SYNTAX score >33), it is reasonable to choose CABG
over PCI to confer a survival advantage.

62
Patients With Diabetes
Recommendations for Patients With Diabetes
1 A
1. In patients with diabetes and multivessel CAD with the involvement of the LAD, who
are appropriate candidates for CABG, CABG (with a LIMA to the LAD) is
recommended in preference to PCI to reduce mortality and repeat revascularizations.
2a B-NR
2. In patients with diabetes who have multivessel CAD amenable to PCI and an indication
for revascularization and are poor candidates for surgery, PCI can be useful to reduce
long-term ischemic outcomes.
2b B-R
3. In patients with diabetes who have left main stenosis and low- or intermediate-
complexity CAD in the rest of the coronary anatomy, PCI may be considered an
alternative to CABG to reduce major adverse cardiovascular outcomes.

63
Patients With Previous CABG
Recommendations for Patients With Previous CABG
2a B-NR
1. In patients with previous CABG with a patent LIMA to the LAD who need repeat
revascularization, if PCI is feasible, it is reasonable to choose PCI over CABG.
2a C-LD
2. In patients with previous CABG and refractory angina on GDMT that is attributable to
LAD disease, it is reasonable to choose CABG over PCI when an internal mammary artery
(IMA) can be used as a conduit to the LAD.
2b B-NR
3. In patients with previous CABG and complex CAD, it may be reasonable to choose CABG
over PCI when an IMA can be used as a conduit to the LAD.

64
DAPT Adherence
Recommendation for DAPT Adherence
2a B-NR
1. In patients with multivessel CAD amenable to treatment with either PCI
or CABG who are unable to access, tolerate, or adhere to DAPT for the
appropriate duration of treatment, CABG is reasonable in preference to
PCI.

65
Special Populations and Situations

66
Revascularization in Pregnant Patients
Recommendations for Revascularization in Pregnant Patients
2a C-LD
1. In pregnant patients with STEMI not caused by spontaneous coronary
artery dissection (SCAD), it is reasonable to perform primary PCI as
the preferred revascularization strategy.
2a C-LD
2. In pregnant patients with NSTE-ACS, an invasive strategy is
reasonable if medical therapy is ineffective for the management of life-
threatening complications.

67
Revascularization in Older Patients
Recommendation for Revascularization in Older Patients
1 B-NR
1. In older adults, as in all patients, the treatment strategy for CAD should be based on
an individual patient’s preferences, cognitive function, and life expectancy.

68
Revascularization in Patients With Chronic
Kidney Disease (CKD)
Recommendations for Revascularization in Patients With CKD
1 C-LD
1. In patients with CKD undergoing contrast media injection for coronary
angiography, measures should be taken to minimize the risk of contrast-induced
acute kidney injury (AKI).
1 C-EO
2. In patients with STEMI and CKD, coronary angiography and revascularization
are recommended, with adequate measures to reduce the risk of AKI.

69
Revascularization in Patients With Chronic
Kidney Disease (CKD) (con’t.)
2a B-NR
3. In high-risk patients with NSTE-ACS and CKD, it is reasonable to
perform coronary angiography and revascularization, with adequate
measures to reduce the risk of AKI.
2a C-EO
4. In low-risk patients with NSTE-ACS and CKD, it is reasonable to weigh
the risk of coronary angiography and revascularization against the
potential benefit.
3:No
benefit
B-R
5. In asymptomatic patients with stable CAD and CKD, routine
angiography and revascularization are not recommended if there is no
compelling indication.

70
Table 9. Best Practices in the Catheterization
Laboratory for Patients With CKD Undergoing
Angiography
 Assess the risk of contrast-induced AKI before the procedure
 Administer adequate preprocedural hydration
 Record the volume of contrast media administered, and
minimize contrast use
 Pretreat with high-intensity statins
 Use radial artery if feasible
 Do not administer N-acetyl-L-cysteine to prevent contrast-
induced AKI
 Do not give prophylactic renal replacement therapy
 Delay CABG in stable patients after angiography beyond 24
hours when clinically feasible
AKI indicates acute kidney injury; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; and CKD, chronic kidney
disease.

71
Revascularization in Patients Before Noncardiac
Surgery
Recommendation for Revascularization in Patients Before Noncardiac Surgery
3: No
benefit
B-R
1. In patients with non–left main or noncomplex CAD who are undergoing noncardiac
surgery, routine coronary revascularization is not recommended solely to reduce
perioperative cardiovascular events.

72
Revascularization in Patients to Reduce Ventricular
Arrhythmias
Recommendations for Revascularization in Patients to Reduce Ventricular Arrhythmias
1 B-NR
1. In patients with ventricular fibrillation, polymorphic ventricular
tachycardia (VT), or cardiac arrest, revascularization of significant CAD is
3: No Benefit C-LD
2. In patients with CAD and suspected scar-mediated sustained monomorphic
VT, revascularization is not recommended for the sole purpose of
preventing recurrent VT.

73
Revascularization in Patients With SCAD
Recommendations for Revascularization in Patients With SCAD
2b C-LD
1. In patients with SCAD who have hemodynamic instability or ongoing
ischemia despite conservative therapy, revascularization may be considered
if feasible.
3: Harm C-LD
2. Routine revascularization for SCAD should not be performed.

74
Revascularization in Patients With Cardiac
Allografts
Recommendation for Revascularization in Patients With Cardiac Allografts
2a C-LD
1. In patients with cardiac allograft vasculopathy and severe, proximal, discrete
coronary lesions, revascularization with PCI is reasonable (1, 2).

75
General Procedural Issues for PCI

76
Radial and Femoral Approaches for PCI
Recommendations for Radial and Femoral Approaches for PCI
1 A
1. In patients with ACS undergoing PCI, a radial approach is indicated in preference to a
femoral approach to reduce the risk of death, vascular complications, or bleeding.
1 A
2. In patients with SIHD undergoing PCI, the radial approach is recommended to reduce
access site bleeding and vascular complications.

77
Choice of Stent Type
Recommendation for Choice of Stent Type
1 A
1. In patients undergoing PCI, DES should be used in preference to BMS to
prevent restenosis, MI, or acute stent thrombosis.

78
Use of Intravascular Imaging
Recommendations for Use of Intravascular Imaging
2a B-R
1. In patients undergoing coronary stent implantation, IVUS can be useful for
procedural guidance, particularly in cases of left main or complex coronary artery
stenting, to reduce ischemic events.
2a B-R
2. In patients undergoing coronary stent implantation, OCT is a reasonable alternative
to IVUS for procedural guidance, except in ostial left main disease.
2a C-LD
3. In patients with stent failure, IVUS or OCT is reasonable to determine the
mechanism of stent failure.

79
Thrombectomy
Recommendation for Thrombectomy
3: No
Benefit
A
1. In patients with STEMI, routine aspiration thrombectomy before
primary PCI is not useful.

80
Treatment of Calcified Lesions
Recommendations for the Treatment of Calcified Lesions
2a B-R
1. In patients with fibrotic or heavily calcified lesions, plaque modification with rotational
atherectomy can be useful to improve procedural success.
2b B-NR
2. In patients with fibrotic or heavily calcified lesions, plaque modification with orbital
atherectomy, balloon atherotomy, laser angioplasty, or intracoronary lithotripsy may be
considered to improve procedural success.

81
Treatment of Saphenous Vein Graft (SVG)
Disease (Previous CABG)
Recommendations for Treatment of SVG Disease (Previous CABG)
2a B-R
1. In select patients with previous CABG undergoing PCI of a SVG, the use of an embolic
protection device, when technically feasible, is reasonable to decrease the risk of distal
embolization.
2a B-NR
2. In patients with previous CABG, if PCI of a diseased native coronary artery is feasible, then it is
reasonable to choose PCI of the native coronary artery over PCI of the severely diseased SVG.
3: No
Benefit
C-LD
3. In patients with a chronic occlusion of a SVG, percutaneous revascularization of the SVG
should not be performed.

82
Treatment of CTO
Recommendation for Treatment of CTO
2b B-R
1. In patients with suitable anatomy who have refractory angina on medical therapy,
after treatment of non-CTO lesions, the benefit of PCI of a CTO to improve
symptoms is uncertain.

83
Treatment of Patients With Stent
Restenosis
Recommendations for Treatment of Patients With Stent Restenosis
1 A
1. In patients who develop clinical in-stent restenosis (ISR) for whom repeat PCI is planned, a DES
should be used to improve outcomes if anatomic factors are appropriate and the patient is able to
comply with DAPT.
2a C-EO
2. In patients with symptomatic recurrent diffuse ISR with an indication for revascularization, CABG
can be useful over repeat PCI to reduce recurrent events.
2b B-NR 3. In patients who develop recurrent ISR, brachytherapy may be considered to improve symptoms.

84
Hemodynamic Support for Complex
PCI
Recommendation for Hemodynamic Support in Complex PCI
2b B-R
1. In selected high-risk patients, elective insertion of an appropriate
hemodynamic support device as an adjunct to PCI may be reasonable to
prevent hemodynamic compromise during PCI.

85
Pharmacotherapy in Patients
Undergoing PCI

86
Aspirin and Oral P2Y12 Inhibitors in Patients
Undergoing PCI
Recommendations for Aspirin and Oral P2Y12 Inhibitors in Patients Undergoing PCI
1 B-R
1. In patients undergoing PCI, a loading dose of aspirin, followed by daily dosing, is
recommended to reduce ischemic events.*
1 B-R
2. In patients with ACS undergoing PCI, a loading dose of P2Y12 inhibitor, followed by daily
dosing, is recommended to reduce ischemic events.
1 C-LD
3. In patients with SIHD undergoing PCI, a loading dose of clopidogrel, followed by daily dosing,
is recommended to reduce ischemic events.

87
Aspirin and Oral P2Y12 Inhibitors in Patients
Undergoing PCI (con’t.)
1 C-LD
4. In patients undergoing PCI within 24 hours after fibrinolytic therapy, a loading dose of 300
mg of clopidogrel, followed by daily dosing, is recommended to reduce ischemic events.
2a B-R
5. In patients with ACS undergoing PCI, it is reasonable to use ticagrelor or prasugrel in
preference to clopidogrel to reduce ischemic events, including stent thrombosis.
2b B-R
6. In patients <75 years of age undergoing PCI within 24 hours after fibrinolytic therapy,
ticagrelor may be a reasonable alternative to clopidogrel to reduce ischemic events.
3: Harm B-R
7. In patients undergoing PCI who have a history of stroke or transient ischemic attack,
prasugrel should not be administered.

88
Table 10. Oral and Parental Antiplatelet
Agents for Patients Undergoing PCI
Drug Loading Dose Maintenance Dose
Oral antiplatelet agents
Aspirin Loading dose of 162-325 mg orally
Aspirin may be chewed to achieve
faster action
Maintenance dose of 75-100 mg orally daily
Clopidogrel Loading dose of 600 mg orally
A lower loading dose of 300 mg
should be considered in patients after
fibrinolytic therapy
Maintenance dose of 75 mg orally daily
Prasugrel Loading dose of 60 mg orally Maintenance dose of 10 mg orally daily
In patients with body weight <60 kg, a maintenance dose of 5
mg orally daily is recommended
In patients ≥75 years of age, a dose of 5 mg orally daily can be
used if deemed necessary

89
Table 10. Oral and Parental Antiplatelet
Agents for Patients Undergoing PCI (con’t.)
Ticagrelor Loading dose of 180 mg orally
Ticagrelor may be chewed to achieve
faster action
Maintenance dose of 90 mg orally twice a day
Intravenous antiplatelet
agents
Abciximab (GPI)* Bolus of 0.25 mg/kg Maintenance of 0.125 µg/kg/min infusion (maximum 10 g/min)
for 12 h.
Eptifibatide (GPI) Double bolus of 180 µg/kg (given at a
10-min interval)
Maintenance infusion of 2.0 µg/kg/min for up to 18 h
Tirofiban (GPI) Bolus of 25 µg/kg over 3 min Maintenance infusion of 0.15 µg/kg/min for up to 18 h
Cangrelor Bolus of 30 µg/kg Maintenance infusion 4 µg/kg/min for at least 2 h or duration of
the procedure, whichever is longer
GPI indicates glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor; and PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention.
*Abciximab may not be readily available to clinicians in the U.S.

90
Intravenous P2Y12 Inhibitors in Patients
Undergoing PCI
Recommendation for Intravenous P2Y12 Inhibitors in Patients Undergoing PCI
2b B-R
1. In patients undergoing PCI who are P2Y12 inhibitor naïve, intravenous
cangrelor may be reasonable to reduce periprocedural ischemic events.

91
Intravenous Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors in
Patients Undergoing PCI
Recommendations for Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors in Patients Undergoing PCI
2a C-LD
1. In patients with ACS undergoing PCI with large thrombus burden, no-reflow, or slow
flow, intravenous glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor agents are reasonable to improve
procedural success.
3: No
Benefit
B-R
2. In patients with SIHD undergoing PCI, the routine use of an intravenous glycoprotein
IIb/IIIa inhibitor agent is not recommended.

92
Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin, and
Bivalirudin in Patients Undergoing PCI
Recommendations for Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin, and Bivalirudin in Patients
Undergoing PCI
1 C-EO
1. In patients undergoing PCI, administration of intravenous
unfractionated heparin (UFH) is useful to reduce ischemic events.
1 C-LD
2. In patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia undergoing PCI,
bivalirudin or argatroban should be used to replace UFH to avoid
thrombotic complications.

93
Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin, and
Bivalirudin in Patients Undergoing PCI (con’t.)
2b A
3. In patients undergoing PCI, bivalirudin may be a reasonable alternative to
UFH to reduce bleeding.
2b B-R
4. In patients treated with upstream subcutaneous enoxaparin for unstable
angina or NSTE-ACS, the use of intravenous enoxaparin may be considered at
the time of PCI to reduce ischemic events.
3: Harm B-R
5. In patients on therapeutic subcutaneous enoxaparin, in whom the last dose was
administered within 12 hours of PCI, UFH should not be used for PCI and
may increase bleeding.

Table 11. Anticoagulant Dosing During
PCI*
94
Dosing of Parenteral Anticoagulants During PCI
Drug Patient Has Received
Previous Anticoagulant
Therapy
Patient Has Not
Received Previous
Anticoagulant
Therapy
UFH  Additional UFH as needed
(e.g., 2000–5000 U) to
achieve an ACT of 250-300 s*
70–100 U/kg initial bolus
to achieve target ACT of
250–300 s*
Enoxaparin  For previous treatment with
enoxaparin, if the last SC dose
was administered 8–12 h
earlier or if only 1 SC dose of
enoxaparin has been
administered, an IV dose of
0.3 mg/kg of enoxaparin
should be given
 If the last SC dose was
administered within the
previous 8 h, no additional
enoxaparin should be given
 0.5–0.75 mg/kg IV
bolus

95
Table 11. Anticoagulant Dosing During PCI*
(con’t.)
Bivalirudin  For patients who have received UFH,
repeat ACT
 If ACT is not in therapeutic range,
then give 0.75 mg/kg IV bolus, then
1.75 mg/kg/h IV infusion
 0.75 mg/kg bolus, 1.75
mg/kg/h IV infusion
Argatroban  200 µg/kg IV bolus, then 15
µg/kg/min IV infusion
 350 µg/kg, then 15
µg/kg/min IV infusion
*Target ACTs for UFH dosing shown for HemoTec (GmbH, Switzerland) or I-Stat (Abbott)
device. For Hemochron ACT (Werfen) devices, ACT goals are 50 s higher. In the case of CTO
or ACS, consider higher target ACT. If IV glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitor is planned,
target ACT 200–250 s.
ACS indicates acute coronary syndrome; ACT, activated clotting time; CTO, chronic total
occlusion; IV, intravenous; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; SC, subcutaneous; and
UFH, unfractionated heparin.

96
General Procedural Issues for CABG

97
Perioperative Considerations in Patients
Undergoing CABG
Recommendation for Perioperative Considerations in Patients Undergoing CABG
1 B-NR
1. For patients undergoing CABG, establishment of multidisciplinary,
evidence-based perioperative management programs is recommended to
optimize analgesia, minimize opioid exposure, prevent complications and to
reduce time to extubation, length of stay, and healthcare costs.

98
Table 12. Perioperative Anesthetic and
Monitoring Considerations for CABG
Anesthetic considerations
Perioperative analgesia
Nonopioid medications (e.g., acetaminophen, ketamine, dexmedetomidine) and/or
regional techniques (e.g., truncal nerve blocks), particularly as part of a
multimodal analgesic approach, have been shown to reduce perioperative opioid
use in cardiac surgery.
Maintenance anesthesia
Although volatile (versus intravenous) anesthesia may facilitate earlier extubation,
recent evidence suggests that the choice of maintenance anesthetic likely does not
impact mortality rate after cardiac surgery.
Mechanical ventilation
An intraoperative lung-protective ventilation strategy (i.e., tidal volume of 6–8
mL/kg predicted body weight + positive end-expiratory pressure) has been shown
to improve pulmonary mechanics and reduce postoperative pulmonary
complications.
Goal-directed therapy
Goal-directed therapy, which creates protocols for the use of fluids and
vasopressors to target specific hemodynamic goals, has yielded inconsistent results
and requires additional investigation to determine its use in cardiac surgery.

99
Monitoring Considerations for CABG (con’t.)
TEE
CABG + valve procedures
Intraoperative TEE aids in the real-time assessment of heart valve function and pathology
in those undergoing combination CABG and valve surgery.
Isolated CABG procedures
The use of intraoperative TEE in isolated CABG is less established but has been shown to
aid in surgical and anesthetic decision-making as a tool for real-time assessment of
hemodynamic status, regional wall motion, ventricular function, valve anatomy, and
diastolic function.
Pulmonary artery catheters
High-risk surgery
Highly selective use of pulmonary artery catheters for high-risk patients (i.e., older, with
congestive heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, or previous multiple valve procedures)
may be safe and may potentially aid in the surveillance and treatment of hemodynamic
instability.
Low-risk surgery
The use of pulmonary artery catheters in low-risk or clinically stable patients is
discouraged because the practice is associated with increased interventions that incur
greater healthcare expense without associated improvement in morbidity or mortality.

100
Monitoring Considerations for CABG (con’t.)
CNS monitoring
Cerebral oxygen
saturation
Intraoperative monitoring of cerebral oxygen saturation (i.e., near-
infrared spectroscopy) to detect cerebral hypoperfusion has been shown
to guide anesthetic decision-making and may prevent postoperative
neurocognitive dysfunction.
Processed
electroencephalogram
Routine use of intraoperative monitoring of processed
electroencephalogram (i.e., bispectral index) has yielded inconsistent
results with respect to the prevention of recall, determination of depth of
anesthesia, or improvement in rate of recovery after cardiac surgery.
CABG indicates coronary artery bypass graft; CNS, central nervous system; and TEE,
transesophageal echocardiography.

101
Bypass Conduits in Patients Undergoing CABG
Recommendations for Bypass Conduits in Patients Undergoing CABG
1 B-R
1. In patients undergoing isolated CABG, the use of a radial artery is recommended in preference
to a saphenous vein conduit to graft the second most important, significantly stenosed, non–LAD
vessel to improve long-term cardiac outcomes.
1 B-NR
2. In patients undergoing CABG, an IMA, preferably the left, should be used to bypass the LAD
when bypass of the LAD is indicated to improve survival and reduce recurrent ischemic events.
2a B-NR
3. In patients undergoing CABG, bilateral IMA (BIMA) grafting by experienced operators can be
beneficial in appropriate patients to improve long-term cardiac outcomes.

102
Table 13. Best Practices for the Use of Bypass
Conduits in CABG
 Objectively assess palmar arch completeness and ulnar compensation before harvesting the radial artery. Use the arm with the best ulnar
compensation for radial artery harvesting.
 Use radial artery grafts to target vessels with subocclusive stenoses.
 Avoid the use of the radial artery after transradial catheterization.
 Avoid the use of the radial artery in patients with chronic kidney disease and a high likelihood of rapid progression to hemodialysis.
 Use oral calcium channel blockers for the first postoperative year after radial artery grafting.
 Avoid bilateral percutaneous or surgical radial artery procedures in patients with coronary artery disease to preserve the artery for future use.
 Harvest the internal mammary artery using the skeletonization technique to reduce the risk of sternal wound complications.
 Use an endoscopic saphenous vein harvest technique in patients at risk of wound complications.
 Use a no-touch saphenous vein harvest technique in patients at low risk of wound complications.
 Use the skeletonized right gastroepiploic artery to graft right coronary artery target vessels with subocclusive stenosis if the operator is
experienced with the use of the artery.
CABG indicates coronary artery bypass graft.

103
CABG in Patients Undergoing Other
Cardiac Surgery
Recommendations for CABG in Patients Undergoing Other Cardiac Surgery
1 C-LD
1. In patients undergoing valve surgery, aortic surgery, or other cardiac
operations who have significant CAD, CABG is recommended with a goal of
reducing ischemic events.
2b C-LD
2. In patients undergoing valve surgery, aortic surgery, or other cardiac
operations who have intermediate CAD, CABG may be reasonable with a
goal of reducing ischemic events.

104
Use of Epiaortic Ultrasound in Patients
Undergoing CABG
Recommendation for Use of Epiaortic Ultrasound in Patients Undergoing CABG
2a B-NR
1. In patients undergoing CABG, the routine use of epiaortic ultrasound
scanning can be useful to evaluate the presence, location, and severity of
plaque in the ascending aorta to reduce the incidence of atheroembolic
complications.

105
Use of Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Patients
Undergoing CABG
Recommendations for Use of Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Patients Undergoing CABG
2a B-R
1. In patients with significant calcification of the aorta, the use of techniques to avoid
aortic manipulation (off-pump techniques or beating heart) is reasonable to decrease the
incidence of perioperative stroke when performed by experienced surgeons.
2b B-R
2. In patients with significant pulmonary disease, off-pump surgery may be reasonable to
reduce perioperative risk when performed by experienced surgeons.

106
Pharmacotherapy in Patients
Undergoing CABG

107
Insulin Infusion and Other Measures to Reduce
Sternal Wound Infection in Patients Undergoing
CABG
Recommendations for Insulin Infusion and Other Measures to Reduce Sternal Wound Infection in
Patients Undergoing CABG
1 B-R
1. In patients undergoing CABG, an intraoperative continuous insulin infusion
should be initiated to maintain serum glucose level <180 mg/dL to reduce
sternal wound infection.

108
Insulin Infusion and Other Measures to Reduce
Sternal Wound Infection in Patients Undergoing
CABG (con’t.)
1 B-R
2. In patients undergoing CABG, the use of continuous intravenous insulin to
achieve and maintain an early postoperative blood glucose concentration of
<180 mg/dL while avoiding hypoglycemia is indicated to reduce the incidence of
adverse events, including deep sternal wound infection.
1 B-NR
3. In patients undergoing CABG, a comprehensive approach to reduce sternal
wound infection is recommended.
2b B-R
4. In patients undergoing CABG, the usefulness of continuous intravenous insulin
designed to achieve a target intraoperative blood glucose concentration <140
mg/dL is uncertain.

109
Table 15. Best Practices to Reduce Sternal Wound
Infection in Patients Undergoing CABG
 Perform nasal swab testing for Staphylococcus aureus.
 Apply mupirocin 2% ointment to known nasal carriers of S aureus.
 Apply preoperative intranasal mupirocin 2% ointment to those patients whose nasal culture or PCR result is unknown.
 Redose prophylactic antimicrobials for long procedures (>2 half-lives of the antibiotic) or in cases of excessive blood
loss during CABG.
 Measure perioperative HbA1c.
 Treat all distant extrathoracic infections before nonemergency surgical coronary revascularization.
 Advise smoking cessation before elective CABG surgery.
 Apply topical antibiotics (vancomycin) to the cut edges of the sternum on opening and before closing in cardiac surgical
procedures involving a median sternotomy.
 Use skeletonized harvest of IMA in BIMA grafting.
 Do not continue prophylactic antibiotics beyond 48 hours.
BIMA indicates
bilateral internal
mammary artery;
CABG, coronary
artery bypass graft;
HbA1c, glycated
hemoglobin A1c;
IMA, internal
mammary artery;
and PCR,
polymerase chain
reaction.

110
Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients Undergoing
CABG
Recommendations for Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients Undergoing CABG
1 B-R
1. In patients undergoing CABG who are already taking daily aspirin preoperatively,
it is recommended that they continue taking aspirin until the time of surgery to
reduce ischemic events.
1 B-NR
2. In patients referred for urgent CABG, clopidogrel and ticagrelor should be
discontinued for at least 24 hours before surgery to reduce major bleeding
complications.

111
Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients Undergoing
CABG (con’t.)
1 B-NR
3. In patients undergoing CABG, discontinuation of short-acting glycoprotein
IIb/IIIa inhibitors (eptifibatide and tirofiban) for 4 hours and abciximab for 12
hours before surgery is recommended to reduce the risk of bleeding and
transfusion.
2a B-NR
4. In patients undergoing elective CABG who receive P2Y12 receptor inhibitors
before surgery, it is reasonable to discontinue clopidogrel for 5 days, ticagrelor for
3 days, and prasugrel for 7 days before CABG to reduce risk of major bleeding
and blood product transfusion.
3: No
benefit
B-R
5. In patients undergoing elective CABG who are not already taking aspirin, the
initiation of aspirin (100–300 mg daily) in the immediate preoperative period (<24
hours before surgery) is not recommended.

112
Beta Blockers and Amiodarone in Patients
Undergoing CABG
Recommendations for Beta Blockers and Amiodarone in Patients Undergoing CABG
2a B-R
1. In patients undergoing CABG, who do not have a contraindication to beta
blockers, the administration of beta blockers before surgery can be beneficial
to reduce the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation.
2a B-R
2. In patients undergoing CABG, preoperative amiodarone is reasonable to
reduce the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation.

113
Beta Blockers and Amiodarone in Patients
Undergoing CABG (con’t.)
2b B-NR
3. In patients undergoing CABG, who do not have a contraindication
to beta blockers, preoperative use of beta blockers may be effective
in reducing in-hospital and 30-day mortality rates.
2b B-NR
4. In patients undergoing CABG, the role of preoperative beta
blockers for the prevention of acute postoperative myocardial
ischemia, stroke, AKI, or ventricular arrhythmia is uncertain.

114
Pharmacotherapy in Patients After
Revascularization

115
Dual Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients After PCI
Recommendation for Dual Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients After PCI
2a A
1. In selected patients undergoing PCI, shorter-duration DAPT (1–3 months) is
reasonable, with subsequent transition to P2Y12 inhibitor monotherapy to
reduce the risk of bleeding events.

116
Figure 7. Use of
DAPT for patients
after PCI.
Colors correspond to
Table 2.
ACS indicates acute coronary syndrome; BMS,
bare metal stent; DAPT, dual antiplatelet
therapy; DES, drug-eluting stent; P2Y12,
platelet adenosine diphosphate P2Y12
receptor; PCI, percutaneous coronary
intervention; and SIHD, stable ischemic heart
disease.

117
Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients After CABG
Recommendations for Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients After CABG
1 A
1. In patients undergoing CABG, aspirin (100–325 mg daily) should be initiated within 6
hours postoperatively and then continued indefinitely to reduce the occurrence of SVG
closure and adverse cardiovascular events.
2b B-R
2. In selected patients undergoing CABG, DAPT with aspirin and ticagrelor or clopidogrel for
1 year may be reasonable to improve vein graft patency compared with aspirin alone.

118
Beta Blockers in Patients After Revascularization
Recommendations for Beta Blockers in Patients After Revascularization
3: No
benefit
C-LD
1. In patients with SIHD and normal left ventricular function, the routine use of
chronic oral beta blockers is not beneficial to reduce cardiovascular events after
complete revascularization.

119
Beta Blockers for the Prevention of Atrial Fibrillation
After CABG
Recommendation for Beta Blockers for the Prevention of Atrial Fibrillation After CABG
1 B-R
1. In patients after CABG, beta blockers are recommended and should be started
as soon as possible to reduce the incidence or clinical sequelae of postoperative
atrial fibrillation.

120
Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients With Atrial
Fibrillation on Anticoagulation After PCI
Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation on Anticoagulation After PCI
1 B-R
1. In patients with atrial fibrillation who are undergoing PCI and are taking oral
anticoagulant therapy, it is recommended to discontinue aspirin treatment after 1
to 4 weeks while maintaining P2Y12 inhibitors in addition to a non–vitamin K
oral anticoagulant (rivaroxaban, dabigatran, apixaban, or edoxaban) or
warfarin to reduce the risk of bleeding.
2a B-R
2. In patients with atrial fibrillation who are undergoing PCI, are taking oral
anticoagulant therapy, and are treated with DAPT or a P2Y12 inhibitor
monotherapy, it is reasonable to choose a non–vitamin K oral anticoagulant over
warfarin to reduce the risk of bleeding.

121
Recommendations for Addressing
Psychosocial Factors and Lifestyle
Changes After Revascularization

122
Cardiac Rehabilitation and Education
Recommendations for Cardiac Rehabilitation and Education
1 A
1. In patients who have undergone revascularization, a comprehensive cardiac
rehabilitation program (home based or center based) should be prescribed either before
hospital discharge or during the first outpatient visit to reduce deaths and hospital
readmissions and improve quality of life.
1 C-LD
2. Patients who have undergone revascularization should be educated about CVD risk
factors and their modification to reduce cardiovascular events.

123
Smoking Cessation in Patients After
Revascularization
Recommendations for Smoking Cessation in Patients After Revascularization
1 A
1. In patients who use tobacco and have undergone coronary revascularization, a combination of
behavioral interventions plus pharmacotherapy is recommended to maximize cessation and
reduce adverse cardiac events.
1 A
2. In patients who use tobacco and have undergone coronary revascularization, smoking cessation
interventions are recommended during hospitalization and should include supportive follow-up
for at least 1 month after discharge to facilitate tobacco cessation and reduce morbidity and
mortality.

124
Psychological Interventions in Patients
After Revascularization
Recommendations for Psychological Interventions in Patients After Revascularization
1 B-R
1. In patients who have undergone coronary revascularization who have symptoms of
depression, anxiety, or stress, treatment with cognitive behavioral therapy,
psychological counseling, and/or pharmacological interventions is beneficial to
improve quality of life and cardiac outcomes.
2b C-LD
2. In patients who have undergone coronary revascularization, it may be reasonable
to screen for depression and refer or treat when it is indicated to improve quality of
life and recovery.

125
Figure 8. Traditional and nontraditional risk
factors for CVD.
ASCVD indicates atherosclerotic
cardiovascular disease; and CVD,
cardiovascular disease.

126
Revascularization Outcomes

127
Assessment of Outcomes in Patients After
Revascularization
Recommendations for Assessment of Outcomes in Patients After Revascularization
1 B-NR
1. With the goal of improving patient outcomes, it is recommended that cardiac surgery and PCI
programs participate in state, regional, or national clinical data registries and receive periodic
reports of their risk-adjusted outcomes as a quality assessment and improvement strategy.
2a C-LD
2. With the goal of improving patient outcomes, it is reasonable for cardiac surgery and PCI
programs to have a quality improvement program that routinely 1) reviews institutional quality
programs and outcomes, 2) reviews individual operator outcomes, 3) provides peer review of
difficult or complicated cases, and 4) performs random case reviews.
2b C-EO
3. Smaller volume cardiac surgery and PCI programs may consider affiliation with a high-volume
centers to improve patient care.

128
Abbreviations used in this Guideline
Abbreviation Meaning/Phrase
ACS acute coronary syndrome
AKI acute kidney injury
AMI acute myocardial infarction
AVR aortic valve replacement
BIMA bilateral internal mammary
artery
BMS bare-metal stent
CABG coronary artery bypass graft
CAD coronary artery disease
CKD chronic kidney disease
COR Class of Recommendation
CTO chronic total occlusion
CVD cardiovascular disease
DAPT dual antiplatelet therapy
DES drug-eluting stent
ECG electrocardiogram
FFR fractional flow reserve
GDMT guideline-directed medical
therapy
iFR instantaneous wave-free ratio
IMA internal mammary artery
ISR in-stent restenosis

Abbreviations used in this Guideline
IVUS intravascular ultrasound
LAD left anterior descending
LIMA left internal mammary artery
LOE Level of Evidence
MACE major adverse cardiovascular
events
MI myocardial infarction
NSTE-ACS non–ST-segment–elevation
acute coronary syndrome
NSTEMI non–ST-segment–elevation
myocardial infarction
OCT optical coherence tomography
PCI percutaneous coronary
intervention
RCT randomized controlled trial
SCAD spontaneous coronary artery
dissection
SIHD stable ischemic heart disease
STEMI ST-segment–elevation
myocardial infarction
SVG saphenous vein graft
SYNTAX Synergy Between PCI With
TAXUS and Cardiac Surgery
TAVR transcatheter aortic valve
replacement
UFH unfractionated heparin
VT ventricular tachycardia

slide-set-revasc.pptx prosthetic valve dysfunction

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slide-set-revasc.pptx prosthetic valve dysfunction