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- 1. Colour, Value, Hue Pattern and Texture
- 2. Colour is one of the most powerful of elements. It has tremendous expressive qualities. Understanding the uses of colour is crucial to effective composition in design and the fine arts. The word colour is the general term which applies to the whole subject - red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet, black and white and all possible combinations thereof Hue is the correct word to use to refer to just the pure spectrum colours. Any given colour can be described in terms of its value and hue . In addition, the various physical phenomena and psychological effects combine to affect our perceptions of a colour .
- 3. Value Value is defined as the relative lightness or darkness of a colour. It is an important tool for the designer/artist, in the way that it defines form and creates spatial illusions. We often refer to this element as Tone
- 4. Hue also has value . When contrasting hues are made similar in value, the spatial effects are flattened out In the colour image of the fashion model the coat draws our attention through contrast of hue although the skin tones blend with the background In the black and white version, however, the coat virtually disappears, since only value, not hue, are available to distinguish it, and the values are quite similar.
- 5. To summarize: If values are close, shapes will seem to flatten out, and seem closely connected in space; none will stand out from the others. If values contrast, shapes will appear to separate in space and some will stand out from the others. This works whether the colours are just black, white and gray, or whether hues are involved
- 6. Hue The primary colours consist of three hues from which we can theoretically mix all other hues. There are three commonly used definitions of primary colours: Painters Primaries Printers Primaries Light Primaries
- 7. Painters Primaries red, blue, yellow: This traditional definition of primaries does not in fact mix to clear greens or purples; it is based on 19th century theories.
- 8. Printers Primaries magenta, cyan (turquoise), yellow: This definition of primaries mixes to clear colours across the entire spectrum. It is used as the basis for colour printing. The computer screen probably does not give you a true turquoise--the colour should be a blue-green-- because of differences between colour mixture in pigment and colour mixture in light.
- 9. Light Primaries - red, blue, green . This definition is active when coloured light is mixed, as on your computer screen, or when theatrical spotlights overlap on a white wall. Its effects are less familiar than pigment mixture to most people. If all three primaries are mixed, the theoretical result is white light. Therefore Light mixture is sometimes referred to as additive mixture.
- 10. mixing colours hues can be de-saturated (reduced in purity, weakened) in one of three ways: mix with white to lighten the value ( tint ), mix with black to darken the value ( shade ), or mix with gray or the complement to either lighten or darken the value ( tone ).
- 11. Complements are colours that are opposite one another on the hue circle. When complements are mixed with one another in paint, the resulting muted tones de-saturate or dull the hues. Such opposite pairs can also be compared in terms of their relative warmth and coolness. Warm-cool contrast of hue can cause images to appear to advance or recede In this 15th century painting, for example, the warm reds of the man's doublet and his son's cap reinforce the cues of placement to make these figures seem very close. On the other hand, the cool tones of the sea and sky suggest great distance
- 12. colour Illusions Some of the effects of colour occur only in the eye and brain of the viewer, and are not physical properties of light waves or pigment. These illusions, however, are very powerful, and have enormous impact on our responses to colour
- 13. colour Proportion refers to the impact of the relative quantity of a given hue or value used in colour compositions. In order to achieve over-all unity, and/or create emphasis, one should make a clear decision as to which colours should be assigned the largest and least areas. The very same colours are used in each panel. Yet depending on the choice of dominant colour, the feeling of the composition, and even the appearance of each colour, is altered
- 14. Optical mixture is the phenomenon which occurs when small particles of different colours are mixed in the eye ; Georges Seurat: model, 1887 La Grande Jette
- 15. Roy Lichtenstein “eye detail” 1963
- 16. Psychological Implications of colour Market researchers have done extensive studies exploring the emotional responses of people to colour. Some of these responses seem to be powerful and fairly universal. However, much of this information is culturally biased. We know that cultural traditions endow colours with powerful meanings that can differ greatly from place to place. For example, in Europe and the United States, black is the colour of mourning. In many tropical countries and in East Asia white is the colour of death. On the other hand, white is the colour worn by American brides, while brides in much of Asia wear red
- 17. Red is associated with blood, and with feelings that are energetic, exciting, passionate or erotic. Most colours carry both positive and negative implications. The downside of red evokes aggressive feelings, suggesting anger or violence. Red Quartet, 3ab digital painting (pigmented inkjet print) Red Umbrella digitised photo
- 18. Orange is the colour of flesh, or the friendly warmth of the hearth fire. The positive implications of this colour suggest approachability, informality. The negative side might imply accessibility to the point of suggesting that anyone can approach-- a lack of discrimination or quality. Sunkist (Wallpaper) Program(s) Used: Adobe Photoshop CS Created May 2004 Minimalist Girl Shoulder
- 19. Yellow is the colour of sunshine. This colour is optimistic, upbeat, modern. The energy of yellow can become overwhelming. Therefore yellow is not a colour that tends to dominate fashion for long periods of time.
- 20. Green In its positive mode, green suggests nature (plant life, forests), life, stability, restfulness, naturalness. On the other hand, green in some tones or certain contexts (such as green skin) might instead suggest decay (fungus, mold), toxicity, artificiality. Woman in Green by Suzanne Peters
- 21. Blue suggests coolness, distance, spirituality, or perhaps reserved elegance. Some shade of blue is flattering to almost anyone. In its negative mode, we can think of the "blues"-the implication being one of sadness, passivity, alienation, or depression Tapety by Miju Shizukesa Feeling Colour
- 22. Violet is the colour of fantasy, playfulness, impulsiveness, and dream states. In its negative mode, it can suggest nightmares, or madness Shiribia Viloet 2002
- 23. Pattern is an underlying structure that organises surfaces or structures in a consistent, regular manner. Pattern can be described as a repeating unit of shape or form, but it can also be thought of as the "skeleton" that organizes the parts of a composition. Pattern
- 24. Pattern exists in nature as well as in designed objects; it is useful to look at the parallels. A Harvard biologist named Peter S. Stevens has published a book entitled " Patterns in Nature " in which he claims that there are only a finite number of ways that patterns can be structured.
- 25. He starts with the idea of a grid as the foundation for any structure or image He presents a set of ways in which the points of a grid can be connected. These modes of connection become classes of pattern, which he claims can be seen in any situation, in nature and in made images, and from the microscopic to the cosmic scale.
- 26. The modes he describes include the following which are described here in terms of examples from nature. However, each of these modes can also be seen in examples of designed objects and works of art:
- 27. Flow All things flow, following paths of least resistance. Flow can be seen in water, stone, the growth of trees. Meander patterning is related to the idea of flow, and is built on the repetition of an undulating line. In this detail from a textile hanging made up of knotted threads, the meandering colour lines resulting from the technique quite naturally create this type of pattern
- 28. Branching is an obvious form of patterning in the plant world, but it can also be seen in geological formations such as river deltas and certain crystalline formations
- 29. Spiral patterns can be seen from the scale of galaxies to the opening "fiddlehead" buds of ferns, to the forms of microscopic animals
- 30. Packing and Cracking refers to the way in which compacted cells define each others shape. A densely packed cluster of mushrooms will grow together, deforming the circular form of each cap because of crowding. In the same way a cluster of soap bubbles deforms each bubble from the perfect sphere of the isolated bubble, according to rules that govern the surface tension of soap bubbles. Surfaces (like mud or old paint) that shrink may experience cracking, resulting in similarly cellular patterning.
- 32. Similar types of patterning can be seen in many designed objects. Even complex works of art exhibit an underlying structure or pattern grid, although the mode of patterning may vary over the surface of a complex composition
- 33. Texture is the quality of an object which we sense through touch. It exists as a literal surface we can feel, but also as a surface we can see, and imagine the sensation might have if we felt it. Texture can also be portrayed in an image, suggested to the eye which can refer to our memories of surfaces we have touched. So a texture can be imaginary
- 34. Bristly, rough, and hard -- this is what we usually think of as texture, but texture can also be smooth, cold and hard , too. Smooth, soft, and/or warm and Wet or dry are also textures; in fact, any tactile sensation we can imagine is a texture eg eg eg eg eg
- 35. Final design element summary: Every visual composition from fashion to oil paintings can be described by the artists manipulation of the elements of design; Line, Shape/Form, Movement, Colour, Pattern and texture Your control of this new language is a crucial step to your control of the elements themselves.