Smart2020 English

SMART 2020: Enabling the
low carbon economy in the
information age.

A report by The Climate Group on
behalf of the Global eSustainability
Initiative (GeSI)

©Creative Commons 2008 Attribution
Noncommercial-No Derivative Works
Prior to distributing, copying or reporting
this work contact The Climate Group
(info@theclimategroup.org) or GeSI
(info@gesi.org).

Supporting Organisations
GeSI and member companies: Bell Canada,
British Telecommunications plc, Cisco
Systems, Deutsche Telekom AG, Ericsson,
France Telecom, Hewlett-Packard, Intel,
Microsoft, Nokia, Nokia Siemens Networks,
Sun Microsystems, T-Mobile, Telefónica
S.A., Telenor, Verizon, Vodafone plc.
Additional support: Dell, LG.

Steering Committee
Deutsche Telekom AG
Luis Neves, Chair of GeSI
The Climate Group
Emily Farnworth
Chair of Steering Committee
British Telecommunications plc
Chris Tuppen
Cisco Systems
Juan Carlos Castilla-Rubio
Intel
Robert Wright
LG
Alexander Grossmann
Nokia Siemens Networks
Juha-Erkki Mantyniemi
T-Mobile
Allison Murray
Vodafone plc
Joaquim Croca

Project Director
Molly Webb, The Climate Group

Independent Analysis
McKinsey & Company

Acknowledgements
The report was developed independently
on behalf of GeSI. Particular thanks to the
members of the Steering group and the
editorial team, who helped develop and
sustain the project. The analysis contained
in this report would not have been possible
without analysis from McKinsey, Jason
Adcock and Anna da Costa, co-editing
by Chris Tuppen and Juan Carlos Castilla-
Rubio and editorial support from Flemmich
Webb and Karen Anderton. Special thanks
to the participation of individuals in the
sponsoring companies (listed above) who
were involved throughout the analysis.
We are grateful to the experts we consulted
for general guidance and to develop our
regional case studies (Appendix 5) and also
to the many others not listed who
have supported along the way.

SMART 2020: Enabling the low carbon Support for the Report
economy in the information age 3

Support for the Report

This rigorous assessment underlines that the This report gives a clear picture of the key role
world can realise a green economy and make that the ICT industry plays in addressing climate
the transition to a low carbon economy. It also change globally and facilitating efficient and low
underlines the crucial importance of the carbon development. The role of ICT not only
international community reaching a deal on a includes emission reduction and energy savings
new climate agreement at the climate convention in the ICT sector itself, but also benefits from the
meeting in Copenhagen in 2009. This partnership adoption of ICT technologies to influence and
between GeSI (convened under UNEP) and The transform the way our society works and the way
Climate Group, with analytical support from people behave. By using our huge network and
McKinsey, gives us yet another platform for over 400 million customers, China Mobile is doing
action and yet another compelling reason for its best to promote this transformation and to
reasoned optimism Achim Steiner, UN Under- realise real sustainable development for human
Secretary General and Executive Director, UN beings and the environment. Wang Jianzhou,
Environment Programme (UNEP) Chief Executive, China Mobile Communications
Corporation
Nowhere is ICT’s vast potential more apparent
than India where it is driving opportunity and Unlocking the universal potential of clean
development and transforming our economy technology in the information systems sector is a
and society. This important report makes clear critical step toward a low carbon future. Silicon
the exciting opportunity that exists for industry Valley innovators and the growing support of
to significantly contribute to climate change clean tech investors in California place the state in
abatement, as well as expand into new markets. a unique position to lead the effort to combat
Nandan Nilekani, Co-Chairman, Infosys global warming. Linda Adams, Secretary,
Technologies Limited California Environmental Protection Agency

The ICT industry has a very significant role to play
in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, especially
in a rapidly developing country such as China.
Future development in China should not follow
the wrong path taken by developed countries.
Many industries can make use of modern ICT
technology to move into higher efficiency low
carbon markets. If we are to better use ICT
technology to move away from existing energy-
intensive work habits and lifestyles, we need
government policy innovations, incentives for
companies and the active participation of
consumers. Tang Min, Deputy Secretary-General,
China Development Research Foundation

SMART 2020: Enabling the low carbon Contents

Contents

06 Forewords
09 Report Summary
Chapter 1:
12 The time for change
Chapter 2:
17 Taking direct action
Chapter 3:
29 The enabling effect
29 Dematerialisation
32 SMART motors
36 SMART logistics
40 SMART buildings
45 SMART grid
Chapter 4:
53 The SMART 2020 transformation
Appendices
63 1: Scope, process and methodology,
65 2: The direct impact assumptions
66 3: The enabling effect assumptions
75 4: Company commitments
79 5: Experts consulted and interviewed
83 6: Glossary

SMART 2020: Enabling the low carbon GeSI Foreword

Forewords

A force for change 2. Put more emphasis on climate change issues
The most recent results presented by climate in our supply chain work so we influence the
scientists are alarming. The accumulation of end-to-end manufacturing process for
greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere electronic equipment
is growing faster than originally predicted.
Scientists, economists and policy makers are 3. Ensure that energy and climate change matters
calling for emissions targets of at least 20% are fully considered by the organisations that
below 1990 levels in 2020. set the technical standards for our industry
It is our responsibility to estimate
the GHG emissions from the information and 4. Work with organisations in the key opportunity
communications technology (ICT) industries areas – travel/transport, buildings, grids and
and to develop opportunities for ICT to contribute industry systems – to help turn potential CO2 About GeSI
to a more efficient economy. reductions into reality. This will include a strong GeSI (www.gesi.org) is an international
“SMART 2020 – Enabling the low emphasis on the significant opportunities strategic partnership of ICT companies and
industry associations committed to creating
carbon economy in the information age” offered by dematerialisation and promoting technologies and practices
presents the case for a future-oriented ICT that foster economic, environmental and
social sustainability and drive economic
industry to respond quickly to the challenge of 5. Work with public policy makers to ensure that growth and productivity. Formed in 2001,
global warming. the right regulatory and fiscal frameworks are GeSI fosters global and open cooperation,
informs the public of its members’
We now have evidence demonstrating in place to move us all in the right direction. voluntary actions to improve their
that the ICT industry is a key player in creating a sustainability performance and promotes
technologies that foster sustainable
low carbon society and could do a lot more to help We will do this by involving appropriate partners development. It partners with the UNEP
push the world in this direction by 2020. drawn from the business and NGO worlds. and the ITU. These partners help shape
our global vision regarding the evolution
The ICT sector’s own emissions are In particular we aim to continue our successful of the telecommunications sector and how
expected to increase, in a business as usual (BAU) partnership with The Climate Group. We will we can best meet the challenges
of sustainable development.
scenario, from 0.53 billion tonnes (Gt) carbon also continue to work collaboratively with the
dioxide (CO2) in 2002 to 1.43 GtCO2 in 2020. But International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
specific ICT opportunities identified in this report and the World Business Council for Sustainable
can lead to emission reductions five times the size Development (WBCSD).
of the sector’s own footprint, up to 7.8 Gt carbon
dioxide equivalent (CO2e), or 15% of total BAU In conclusion
emissions by 2020. The ICT sector has both a profitable opportunity
This report has identified many and a critical role to play with other sectors to
opportunities for the ICT industry, to replace design and deploy solutions needed to create
goods and services with virtual equivalents and a low carbon society. I urge you to review this
to provide technology to enable energy efficiency. report and focus your efforts on improving
The ICT sector must act quickly to demonstrate energy efficiencies wherever possible, to
what is possible, get clear messages from policy collaborate with us in steering regulations to
makers about targets and continue to innovate be more productive and to move boldly forward
radically to reduce emissions. The publication with technologies to improve our global climate.
of this report is not an end but a beginning and Acting now will be good for business, good for
GeSI is committed to continue to work across the economy and good for the world.
the industry as a force for change. In particular
GeSI will:

1. Develop an agreed ICT industry-wide
methodology for the carbon footprinting Luis Neves
of ICT products and services Chair, GeSI

SMART 2020: Enabling the low carbon The Climate Group Foreword

The SMART solution Companies that implement the solutions will
Putting a man on the moon was one of the capture part of the potential global savings of
greatest technological challenges of the 20th ¤600 billion ($946.5 billion), once again showing
century. In the 21st century we face an even that tackling climate change is not only good for
greater test – tackling climate change. In contrast the climate but good for the economy.
to the space race, the solutions required today Given the unpredictable nature
must encompass us all. This is not just about one of technological innovation, there is always
man walking on the moon, but about 7 or 8 billion uncertainty in estimating future impactsand this
people, the population of 2020, living low carbon report has identified a number of hurdles that
lifestyles in harmony with our climate. must be overcome if the large savings highlighted
How can a mission of this size be are to be realised. Furthermore, the ICT sector will
achieved? This report illustrates for the first have to focus on reducing its direct footprint as
time the scale of the opportunity for ICT to drive the demand for its products and services grows.
efficiency across the economy and deliver But this is the first time that the potential of ICT
emission savings of 15% - 7.8 GtCO2e - of global to reduce emissions has been put on the same
BAU emissions in 2020. plane as other climate change solutions, such as
Recently, Lord Stern revised his targets carbon capture and storage (CCS).
for safe levels of GHG emissions reductions to This sends a clear message to industry
2 tonnes per capita by 2050 (20 GtCO2e). The leaders and policy makers around the world that,
ICT-enabled solutions in this report would make through collaboration, ICT solutions can unlock
possible savings of 1 tonne per capita in 2020, emissions reductions on a dramatic scale.
a significant step in the right direction. To get things moving forward, this
When we started the analysis, we report launches our new SMART framework,
expected to find that ICT could make our lives a guide for developing ICT solutions. Through
‘greener’ by making them more virtual – online standards, monitoring and accounting (SMA)
shopping, teleworking and remote communication toolsand rethinking (R) and optimising how
all altering our behaviour. Although this is one we live and work, ICT could be one crucial piece
important aspect of the ICT solution, the first and of the overall transformation (T) to a low
most significant role for ICT is enabling efficiency. carbon economy.
Consumers and businesses can’t The Climate Group, along with GeSI,
About The Climate Group
The Climate Group is an independent, manage what they can’t measure. ICT provides will be taking the report findings to the USA,
not-for-profit organisation that works the solutions that enable us to ‘see’ our energy China, India and Europe to work with decision
internationally with government and
business leaders to advance climate change and emissions in real timeand could provide the makers and leading companies to develop a set
solutions and accelerate a low carbon means for optimising systems and processes to of scenarios – the vision – focused on how to turn
economy. Its coalition of proactive leaders
– from government, business and civil make them more efficient. Efficiency may not the ideas presented here into a global reality.
society – has demonstrated that emissions sound as inspirational as a space race but, in the Putting a man on the moon was
reductions, essential to stop climate change,
can be achieved while boosting profitability short term, achieving efficiency savings equal to once thought impossible. The next “giant leap
and competitiveness. More companies, 15% of global emissions is a radical proposition. for mankind” is within our reach, but only if
states, regions and cities around the world
are realising there are significant economic The breadth of solutions will span motor systems, we act now.
as well as environmental advantages from logistics and transport, buildings and electricity
taking decisive action now. The Climate
Group was founded in 2004 and has offices grids – across all key economies in the world.
in the UK, USA, China, India and Australia. Mature economies will be able to
A European office is planned for 2008.
upgrade and optimise entrenched systems
and infrastructures. Developing countries
could ‘leapfrog’ inefficient mechanisms and
integrate state-of-the-art solutions into their Steve Howard
evolving societies. CEO, The Climate Group

SMART 2020: Enabling the low carbon Report Summary

Report Summary

1
The Stern Review suggested that The ICT sector has transformed the way we live, Our analysis identifies some of the biggest and
developed countries reduce emissions
20-40% below the 1990 levels would be
work, learn and play. From mobile phones and most accessible opportunities for ICT to achieve
a necessary interim target based on IPPC micro-computer chips to the internet, ICT has these savings.
and Hadley Centre analysis. Source: Stern,
N (2008), Key Elements of a Global Deal
consistently delivered innovative products and
on Climate Change, London School of services that are now an integral part of everyday •Smart motors: A review of manufacturing in
Economics and Political Science, http://
www.lse.ac.uk/collections/climateNetwork/
life. ICT has systematically increased productivity China has identified that without optimisation,
publications/KeyElementsOfAGlobalDeal_ and supported economic growth across both 10% of China’s emissions (2% of global
30Apr08.pdf
2
developed and developing countries. But what emissions) in 2020 will come from China’s motor
All currency conversions to US$ based
on exchange rate ¤1=$ 1.57757, obtained
impact does pervasive information and systems alone and to improve industrial
at http://xe.com on 9th June 2008. communication technologies have on global efficiency even by 10% would deliver up to
3
Exact figures: ¤553 billion ($872.3 billion) warming? Is it a sector that will hinder or help 200 million tonnes (Mt) CO2e savings. Applied
in energy and fuel savedand an additional
¤91 billion ($143.5 billion) in carbon saved
our fight against dangerous climate change? globally, optimised motors and industrial
assuming a cost of carbon of ¤20/tonne, To answer these questions, this report automation would reduce 0.97 GtCO2e in 2020,
for a total of ¤644 billion ($1,015 billion)
savings.
has quantified the direct emissions from ICT worth ¤68 billion ($107.2 billion).4
4
All value figures here include a cost for
products and services based on expected
carbon of ¤20/tonne. See Appendix 3 for growth in the sector. It also looked at where ICT • Smart logistics: Through a host of efficiencies
detailed assumptions.
could enable significant reductions of emissions in transport and storage, smart logistics in
in other sectors of the economy and has quantified Europe could deliver fuel, electricity and heating
these in terms of CO2e emission savings and savings of 225 MtCO2e. The global emissions
cost savings. savings from smart logistics in 2020 would reach
Aside from emissions associated with 1.52 GtCO2e, with energy savings worth
deforestation, the largest contribution to ¤280 billion ($441.7 billion).
man-made GHG emissions comes from power
generation and fuel used for transportation. • Smart buildings: A closer look at buildings in
It is therefore not surprising that the biggest role North America indicates that through better
ICTs could play is in helping to improve energy building design, management and automation
efficiency in power transmission and distribution 15% of North America’s buildings emissions
(T&D), in buildings and factories that demand could be saved. Globally, smart buildings
power and in the use of transportation to technologies would enable 1.68 GtCO2e
deliver goods. of emissions savings, worth ¤216 billion
In total, ICTs could deliver ($340.8 billion).
approximately 7.8 GtCO2e of emissions savings
in 2020. This represents 15% of emissions in 2020 • Smart grid: Reducing T&D losses in India’s
based on a BAU estimation. It represents a power sector by 30% is possible through better
significant proportion of the reductions below monitoring and management of electricity
1990 levels that scientists and economists grids, first with smart meters and then through
recommend by 2020 to avoid dangerous climate integrating more advanced ICTs into the
change1In economic terms, the ICT-enabled so-called energy internet. Smart grid
energy efficiency translates into approximately technologies were the largest opportunity found
¤600 billion ($946.5 billion2) of cost savings.3 in the study and could globally reduce 2.03
It is an opportunity that cannot be overlooked. GtCO2e , worth ¤79 billion ($124.6 billion).


While the sector plans to significantly step up
the energy efficiency of its products and
services, ICT’s largest influence will be by
enabling energy efficiencies in other sectors, an
opportunity that could deliver carbon savings five
times larger than the total emissions from the entire
ICT sector in 2020.

These are not easy wins. There are policy, market This is the opportunity the ICT sector has in the 5
The scope of this analysis includes whole
life emissions from PCs and peripherals,
and behavioural hurdles that need to be overcome fight against climate change. But it does come at data centres, telecoms devices and telecoms
to deliver the savings possible. For example, a cost. Emissions from the sector are estimated networks.
Chinese factory managers find it difficult to stop to rise significantly over the coming years – from
producing long enough to implement more 0.5 GtCO2e today to 1.4 GtCO2e in 2020 under
efficient industrial processes because they risk BAU growth.5 This growth assumes that the sector
losing revenue and competitiveness. will continue to make the impressive advances
Logistics efficiency is hampered by in energy efficiency that it has done previously.
fragmentation in the market, which makes it However, meeting the sheer scale of demand for
difficult to coordinate across the sector to achieve products and necessary supporting services in
economies of scale. Even with the latest emerging markets such as China and India and
technologies implemented, buildings are only continuing to deliver the services to increase
efficiently if managed properly. In India, there is productivity growth in the developed world will
no coordinated national roadmap for smart grid effectively outweigh the adoption of the current
implementation and more needs to be done to wave of efficiency benefits per product or service.
build the cross-functional and cross-sectoral There is also the possibility that the speed of
capabilities needed to design and implement introduction and the impact of new ICT
innovative business and operating models and technology or the mass adoption of social
deliver new technology solutions. networking could cut carbon emissions in ways
In addition to the savings possible by currently impossible to predict.
supporting other sectors to become more energy While the sector plans to significantly
efficient, there are also potential energy savings step up the energy efficiency of its products and
from dematerialisation or substitution – replacing services , ICT’s largest influence will be by
high carbon physical products and activities (such enabling energy efficiencies in other sectors,
as books and meetings) with virtual low carbon an opportunity that could deliver carbon savings
equivalents (e-commerce/e-government and five times larger than the total emissions from the
advanced videoconferencing). Our study indicates entire ICT sector in 2020.
that using technology to dematerialise the way we
work and operate across public and private sectors Getting SMART
could deliver a reduction of 500 MtCO2e in 2020 The scale of emissions reductions that could be
– the equivalent of the total ICT footprint in 2002, enabled by the smart integration of ICT into new
or just under the emissions of the UK in 2007. ways of operating, living, working, learning and
However, these solutions would need to be more travelling makes the sector a key player in the
widely implemented than they are today to realise fight against climate change, despite its own
their full abatement potential. growing carbon footprint. No other sector can


supply technology capabilities so integral to that drive low carbon alternatives can be
energy efficiency across such a range of other developed and diffused at scale across all sectors
sectors or industries. of the economy.
But with this potential comes with The ICT sector can’t act in isolation if it
responsibility. Emissions reductions in other is to seize the opportunity it has to tackle climate
sectors will not simply present themselves; the change. It will need the help of governments and
ICT sector must demonstrate leadership on climate other industries. Smart implementation of ICTs
change and governments must provide the will require policy support including standards
optimum regulatory context. This report outlines implementation, secure communication of
the key actions needed. information within and between sectors and
These actions can be summarised as the financing for research and pilot projects.
SMART transformation. The challenge of climate This report demonstrates the potential
change presents an opportunity for ICT to first role the ICT sector could play in mitigating
standardise (S) how energy consumption and climate change. It is now up to policy makers,
emissions information can be traced across industry leaders and the sector itself to make
different processes beyond the ICT sector’s own sure this potential is realised. The stakes couldn’t
products and services. It can monitor (M) energy be higher.
consumption and emissions across the economy
in real time, providing the data needed to optimise
for energy efficiency. Network tools can be
developed that allow accountability (A) for
energy consumption and emissions alongside
other key business priorities. This information can
be used to rethink (R) how we should live, learn,
play and work in a low carbon economy, initially
by optimising efficiency, but also by providing
viable low cost alternatives to high carbon
activities. Although isolated efficiency gains do
have an impact, ultimately it will be a platform -
or a set of technologies and architectures -
working coherently together, that will have the
greatest impact. It is through this enabling
platform that transformation (T) of the economy
will occur, when standardisation, monitoring,
accounting, optimisation and the business models

SMART 2020: Enabling the low carbon The time for change
economy in the information age. 01/12

01: The time for change

The science would incur a wider range of risks and impacts 6
Pachauri, R.K and A. Reisinger (eds.)
(2007) Climate Change 2007: Synthesis
As stated in the Intergovernmental Panel on and the estimates of damage could rise to 20% Report. Contribution of Working Groups I,
Climate Change’s (IPCC) 2007 Synthesis Report: of global GDP or more. In contrast, the costs II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report
of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
“Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, of action – reducing GHG emissions to avoid Change, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
as is now evident from observations of increases the worst impacts of climate change – Change, Geneva, Switzerland.
in global average air and ocean temperatures, can be limited to around 1% of global GDP 7
McKinsey analysis for this report, based
on IPCC (2007) Fourth Assessment Report
widespread melting of snow and ice and rising each year. and International Energy Agency (IEA)
global average sea level.”6 The review predicts that failure to act (2007) World Energy Outlook.
The global warming debate has now today and in the future could cause possibly 8
Recent analysis suggests that 450ppm may
be too high and that we should be aiming
shifted from whether or not man-made climate irreversible economic and social disruption to reduce emissions more quickly: King D.
change is occurring to what atmospheric levels “on a scale similar to those associated with the and G. Walker (2008), ‘The Hot Topic: How
to Tackle Global Warming and Still Keep the
of GHG are ‘safe’ and what can be done to great wars and the economic depression of the Lights On’, Hansen J., M Sato, P Kharecha,
prevent them from exceeding this threshold. first half of the 20th century”. D Beerling., V Masson-Delmotte, M Pagani,
M Raymo, D Royer and J Zachos (2008);
Current BAU scenarios predict that Lord Stern has recently joined ‘Target Atmospheric CO2: Where Should
global emissions will rise from 40 GtCO2e scientists in outlining the worsening nature Humanity Aim?’, http://www.columbia.
edu/~jeh1/2008/TargetCO2_20080331.pdf
(referred to as both ‘carbon’ and ‘GHG’ of the problem. His report on the economics
9
Stern, N (2006), Executive Summary,
emissions in this report) emitted each year in of climate change should have issued a bleaker Stern Review on the Economics of Climate
2002 to nearly 53 GtCO2e annually by 2020.7 warning when it was published 18 months Change, HM Treasury.
Current atmospheric GHG levels stand at 430 ago, he said recently “We underestimated the 10
Harvey, F and J. Pickard, “Stern takes
bleaker view on warming”, Financial
parts per million (ppm) and are rising at risks... we underestimated the damage Times, 17 April 2008, http://www.ft.com/
approximately 2.5ppm every year, leading us associated with the temperature increases... cms/s/0/d3e78456-0bde-11dd-9840-
0000779fd2ac.html?nclick_check=1
beyond levels of 450-500 ppm (roughly twice and we underestimated the probabilities of
11
Stern, N. (2008), Key Elements of a Global
pre-industrial levels). temperature increases.”10 Deal on Climate Change, London School of
The specific figures for what can be Society currently needs to reduce Economics and Political Science, http://
www.lse.ac.uk/collections/climateNetwork/
considered ‘safe’ are not universally accepted8 emissions to about 20 GtCO2e per year by publications/KeyElementsOfAGlobalDeal_
and will continue to be debated as new 2050, according to Stern, about two tonnes per 30Apr08.pdf
information becomes available. Whichever person in 2050. Given that the current underlying
benchmark is used, the magnitude of cuts rate of decrease in carbon intensity, defined as
required will be challenging. tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO2e)/
GDP, is 1% per year and that the world
The economics economy continues to grow by 3-4% per year,
Former UK Government and World Bank carbon emissions will continue to grow at
Chief Economist Lord Stern, author of the 2-3% per year under a BAU scenario. So to
Stern Review,9 makes it clear that to ignore reduce emissions by 20 GtCO2e per year, as
rising carbon emissions that will result in recommended by Stern, implies that a dramatic
dangerous climate change now, will damage change is needed in production and
economic growth in the future. According to consumption profile.11
the report, if no action is taken, the overall costs Both policy makers and industry must
and risks of climate change will be equivalent to initiate the rapid implementation of climate
losing at least 5% of global gross domestic product solutions before average global temperatures
(GDP) each year. Not acting now move beyond a “tipping point” of no return.

economy in the information age 01/13

12
EU Spring Summit, Brussels The political response wealth. A number of studies have linked the
(March 2007).
13
Thirty-four countries have signed up to the growth of ICT to global GDP growth and
UK Climate Change Bill (April 2008).
14
legally binding Kyoto Protocol, the agreement globalisation. One analysis16 suggests that a third
Germany’s Integrated Energy and Climate
Programme (December 2007).
negotiated via the United Nations Framework of the economic growth in the Organisation for
15
China’s 11th Five -Year Economic Plan,
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
www.gov.cn/english/special/115y_index. sets a target for average global carbon emissions countries between 1970 and 1990 was due to
htm
16
reductions of 5.4% relative to 1990 levels by access to fixed-line telecoms networks alone,
Roeller, Lars H. and Leonard Waverman,
(2001), ‘Telecommunications Infrastructure
2012. Discussions for a post-2012 agreement which lowered transaction costs and helped firms
and Economic Growth: A Simultaneous are currently underway. to access new markets.
Approach’, American Economic Review,
Volume 91, Number 4, pp. 909-23.
Individual regions and countries have Globally, the ICT sector contributed
17
Analysis includes data from Global Insight
also developed their own targets. In 2007, the 16% of GDP growth from 2002 to 2007 and
(www.globalinsight.com). European Union (EU) announced a 20% emissions the sector itself has increased its share of GDP
18
Waverman, Meschi and Fuss (2005) reduction target compared to 1990 levels by 2020 worldwide from 5.8 to 7.3%. The ICT sector’s
‘The Impact of Telecoms on Economic Growth
in Developing Countries, Africa: The Impact
and will increase this to 30% if there is an share of the economy is predicted to jump
of Mobile Phones’, Vodafone Policy Paper international agreement post-2012.12 The UK is further to 8.7% of GDP growth worldwide from
Series 2.
19
aiming for a reduction of 60% below 1990 levels 2007 to 2020.17
Eggleston K., R. Jensen and R.
Zeckhauser (2002) ,‘Information and
by 2050, with an interim target of about half In low income countries, an average
Communication Technologies, Markets and that.13 Germany is aiming for a 40% cut below of 10 more mobile phone users per 100 people
Economic Development’, Discussion Papers
Series, 0203, Department of Economics,
1990 levels by 2020,14 while Norway will become was found to stimulate a per capita GDP growth
Tufts University. carbon neutral by 2050. California’s climate of 0.59%.18 In China, improved communication
20
Jensen R. (2007), ‘The Digital Provide: change legislation, known as AB 32, commits the has helped increase wealth by driving down
Information (Technology), Market
Performance and Welfare in the South
state to 80% reductions below 1990 levels by commodity prices, coordinating markets and
Indian Fisheries sector’, Quarterly Journal of 2050. China’s latest five-year plan (2006-2010) improving business efficiency.19 In Kerala, India,
Economics, cited in: Economist, ‘To do with
the Price of Fish’, 10 May 2007, http://
contains 20% energy efficiency improvement the introduction of mobile phones contributed
www.economist.com/finance/displaystory. targets15 to try to reduce the impact of recent fuel on average to an 8% rise in fishermen’s profits
cfm?story_id=9149142.
21
shortages on its economic growth. and a 4% fall in consumer prices.20
Member companies of GeSI:
Alcatel-Lucent, Bell Canada, British
As governments across the world wake
Telecommunications plc, Cisco Systems, up to the urgency of rising temperatures, they
Deutsche Telekom AG, Ericsson, European
Telecommunication Network Operators
are increasingly focusing on how business is Scope, process and methodology
Association (ETNO), France Telecom, Fujitsu responding to both reduce their carbon footprints The study was undertaken by a unique
Siemens Computers, Hewlett-Packard,
Intel, KPN, Motorola, Microsoft, Nokia,
and to develop and supply the required partnership between not-for-profit
Nokia Siemens Networks, Nortel, Sun innovations for a low carbon world. organisation The Climate Group and ICT sector
Microsystems, Telecom Italia, Telefónica
SA, US Telecom Association, Verizon,
group GeSI.21 The supporting analysis was
Vodafone plc. Associate members: Carbon What does this mean for business? conducted independently by international
Disclosure Project (CDP), WWF. Supporting
Organisations: ITU, Telecommunication
Companies must adapt quickly to the political, management consultants McKinsey &
Development Bureau, UNEP Division of social, economic and fiscal drive towards a global Company. Input was provided by GeSI member
Technology, Industry and Economics.
low carbon economy. Businesses that can turn this companies and the global experts consulted for
challenge into an opportunity, by developing each of the case studies.
business models to enable adoption of low carbon The combined knowledge and
solutions, will be in a stronger position to mitigate experience of this group has enabled us to
rising carbon emissions and adapt to a world identify and quantify specific ICT impacts
dealing with the impacts of climate change. and opportunities, in the context of carbon
A radical approach is required that incorporates emission savings and potential economic
different ways of thinking, living, working, value. In addition, the analysis drew on
playing, doing business and developing solutions. additional data from the ICT companies
Action is no longer an option; it has become an involved in the study. It estimated the likely
urgent necessity. growth of the ICT sector’s carbon footprint
and, more importantly, the carbon emissions
What does this mean for the ICT sector? savings and business opportunities that are
The terms “the new economy”, “the knowledge possible when ICT is deployed across the
economy” and “the information society” all refer economy. A detailed methodology can be
to the world’s increasing reliance on ICT to provide found in Appendix 1.
services and solutions that ultimately generate


This demonstrates that the ICT sector continues In order to approach the second and third 22
IEA (2008), Worldwide Trends in Energy
Use and Efficiency: Key Insights from IEA
to play a vital role in the growth of the global questions, it was important to know which sectors Indicator Analysis, IEA/OECD, Paris.
economy and international development. are responsible for producing the highest levels of
As the imperative to develop zero carbon growth carbon emissions and therefore where ICT might
solutions becomes stronger, society needs to enable reductions. Of the total emissions from
lower emissions while continuing to serve the human activity in 2002, 24% was from the power
needs of people in emerging economies, to sector, 23% from industry, 17% from agriculture
develop poverty reduction schemes and enable and waste management, 14% from land use,
multiple sectors across the world. What, 14% from transport and 8% from buildings.
therefore, are the next steps for ICT? Could Taking another view of the same data – at the
it apply its creativity and skills to help reduce point where electricity is consumed and fuel is
carbon emissions by massively enabling used – sharpens the focus further. In 2005,
efficiency or behaviour change? How big an manufacturing was 33% of end use energy
impact could it have? And how will that affect consumption, transport was 26% and households
its carbon footprint? 29% (other services and construction made up
the final 12%).22
The SMART way The findings of the analysis are highly
In order to understand and compare the direct illuminating. Because of its pervasiveness, ICT
impact of ICT products and services and its is a key, though often unrecognised, enabling
enabling role in climate change solutions, the infrastructure in the global economy. The sector
analysis set out to answer three main questions: can enable smart development opportunities for
CO2e reductions and participate in the new
1. What is the direct carbon footprint of the sources of value of low or zero carbon solutions
ICT sector? markets at the same time as restricting the growth
2. What are the quantifiable emissions reductions of its own carbon footprint.
that can be enabled through ICT applications in Even as the sector tackles its own
other sectors of the economy? carbon footprint, the need to mitigate climate
3. What are the new market opportunities for ICT change presents opportunities for ICT to deliver
and other sectors associated with realising these low carbon energy efficiency solutions. The sector
reductions? has a unique ability to make energy consumption
and GHG emissions visible through its products
Because of growth in demand for its products and and services. Radical transformation of
services, mainly from emerging economies and infrastructure is possible only if it is known where
the rapid adoption in the developed world, the inefficiency occurs throughout the processes and
ICT sector’s own carbon footprint is likely to grow workflows of various sectors in the economy.
under BAU conditions to 1.4 GtCO2e by 2020, ICT can provide this data which can be used to
three times what it was in 2002. Chapter 2 looks change behaviours, processes, capabilities and
at the reasons for this growth, assesses what systems. Although isolated efficiency gains do
can be done to reduce it and the hurdles that have an impact, ultimately it will be a platform –
need to be overcome for the sector to attain or a set of technologies – working coherently
maximum efficiency. together, that will have the greatest impact.


Fig. 1 ICT impact: The global footprint and the
enabling effect
GtCO2e Emissions
ICT footprint
Selected ICT-enabled
abatements
Other abatements†
2002 40.0
ICT 0.5

2020 51.9
ICT 1.4
BAU
-14.1* - 7.8 Five times
Abatements ICT’s direct
footprint

2020 with 30†
abatements

* For example, avoided deforestation, wind power or biofuels
† 21.9 GtCO2e abatements were identified in the McKinsey abatement cost curve and from estimates in this study. Source: Enkvist P., T.
Naucler and J. Rosander (2007), ‘A Cost Curve for Greenhouse Gas Reduction’, The McKinsey Quarterly, Number 1

This report has identified global emissions In Chapter 3, the report looks at five of the most
reductions of 7.8 GtCO2e in 2020, five times its important “levers” or mitigation opportunities:
own footprint (Fig.1). dematerialisation; smart motor systems in China;
smart logistics in Europe; smart buildings in North
The ICT sector can enable emission reductions America; and smart grids in India. It considers the
in a number of ways: impact of ICT on local and global emissions, where
ICT could have the most influence on emissions
• Standardise: ICT can provide information in reductions, current markets, regulatory context
standard forms on energy consumption and and hurdles that need to be overcome if its
emissions, across sectors. potential to reduce emissions is to be realised.
• Monitor: ICT can incorporate monitoring In parallel with the ICT reducing its
information into the design and control for own carbon footprint, governments need to do
energy use. more to create a fiscal and regulatory
• Account: ICT can provide the capabilities and environment that will encourage faster and more
platforms to improve accountability of energy widespread adoption of ICT. Crucially new
and carbon. partnerships between governments and the
• Rethink: ICT can offer innovations that private sector are required. Chapter 4 develops
capture energy efficiency opportunities a framework for understanding the enabling
across buildings/homes, transport, power, opportunity of ICT solutions.
manufacturing and other infrastructure and
provide alternatives to current ways of
operating, learning, living, working and
travelling.
• Transform: ICT can apply smart and integrated
approaches to energy management of systems
and processes, including benefits from both
automation and behaviour change and develop
alternatives to high carbon activities, across all
sectors of the economy.

SMART 2020: Enabling the low carbon Taking direct action

02: Taking direct action

23
Gartner, ‘Green IT: The New Industry In 2007, analyst Gartner released a statistic that developments outlined in the rest of the chapter
Shockwave’, Presentation at Symposium/
ITXPO conference, April 2007.
the ICT sector was responsible for 2% of global are implemented, this figure looks set to grow at
24
Of course a range of figures are possible,
carbon emissions23 and this figure has since been 6% each year until 2020. The carbon generated
but the report took a BAU scenario with the widely cited. The analysis conducted for this from materials and manufacture is about one
best information available from companies
and public sources. See Appendix 1 for
report came to similar conclusions. This chapter quarter of the overall ICT footprint, the rest
detailed methodology and Appendix 2 for sets out in some detail how today’s 2% figure was coming from its use (Fig. 2.1).
the direct footprint assumptions.
calculated and the assumptions behind the Although there is expected growth in
25
CIA (2007): World Factbook website,
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/
growth in emissions expected in 2020, taking into mature developed markets, the most significant
the-world-factbook/print/ch.html account likely efficient technology developments growth is attributable to increasing demand for
that affect the power consumption of products ICT in developing countries (Fig. 2.2). Just one
and services or their expected penetration in the in 10 people own a PC in China today; by 2020,
market in 2020. Not all technology developments that will rise to seven in 10, comparable to current
can be predicted and therefore further possible ownership rates in the US. In just 12 years time,
abatements are discussed, but not calculated. The one in two Chinese people will own a mobile
chapter concludes with a brief section on what phone and half of all households will be
more could be done. connected by broadband. It will be a similar
In 2007, the total footprint of the ICT story in India. By 2020, almost a third of the
sector – including personal computers (PCs) and global population will own a PC (currently one
peripherals, telecoms networks and devices and in 50), 50% will own a mobile phone and one in
data centres –was 830 MtCO2e, about 2% of the 20 households will have a broadband
estimated total emissions from human activity connection.24 Considering that the populations
released that year. Even if the efficient technology of China and India are currently 1.3 billion25 and

Fig. 2.1 The global ICT footprint*
GtCO2e Embodied carbon
Footprint from use

2002 0.11 0.41
0.43 0.53
2% of total
footprint

2007 0.18 0.64 0.83

2020 0.35 1.08 1.43

CAGR†
+6%
*ICT includes PCs, telecoms networks and devices, printers and data centres.
†Compounded Annual Growth Rate


1.1 billion respectively26 and that consumption measures, data centres will grow faster than any 26
Ibid
in the Indian economy is expected to quadruple other ICT technology, driven by the need for 27
McKinsey Global Institute ‘China
in the next four years and the middle class in storage, computing and other information Consumer Demand Model, V2.0’.

China is expected to grow to over 80% of the technology (IT) services. Though the telecoms
population by 2020,27 these are potentially footprint continues to grow, it represents a smaller
huge growth areas. share of the total ICT carbon footprint in 2020 as
By 2020, when a large fraction of efficiency measures balance growth and as data
developing countries’ populations (up to 70% centres rise to take a larger share of the total
in China) will be able to afford ICT devices and (Fig. 2.3).
will have caught up with developed countries’ The analysis below took a deeper look
ownership levels, they will account for more than at three main areas of the direct footprint: PCs
60% of ICT’s carbon emissions (compared to less and peripherals, data centres, telecoms networks
than half today), driven largely by growth in and devices, outlined below. Appendix 1 provides
mobile networks and PCs. But these are not the more information about what was included in the
fastest-growing elements of the footprint. Despite scope of the analysis and Appendix 2 outlines the
first-generation virtualisation and other efficiency assumptions behind each in more detail.

Fig. 2.2 The global ICT footprint by geography
% of GtCO2e RoW† Other
China industrialised
EiT* countries
OECD Europe
2002 17 18 11 13 16 25 % of 0.53 US and Canada

2007 23 23 12 10 14 20 % of 0.83

2020 27 29 10 7 12 14 % of 1.43

CAGR 9 9 6 3 4 3

%
*EiT = Economies in transition. (includes Russia and non-OECD Eastern European countries)
†RoW = Rest of the World. (includes India, Brazil, South Africa, Indonesia and Egypt)

Fig. 2.3 The global footprint by subsector
Emissions by geography
% of GtCO2e Telecoms, infrastructure
and devices
Data centres
PCs, peripherals and printers*
2002 28 14 57 % of 0.53

2007 37 14 49 % of 0.83

2020 25 18 57 % of 1.43

CAGR 5 7 5

%
* Printers were 11% of the total ICT footprint in 2002, 8% in 2007 and will be 12% in 2020.


Fig. 3.1 The global footprint of PCs –
desktops and laptops
GtCO2e

2002 0.2 0.2 Embodied carbon
Footprint from use
Growth along 0.3 1.2 1.5 A Increased number of PCs from
current trends 592 million to 4067 million*
B 0.23% pa increase in power consumed† and
Change in power 0 decrease from 15W standby
consumption C Switch in form factor from 84% desktops
to 74% laptops and desktop monitors
from 90% CRT to 100% LCD
Impacts of expected 0.1 1.0 1.1
technology
developments
0.2 0.5 0.6
2020
BAU

* Based on Gartner estimates until 2011 and trend extrapolation to 2020.
† Based on McManus, T (2002), ‘Moore’s Law and PC Power’ presentation
to Tulane Engineering Forum.

28
Printers were included in the overall PCs and peripherals are expected to compensate for the increase in
analysis of the ICT footprint, but are not
broken down further in this section.
In the developed world today, PCs (workstations, PC computing demand, represented by Row B,
29
Analysis includes data from Shiffler,
desktops and laptops) are almost as ubiquitous so that overall power consumption is not expected
G III. (2007), Forecast: PC Installed Base in people’s homes as televisions (TVs). This is not to grow.
Worldwide, 2003-2011, Gartner.
yet the case in the developing world, but the However, two major technology
explosion in the number of internet cafés developments are expected by 2020. First, the
demonstrates that the demand is there. desktop PCs that dominate today’s market (84%)
Growing middle classes in emerging economies, will be largely replaced by laptops if adoption
whose newfound wealth will allow them to start materialises as forecasted – by 2020, 74% of all
buying PCs at developed country rates, will PCs in use will be laptops. Second, all cathode ray
substantially increase the global carbon footprint tube (CRT) screens will be replaced by low energy
of these technologies. alternatives, such as liquid crystal display (LCD)
In 2002, the PC and monitors’ screens by 2020. These two factors explain the
combined carbon footprint28 was 200 MtCO2e reduction in carbon footprint in Row C.
and this is expected to triple by 2020 to 600 Taking Rows A, B and C together shows
MtCO2e – a growth rate of 5% per annum (pa) that the 2020 footprint will rise to three times the
(Fig. 3.1). emissions in 2002.29
By 2020, laptops will have overtaken
Calculating the PC footprint in 2020 desktops as the main source of emissions
The number of PCs globally is expected to (Fig. 3.2) and will make up the largest portion
increase from 592 million in 2002 to more than (22%) of the global ICT carbon footprint.
four billion in 2020. Row A of Fig. 3.1. shows the Desktops with LCD monitors will represent 20%
expected footprint if this growth used today’s of the total ICT footprint in 2020, an increase of
PC technology. Since 1986, the power demand 16% since 2002.
for PCs has only increased at 0.23% pa, a low rate
considering there has been a 45% pa improvement Reducing PC emissions further
in computational power. This success has been To reduce the total carbon emissions of PCs
achieved by the exploitation of multi-core predicted for 2020 to below 2002 levels would
processors and more efficient power supply units. require a 95% efficiency improvement in the
By 2020, further advances in power management overall impact from PCs. This cannot only be


Fig. 3.2 Composition of the PC footprint
MtCO2e

2002 6%
2% 2020
100% = 247 100% = 643
MtCO2e MtCO2e
Laptops Desktops with
(6 MtCO2e) CRT monitors
Desktops with 91% (0 MtCO2e) 52% 48%
LCD monitors Laptops
(16 MtCO2e) (333 MtCO2e)
Desktops with Desktops with
CRT monitors LCD monitors

Desktops with CRT monitors represented Laptops will represent 22% of the total ICT
44% of the total ICT footprint (91% of 49%). footprint (52% of 42%).

Desktops with LCD monitors and laptops Desktops with LCD monitors will represent
represented 4% of the total ICT footprint 20% of the total ICT footprint (48% of 42%).
(8% of 49%).

Fig. 4.1 The global data centre footprint
MtCO2e

Use
2002 76 Embodied

A Increased number of servers and
Growth along 349 their necessary power and cooling
current trends from 18 million to 122 million*
B No increase in power consumption
due to new generation technologies
Power 0 across server classes†
consumption C Savings from expected adoption
Impacts of expected of measures (27% efficiency due
technology 166 to virtualisation and 18% due to
developments smart cooling and broad operating
temperature envelope )

2020 259

BAU

*Based on IDC estimates until 2011 and trend extrapolation to 2020, excluding virtualisation.
†Power consumption per server kept constant over time.


30
This category includes blade servers. achieved through a combination of increased collection of servers, storage devices, network
31
Assessments based on data made energy efficiency and longer product life, but will equipment, power supplies, fans and other
available by GeSI companies for the
purposes of this report.
necessitate changes comparable in scale to that cooling equipment – which provide information
32
The net zero increase shown in Row B
enabled by the shift from desktops to laptops. at our fingertips, supplying business, government,
is due to the adoption of volume servers There could also be breakthrough academia and consumers around the world.
which incorporate technologies such as
multi-core/multi-threading microprocessors
technologies around the corner that would In 2002, the global data centre
with more sophisticated power-state transform how PCs use energy. Examples include footprint, including equipment use and embodied
sensing and management. Additionally, the
rapid adoption of newer processor micro-
solid state hard drives, which could reduce energy carbon, was 76 MtCO2e and this is expected to
architectures has refreshed the installed consumption by up to 50%, choleristic LCD more than triple by 2020 to 259 MtCO2e – making
base of servers with a more power-efficient
silicon transistor technology.
screens that reduce monitor energy consumption it the fastest-growing contributor to the ICT
33
IDC analysis predicts 83 million servers
by up to 80% and direct methanol fuel cells that sector’s carbon footprint, at 7% pa in relative
will be needed in 2020 if virtualisation can deliver 20% savings for power supplies. terms (Fig. 4.1).
effects are included.
Other areas of research such as
quantum and optical computing could also have a Calculating the data centre footprint in 2020
substantial impact. These have not been factored If growth continues in line with demand, the
into the carbon emission calculations because world will be using 122 million servers in 2020,
their impact within the timeframe is uncertain. up from 18 million today. In addition to this 9%
pa increase in server numbers, there will be a shift
Data centres from high-end servers (mainframes) to volume
In the “information age” there is a vast amount servers,30 the least expensive kind of server that
of data that is stored and instantly made available can handle much of the computational needs of
upon request. Users of these data range from businesses. Row A of Fig. 4.1 shows the increase
companies complying with the recent Sarbanes– in footprint that would be expected by simply
Oxley accounting data legislation to consumers scaling up today’s data centre technology without
watching YouTube videos, to the processing and the application of virtualisation technologies in
storage capabilities required for climate change data centres.
modelling. This has led to a vast increase in the Power consumption differs by server
number of data centres – buildings that house a type but, like PCs, no increase in overall

Fig. 4.2 Composition of data centre footprint
Global data centre emissions %

2002 2020
100% = 76 17% 100% = 259 18%
MtCO2e MtCO2e
36%
Volume servers Volume servers
52%
Cooling systems Cooling systems
(24 MtCO2e) (70 MtCO2e) 21%
Power systems 32% Power systems
Mid-range servers Storage systems
(5 MtCO2e) (18 MtCO2e) 7%
6%
Storage systems 5% 3% High end servers
High end servers Mid-range servers 1% 1%

Volume servers represented 5% of the total Volume servers will represent 9% of the
ICT footprint (36% of 14%). total ICT footprint (52% of 18%).

Data centre cooling systems represented 4% Data centre cooling systems will represent
of the total ICT footprint (32% of 14%). 4% of the total ICT footprint (21% of 18%).


consumption is expected in the coming years, down the air conditioning. Similarly, in climates 34
Estimates based on Koomey, J.G. (2007),
‘Estimated Total Power Consumption
in spite of increased processing demand.31 where the outside temperature allows, simply by Servers in the U.S. and the World’,
This is due mainly to new technologies in all directing external air into the data centre can save http://enterprise.amd.com/Downloads/
svrpwrusecompletefinal.pdf.
types of servers32 and explains the net zero cooling costs for much of the year. By allowing the
35
Uptime Institute and McKinsey &
change in Row B. temperature of the data centre to fluctuate along Company (2008), Revolutionizing Data
A major trend driving down the overall a broader operating temperature range, a 24% Center Efficiency—Key Analyses, http://
uptimeinstitute.org/content/view/168/57
growth in the footprint of data centres (Row C) is reduction in energy consumption from cooling is
virtualisation – pooling assets such as computing possible. Distributing low voltage direct current
and storage where utilisation is low, so they can (DC) into the data centre would eliminate the
be used across the enterprise and beyond. need for mechanical back-up, uninterruptible
Virtualisation represents a radical rethinking of power supply units.
how to deliver the services of data centres, By 2020, the net footprint for data
pooling resources that are underutilised and could centres is predicted to be 259 MtCO2e. At this
reduce emissions by 27% – equivalent to 111 point, volume servers will represent more than
MtCO2e.33 Technologies are also available to detect 50% of the data centre footprint (174 MtCO2e)
where within the data centre temperatures are and cooling systems for data centres alone will
running high and to direct cooling to those areas amount to 4% of the total ICT footprint (Fig. 4.2).
thus delivering a 12% reduction in cooling costs.
By 2020, the analysis predicted that these Reducing data centre emissions further
measures could achieve an approximate 18% Additional emission reductions not included in
reduction (55 MtCO2e) in consumption. the current 2020 BAU scenario are possible.
Only about half of the energy used by Complete adoption of the cooling technologies
data centres powers the servers and storage; the noted above would result in additional savings
rest is needed to run back-up, uninterruptible of 65 MtCO2e in 2020.
power supplies (5%) and cooling systems (45%).34 Higher adoption rates of virtualisation
There are a number of ways to reduce this energy architectures and low energy cooling would help
overhead, some of which are expected to be achieve step changes in efficiency. Current
adopted by 2020. The simplest way is to turn utilisation rates of servers, storage and other

Fig. 5 Global telecoms footprint
(devices and infrastructure)
Global telecoms emissions %

2002 2020
100% = 151 12% 100% = 349 15%
20%
MtCO2e MtCO2e
Mobile 42% Mobile
Fixed narrowband 91% Fixed narrowband 14%
Telecom devices 43% Telecom devices
Fixed broadband Fixed broadband 51%
3%

Mobile phones represented 3% of the total Mobile phones will represent 1% of the
ICT footprint (11% of 30%). total ICT footprint (6% of 25%).

Fixed broadband represented 1% of the Mobile phones will represent 13% of the
total ICT footprint (3% of 30%). total ICT footprint (51% of 25%)

Fixed broadband will represent 4% of the
total ICT footprint (14% of 25%)


assets in the data centre worldwide are low Telecoms infrastructure and devices
(6% average server utilisation, 56% facility Increased mobile phone and internet use over
utilisation) and vary dramatically depending the past few years has driven a parallel increase
on the installation.35 If, for example, a 20% in telecoms infrastructure. Fixed-line,
reduction below 2002 emission levels were to narrowband and voice accounts are expected to
be achieved, this would entail an increase in remain fairly constant overall, but the number
efficiency of 86% globally. Though it may be of broadband accounts – operated by both
possible to achieve 86% efficiency in one data telecoms and cable operators37 – will more than
centre by more efficient virtualisation double 2007-2020 and mobile accounts38 will
architectures and changing the data centre almost double during the same period. From
location to reduce cooling needs, adoption of 2002, the growth in telecoms emissions has
best practice has its challenges. And although grown from 150 MtCO2e in 2002 to 300 MtCO2e
36
Green Grid data centre efficiency metrics the cost of energy is high, companies are not in 2007 and is expected to reach 350 MtCO2e
such as power usage effectiveness (PUE)
and data centre infrastructure efficiency
often organised so that the person paying for in 2020.
(DCiE) can help operators improve the IT equipment is also paying for the energy The relative share of telecoms devices
efficiency and reduce costs, http://www.
thegreengrid.org/
consumption of that equipment. remains fairly constant, but the mobile network
37
Cable accounts providing broadband but
However there is a significant will come to dominate the overall telecoms
not cable TV. consolidation trend that may help in dealing footprint by 2020 (Fig. 5).
38
Mobile analysis includes both voice with the existing or legacy data centre impact.
and data. It includes a range of existing
technologies, GSM, CDMA, EDGE, 3G, etc.
Also, organisational attitudes are changing as Telecoms devices
costs of operating a data centre surpass the initial The use of mobile phones, chargers, internet
investment in equipment and as the data centre protocol TV (IPTV) boxes and home broadband
operation becomes a larger share of a company’s routers is set to increase over the next 12 years,
overall energy costs. Companies now have a due in the most part to growth in China and India,
number of options for computing services, which where the middle classes will catch up with the
shift costs from the enterprise to an external current telecoms penetration of developed
provider that can potentially deliver these countries. The telecoms devices global footprint
capabilities with economies of scale and at higher was 18 MtCO2e in 2002 and is expected to
energy efficiency. The “software as a service” increase almost threefold to 51 MtCO2e by 2020,39
business model allows companies to access key driven mainly by rises in the use of broadband
enterprise applications such as customer modems/routers and IPTV boxes, which will
relationship management databases or expand from a small user base (Fig. 6).
collaboration tools via a web browser, with
no need to host their own data centre facilities. Calculating the telecoms devices’ footprint
Companies can also pay to use server space in 2020
on demand to build their own applications and In 2002, there were 1.1 billion mobile accounts.
websites, the way one would pay monthly for This is set to increase to 4.8 billion in 2020 and is
electricity or water, known as ‘utility the largest source of global telecom footprint
computing’. These are both simple examples of emissions. Increased access to broadband will also
what is more generally called ‘cloud computing’, have an impact – the number of routers will grow
centralised and highly scalable services that from 67 million in 2002 to 898 million in 2020.
could lead to further capacity to virtualise or Increasingly, broadband is also accessed over IPTV
consolidate resources with breakthrough gains boxes. Although none of these was sold in 2002,
in energy efficiency. if current trends continue 385 million may be in
Predicting the pace and intensity of use by 2020.40 The total impact of these increases
these virtualisation trends is difficult, but the is set out in Row A of Fig. 6.
industry is well aware of the huge efficiency The majority of emissions from mobile
opportunity. Initiatives such as the Green Grid, devices come from standby mode, the power
a global consortium dedicated to data centre (sometimes known as phantom power) used by
efficiency and information service delivery, chargers that are plugged in but not in use.
working towards new operating standards Unlike PCs and data centres, the overall
and best practices, has attracted support from consumption of telecoms devices is set to decrease
the industry.36 over the 2020 timeframe because ‘smart chargers’


Fig. 6 The global telecoms devices footprint
MtCO2e

IPTV Broadband Mobile Use
boxes modems phones Embodied

2002 0 11 2 3 13 16

Growth along 6 14 20 8 13 21 9 40 50
current trends

Change in power 9 9 5 5 44 44
consumption

2020 6 5 11 9 9 18 12 10 22

BAU

A Increased number of mobiles 1.1 billion to 4.8 billion, routers from 67 million to 898 million and IPTV boxes from 0 to 385 million

B Power consumption decreases due to smart chargers and 1W standby

(those that turn off when a device is not Telecoms infrastructure 39
Analysis included data from; Schaefer C.,
C. Weber and A. Voss (2003), ‘Energy usage
connected) and 1W (or lower) standby standards As the demand for telecoms devices grows so, of mobile telephone services in Germany’,
are rapidly becoming commonplace. The footprint inevitably, will the need for the infrastructure that Energy, Volume 28, Issue 5, pp411-420;
Bertoldi, Paulo (2007), ‘European Code
of mobile phones therefore increases 4%, given supports it. This growth is due not only to of Conduct for Broadband Equipment’,
that a sharp decrease in charger consumption increases in the number of broadband and mobile European Commission DG JRC, http://
www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-t/oth/09/05/
offsets the growth in number of accounts. accounts in emerging economies, but is also to the T09050000010004PDFE.pdf
Broadband routers and IPTV boxes increase their sharing of videos and games and other peer-to- 40
Figures based on Yankee Group and
footprint comparatively more thanks to higher peer content exchange. IDC estimates and McKinsey trend
extrapolation. Embodied carbon from
penetration from a small base today (Row B). The telecoms infrastructure footprint, manufacturing and distribution estimated
Mobile phones will contribute a including ongoing energy use and carbon from manufacturer studies for mobile
phones and from laptop comparisons for
smaller share of the telecoms devices’ footprint embodied in the infrastructure, was 133 MtCO2e other devices.
in 2020, if predicted power consumption in 2002. This is expected to more than double to
reductions from smart chargers and standby 299 MtCO2e by 2020, a growth rate of 5% pa41
modes materialise. (Fig. 7).

Reducing telecoms devices’ emissions further Calculating the telecoms infrastructure
The footprint of telecoms devices can be reduced footprint in 2020
further if devices produce fewer emissions in A key contributor to carbon emissions in 2020
manufacturing, or if less – and greener – will be mobile networks, driven largely by the
electricity is used by the device during its lifetime. increase in base stations and mobile switching
Attractive offers that allow service upgrades centres. However, emissions from networks
without trading the phone in are already cannot be calculated based on the hardware used
increasing the life of the mobile device itself. in the network alone, nor were data available
Some companies have announced that they will from each provider on specifically how much
experiment with more custom ordering of phones, energy their networks consumed. Therefore, the
so that only the requested features are built into analysis used the reported energy consumption
the physical device, lowering the carbon of eight telecoms providers and the increased
emissions that are due to manufacturing. number of mobile, fixed and broadband accounts
– from 2.3 billion in 2002 to 7 billion in 2020 –


Fig. 7 The global telecoms infrastructure footprint
MtCO2e

Use
Embodied
2002 45 88 133

Growth along 86 170 256
current trends

Change in power 30 60 90
consumption and
embodied carbon

2020 101 198 299

BAU

A Increased number of accounts from 2.3 billion to 7 billion (fixed, broadband and mobile)*

B Decrease in power consumption and embodied carbon due to expected adoption of efficiency measures

*Based on Yankee estimates until 2011 and trend extrapolation to 2020.

to calculate the overall footprint of the network. the impact of the adoption of interconnected
The total was 256 MtCO2e: see Row A of Fig. 7. devices and the network services they deliver.
The uncertainty in the telecoms figures This will enable them to plan for significant
is worth noting. Looking at the eight providers, energy efficiency improvement. The analysis
the analysis found a wide range in the energy therefore took expected growth in the number of
consumed per subscriber per year – anywhere consumer connections as a proxy for growth
from 23 kWh to 109 kWh, even when the across the entire telecoms network.
composition of services offered by the operator Overall, a decrease in power
was similar.42 consumption of telecoms networks per user is
There could be a number of reasons for expected, owing to the adoption of efficiency
this. First, the operators offering similar services measures and is included in the 2020 footprint.
may configure their networks differently. They For example, mobile infrastructure technologies
42
A figure of 50kWh per year per may also outsource parts of the network that currently available include network optimisation
subscriber was therefore used to calculate consume energy, including the entire transmission packages which can reduce energy consumption
the footprint.
43
Abatements included network
and switching components of the network in the by 44% and solar-powered base stations, which
optimisation packages (44% reduction in case of virtual operators and therefore don’t could reduce carbon emissions by 80%.43 The
energy consumption possible, 80% expected report on the energy consumption of external expected adoption of these measures by 2020
adoption by 2020), more efficient base
station amplifiers (9% reduction in energy providers along their value chain. In addition, the would lead to the avoidance of almost 60 MtCO2e
consumption possible, 50% expected energy consumption of some network providers is in 2020 (Row B).
adoption by 2020), advanced standby
power management (15% reduction in dominated by services offered to businesses and Figures from one European telecoms
energy consumption possible, 50% expected governments rather than consumers. company show that electricity use per
adoption by 2020), night battery operation
(50% reduction in energy consumption In general, the distribution of energy information unit decreased between 2003 and
possible, 10% expected adoption by 2020) consumption within the telecoms network is 2005 by 39% pa but this has been more than
and solar-powered base stations (81%
reduction in energy consumption possible, poorly understood and the impact of further negated by an increase in bandwidth
10% expected adoption by 2020). adoption of interconnected devices is unknown. requirements of 50% annually.
. However, telecom operators are beginning to use This will continue to be the case:
new network management tools to better expected significant improvements in the energy
understand the distribution of energy efficiency of base stations, routers, switches and
consumption within the telecoms network, other network infrastructure equipment are


unlikely to compensate for the increase in overall Next generation networks (NGN) were not
demand. Therefore, though total energy use and explicitly included in the analysis as there was
associated emissions will continue to rise, it is little consistent data globally on NGN energy
decoupled from the growth in users of the reductions. But in some countries, NGN will be
equipment. rolled out before 2020, which could change the
projections in this section. In addition, there is
Reducing telecoms infrastructure currently a lot of discussion over next generation
emissions further access (NGA). This essentially means providing
Further abatements are possible that are not faster fixed-line access over fibre optics, rather
included in the current 2020 BAU scenario. For than copper, all the way to customer premises.
example, if the technologies discussed above were Again there was insufficient whole life data to
100% adopted, an additional saving of 42 MtCO2e include this in the analysis. Over time both these
could be achieved in 2020. However, it is not technologies could deliver further carbon
always possible to implement these technologies reduction, but there could be an increase in
at scale. For example, it is not currently cost emissions over the transition period.
effective to implement night battery operation Additional emissions abatement could
and solar-powered base stations can be used only be realised by changing the network design to
in certain climates. optimise overall network consumption and by
Natural ventilation is already being rolling out the most energy and carbon-efficient
used by some operators and would reduce the network architecture available today. Older
need to cool the base station and core network networks in developed countries continue to
equipment. In addition, companies are be supported; however, this is not the case in
experimenting with “network sharing”, which the emerging markets where greenfield and
reduces the need to construct new networks, “leapfrogging” technology adoption needs to be
and tracking the energy consumption reduction geared to low carbon infrastructure. The full
benefits. Clarification on best practices in these potential of the best available technology today is
areas is expected. unlikely to be realised without cost incentives for
consumers or other types of policy intervention.
Green power generation
The direct carbon footprint of the ICT sector The challenge of reducing the ICT
is dominated by electricity consumption, so sector’s footprint
an obvious way to reduce emissions is to use The invention of the transistor in the 1950s
as much electricity as possible from marked the dawn of the digital age. It introduced
renewable sources. personal computing on the one hand and high-
ICT companies can do this by capacity, fixed and mobile telecommunications on
purchasing renewable electricity, by installing the other. The convergence of these technologies
renewable generation on their sites and by is most evident in the ubiquitous internet.
making renewable electricity integral to their In 1965 Gordon Moore observed that
products. the density of transistors in integrated circuits
The sector can also encourage was doubling every 18 months. Now famously
policy makers to create the right regulatory known as Moore’s Law, this phenomenon has
and fiscal environment to encourage continued to the present day and has meant that
investment in large-scale renewable the energy consumption per bit of information
generation as this will ultimately lead to a processed or transmitted has fallen by many
reduction in the ‘in use’ phase of the ICT orders of magnitude.
product life cycle. However, absolute growth in the use of
In fact, as outlined in Chapter 3 digital technologies in developed world economies
(smart grids), the sector is uniquely placed to has led to an ever - increasing carbon footprint.
partner with power companies to optimise And, as this analysis shows, without major
the existing electricity grid to allow more paradigm shifts in technological development,
efficient power distribution and enable the the growth in both usage and footprint is likely
use of more renewable or green power. to continue as more and more people worldwide
enter the digital age.


As this analysis shows, without major paradigm
shifts in technological development, the growth
in both usage and footprint is likely to continue
as more and more people worldwide enter the
digital age.

44
Green Electronics Council’s standard for In the course of this study it became apparent not include maximum efficiency as part of
PCs that goes beyond Energy Star.
that it is easier to identify the carbon footprint their buying specification.
of an individual piece of ICT hardware such as Once more is known about the
a mobile phone, or even a dedicated collection performance of products and services, the
of technology capabilities, such as a data centre, next step is to improve them. There may be
than it is complex and converged network technological or market reasons why this
services – such as broadband – delivered to remains a challenge. For example, constant
consumers, businesses and government. radical innovation is required to keep making
Creating a standardised methodology for the processors more efficient. Some efficiency
evaluation of whole life carbon footprints of both gains could be made outside companies’ direct
ICT products and services would provide better control – in supply chains for instance – but
information to businesses and customers. there is a lack of understanding about how to
In turn, this would help create customer pull achieve these.
for clean technology which would drive Companies may be able to increase the
further innovation. energy efficiency of devices at little or moderate
Although ICT offers many ways of additional cost, but there is little point if
reducing emissions in other sectors, the sheer consumers can’t assess which products are the
scale of the challenge involved in stabilising the most efficient. Work in this area is ongoing -
climate means that the sector also needs to step PC labelling schemes such as Energy Star and
up its efforts in reducing its direct footprint. Electronic Product Environmental Assessment
Whilst much has been done and some ambitious Tool (EPEAT)44 in the US help. This report cannot
targets have already been set by a number of detail all the activities currently underway, but
companies, (Appendix 4) the urgency of the the surge in interest in “Green IT” over recent
situation calls for the ICT industry to use all of months is likely to bring many more options for
its high-technology creativity to reduce the businesses and consumers.
energy consumption of its products and services But while efficiency of the ICT sector’s
as much as it can. own products must be actively pursued, the
There are a number of barriers impact on the overall economy – in energy
preventing the ICT sector from making further efficiency and dematerialisation – could yield
efficiency gains. emissions savings that are five times larger than
One of the biggest challenges is its own footprint, close to 8 GtCO2e, if all enabling
overcoming the lack of information about the opportunities are adopted. Communications
emissions impacts of products and services, technologies and services would provide an
especially in the context of complex enabling platform that systematically delivers
configurations and integration. In the case of efficiency and replaces high - carbon activities
telecoms networks, telecoms providers often with alternatives wherever possible. Realising
don’t know the energy consumption of this opportunity is a different sort of challenge,
specific services. There are also agency issues as it involves cross-sectoral partnerships and
to overcome. For example, the person buying new business models, but will be a crucial
the company’s servers may not be responsible component of the transition to a low
for their operating costs and therefore may carbon economy.

SMART 2020: Enabling the low carbon The enabling effect

03: The enabling effect

45
A number of studies in the past decade The ICT sector has a powerful role to play in detail regarding the regulatory and market
have looked at the role of ICT (particularly,
broadband, IT services and mobile
addressing climate change by enabling other context for realising the emissions reductions.
communications) in energy efficiency and sectors, such as transport, buildings, power and
climate change solutions including: their
effects on the productivity of the economy;
industry, to become more efficient.45 Although Dematerialisation
their ability to replace high carbon products the ICT sector’s own emissions will rise as global Dematerialisation – the substitution of high
and activities with alternatives; and their
role in monitoring and environmental
demand for products and services increases, carbon products and activities with low
management. Though far from an these are estimated to be five times less than carbon alternatives e.g. replacing face-to-face
exhaustive list, see for example: Laitner,
S (2008), Information and Communication
the emissions that can be reduced through the meetings with videoconferencing, or paper with
Technologies: The Power of Productivity, “enabling effect.” e-billing – could play a substantial role in
American Council for an Energy Efficient
Economy (ACEEE); Romm, J (1999) The
To realise this opportunity will require reducing emissions.
Internet Economy and Global Warming, a radical transformation of current infrastructure: Fig. 8 shows that dematerialisation
The Global Environment and Technology
Foundation (GETF); Pamlin, D. And K.
companies will need to identify and monitor could be responsible for reducing emissions by
Szomolanyi (2006) Saving the Climate @ energy use and employ the data obtained to 500MtCO2e (detailed assumptions in Appendix 3),
the Speed of Light, WWF and ETNO;
Mallon, K. (2007), Towards a High-
become more efficient and ultimately transform just less than Australia’s total emissions in 2005.47
Bandwidth, Low-Carbon Future: the way they operate throughout value chains, However, as in all cases, there is some
Telecommunications-based Opportunities to
Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Climate
cities, regions and whole countries. ICT underpins uncertainty about the exact emissions reduction
Risk and Telstra; Fuhr, J.P. and S.B. Pociask, many of these mechanisms. figure because of the unpredictability of
(2007), Broadband Services: Economic and
Environmental Benefits, The American
This report is the first to put a value technology adoption and development. For
Consumer Institute; ITU (2008), ICTs for on the global opportunity. It found that ICT instance, the “paperless” office has failed to
e-Environment.
46
could reduce global carbon emissions by 7.8 materialise and telecommuting and first-
Additional opportunities (e.g. forestry
monitoring applications) in other areas
GtCO2e by 2020 (from an assumed total of 51.9 generation videoconferencing have not been
where emissions are high – such as land use GtCO2e if we remain on a BAU trajectory), an adopted as widely as expected. On the other
– could increase the mitigation potential,
but because of the much greater complexity
amount five times larger than its own carbon hand, dematerialisation could have a larger
involved they were not included in the footprint. Savings from avoided electricity and than predicted impact from other future
analysis.
47
fuel consumption would reach ¤600 billion technological breakthroughs, not yet identified,
Australian Government Department of
Climate Change (2008), National Inventory
($946.5 billion). Fig. 8 shows the opportunity that substantially change the way people live
Report 2005 (Revised) – Volume 1; ICT has to reduce emissions by sector. and work.
The Australian Government Submission to
the UN Framework Convention on Climate
This chapter looks at five major Like e-commerce, e-government
Change, http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/ opportunities for reducing emissions – could have a significant impact on reducing
inventory/
dematerialisation, smart motor systems, smart GHG emissions through the dematerialisation
logistics, smart buildings and smart grids – and of public service delivery – particularly in
in each case identifies the role for ICT and the countries where government constitutes a large
hurdles to be overcome if the full potential is to share of the overall economy. For example,
be realised.46 These opportunities were chosen many paper-based services can be moved into
based on the potential for ICT to drive emissions the digital environment and situations where
reductions in key regions around the world where face-to-face interaction has been previously
the best data were available. required (e.g. to prove identity) can be done
Aside from dematerialisation, which virtually. There are also major energy efficiency
this report looks at in a global context, a specific gains to be achieved in the governmental supply
region was chosen to demonstrate the other chain. While many countries have already begun
opportunities. This was done to provide further to implement e-government, the huge potential


Fig. 8 ICT: The enabling effect
1.68
S
GtCO2e mar
tb uild
i ng
s

ics 0.22

ist
7.8 GtCO2e of ICT-enabled
log
1.30
abatements are possible out of art
Sm

the total BAU emissions in 2020
2
1.5

(51.9 GtCO2e) 1.68

The SMART opportunities
Transport
including dematerialisation 0.5 Buildings
were analysed in depth 2.2
2.4
Industry 0.14
Smart motors 0.22
Industrial process automation 0.16
Dematerialisation* (reduce production
of DVDs, paper)

2.03 Sm
0.1 1.1 0.28
Transport 2.1
Smart logistics Industry

art g
ses

Private transport optimisation
0.68
oces

id r
Dematerialisation (e-commerce,
videoconferencing, teleworking) Power
pr
rial

Efficient vehicles (plug-ins and smart cars)
ust

Traffic flow monitoring, planning
nd

and simulation 0.29
di

1.75
an

Buildings
ors

Smart logistics†
ot

0.4
m

Smart buildings rt
Dematerialisation (teleworking) ma
7S 0.1
Smart grid‡ 0.9

Power
Smart grid
Efficient generation of power,
combined heat and power (CHP) *Dematerialisation breaks down into all sectors except power. See detailed assumptions in Appendix 3.
†Reduces warehousing space needed through reduction in inventory. See Appendix 3.
‡Reduces energy used in the home through behaviour change. See Appendix 3.

of the low carbon public sector model remains Currently the largest opportunity identified
significantly untapped. within dematerialisation is teleworking – where
Various dematerialisation applications people work from home rather than commute into
where the most data were available are looked at an office. Although other dematerialisation
below to identify the opportunities for mitigating opportunities may come to prominence in the
emissions and the hurdles that prevent this future, based on historic trends, the analysis
potential from being realised. found that teleworking would have the largest
impact, up to 260 MtCO2e savings each year
The opportunity (detailed assumptions in Appendix 3). For
Dematerialisation can be applied to a range of example, in the US, if up to 30 million people
current everyday practices and ultimately reduce could work from home, emissions could be
the number of material objects that need to be reduced 75-100 MtCO2e in 2030, comparable to
produced. Online billing, media and music, likely reductions from other measures such as
replacing paper and CDs all, reduce the emissions fuel efficient vehicles.48
associated with their manufacture and External case studies seem to bear
distribution. Fig. 9 shows the impacts of these this out, but are not globally conclusive.49
technologies on global emissions. A UK Department of Transport study found


Fig 9. The impact of dematerialisation
GtCO2e

Total of 0.46 out of 0.02
BAU 51.9 GtCO2e in 0.03
2020
0.07
Online media
E-commerce
E-paper
Videoconferencing 0.26
Telecommuting
0.08

Source: Expert interviews, January-March 2008

48
Comparison based on abatement potential that teleworking reduces the commuting car Dematerialisation could also reduce emissions
as outline in Enkvist P., T. Naucler and
J. Rosander (2007), ‘A Cost Curve for mileage travelled by teleworkers by 48-77% indirectly by influencing employees’ behaviour,
Greenhouse Gas Reduction’, The McKinsey which, taking into account some increases in building greater awareness of climate change and
Quarterly, Number 1.
49
domestic travel, represents an 11-19%50 reduction creating a low carbon culture throughout
TIAX (2007), ‘The Energy and Greenhouse
Gas Emissions of Telecommuting and in both mileage and trips. businesses, though these impacts are less
e-Commerce’, Consumer Electronics What the existing case studies show quantifiable. Dematerialisation at the very least
Association; Matthews H.S. and E.T.
Williams (2005), ‘Assessing Opportunities is that the impact of working from home varies provides alternatives, allowing individuals to
for ICT to Contribute to Sustainable depending on the amount of time spent at home control their carbon footprint in a very direct way.
Development’, DG Information, Society and
Media, European Commission. and the efficiency of the economy in which First adopters could enable the cultural shifts
50
UK Department of Transport, ‘Smarter teleworking is introduced. For example, if a necessary for ICT-enabled energy efficiency to
Choices’, http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/ significant number of people worked from home take hold in the broader economy.
sustainable/smarterchoices/
51
more than three days a week, this could lead to
Gartner; Matthews H.S. and E.T. Williams
(2005), Assessing Opportunities for ICT to energy savings of 20-50%, even with the increase Hurdles to adoption
Contribute to Sustainable Development, DG in energy used at home or non-commuter travel. While dematerialisation undoubtedly has the
Information, Society and Media, European
Commission; TIAX (2007) The Energy and Home-working allows employers to use or build potential to play a significant role in reducing
Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Telecommuting smaller offices that require less energy to emissions, it has had limited impact so far, mainly
and e-Commerce, Consumer Electronics
Association. construct and maintain. However, the impact is owing to low adoption rates. In 2005, only 1-2%
52
TelCoa - The Telework Coalition, Greater much lower if take-up is lower than three days of the US workforce teleworked,51 and many
Washington DC Telecommuting Online a week because it would still be necessary to employers remain unsure about the technology.
Survey Findings May 2003, http://www.
telcoa.org/id110.htm maintain office space for periodic home-workers. According to a survey by US teleworking
Also, in efficient countries, such as Japan, the coalition, TelCoa, 54% of companies thought that
impact of teleworking may be reduced. teleworking made it difficult for employees to
Tele- and videoconferencing – collaborate and 46% thought it made it harder to
conducting meetings online or on the phone manage employee performance.52
instead of face-to-face – could also reduce Though technological barriers are not
emissions. Previous conservative estimates have generally perceived as a major barrier to adoption,
suggested that tele- and videoconferencing could improvements here could contribute to a more
replace between 5 and 20% of global business positive attitude towards the technology.
travel. Advanced videoconferencing applications Many companies are still unwilling to adopt
in the early stage of adoption could have a very dematerialisation technology at higher rates
significant impact in highly distributed service because it requires adopting new ways of working
industry environments in both the private and with significant cultural shifts. Yet if it could be
public sectors. demonstrated that this new way was better and


easy to adapt to, adoption rates would improve. The next generation of professionals are 53
Economist Intelligence Unit (2008),
Managing the Company’s Carbon
There are signs that these attitudes already equipped with the tools and knowledge Footprint: The Emerging Role of ICT,
are changing. The Economist Intelligence Unit to take dematerialisation forward, attending to http://www.viewswire.com/report_
dl.asp?mode=fi&fi=1723298157.PDF&rf=0
recently launched a report based on a series of many activities and aspects of their lives 54
Technology may be a barrier, but was not
interviews with businesses that highlighted the online. Studies on the networking and mobile identified as such in this analysis. However,
low instance of including ICT technologies in use of 10- to 16-year-olds shows that they are 10 Mbit/second access is more readily
available to about one third of households
climate change strategies. The report is optimistic actively using collaborative technologies and in Western Europe and Asia, much less so in
that in the next few years this could change may develop very different ways of working North America or Eastern Europe.
dramatically, but this will require a different in the future.55 55
Boyd, Danah. (2007) ‘Why Youth (Heart)
Social Network Sites: The Role of Networked
approach from businesses and governments.53 But, as noted earlier, the carbon Publics in Teenage Social Life.’ in David
In terms of the broader emission reduction opportunity that Buckingham (ed.), MacArthur Foundation
Series on Digital Learning – Youth, Identity
dematerialisation opportunities outside the dematerialisation offers is relatively small and DigitalMedia Volume, (Cambridge, MA:
workplace, the challenge comes from the current compared with the mitigation opportunities to be MIT Press).
global infrastructure. It does not yet support found in applications that cover larger emissions
high-quality and affordable internet service to bases for enabling greater efficiency in other
all consumers and businesses, though there are industrial sectors. For example, emissions globally
significant regional variations: most households from commuters and the buildings that support
in Europe and North America are not equipped them is 830 MtCO2e, so an ambitious 31%
to receive high quality digital services,54 Asia implementation of teleworking yields 260 Mt
Pacific and the rest of the emerging markets CO2e emissions savings. On the other hand,
are leapfrogging old technologies and installing reducing 15% of the 4.6 GtCO2e emitted by
high-speed broadband as standard, which makes industrial activity would yield 680 MtCO2e
a shift towards a dematerialised way of life easier. of savings globally.
The efficiency opportunities in
Overcoming the hurdles industry, transport, power and buildings created
There are a number of solutions to combat these by ICT (7.3 GtCO2e in total) are covered in more
challenges, some of which are already being detail below.
implemented. They include:
SMART motor systems
• Developing company /institution blueprints for Motor systems – devices that convert electricity
telecommuting that can be piloted and rolled into mechanical power – lie at the heart of
out in phases global industrial activity. These include
• Analysing where substitution could have the transformers such as those used in compressors
most impact and providing governments with and pumps and variable speed drives (VSD) used
the information they need to develop effective in conveyor belts and elevators. Though invisible
policy to promote these solutions to most of us, these devices are crucial to the
• Cities and national governments taking a leading manufacturing sector and, as this sector expands,
role in promoting the delivery of broadband so does energy demand. Carbon emissions as
infrastructure, supporting advanced a result of energy used by the growing
collaboration technologies and building remote manufacturing industry in regions such as China
working sites just outside city centres. increase still further, as most of the electricity
required will be generated using carbon-intensive
What is at stake? coal-fired power stations.56
The opportunity for dematerialisation to reduce
carbon emissions could be substantial – The global context
500 Mt CO2e in 2020 – but its effectiveness Industrial activity is one of the largest
depends on behavioural changes, which makes contributors to global emissions, responsible for
it hard to assess how quickly its true potential 23% of total emissions in 2002 (9.2 GtCO2e).
will be realised. It uses nearly half of all global electrical power
In addition, future social change generated, industrial motor systems using the
facilitated by near-ubiquitous connectivity majority (65%) and by 2020, motor systems will
(mobile or broadband), could enable greater be responsible for 7% of global carbon emissions
emissions reductions than this report suggests. (Fig. 10.1).


Fig 10.1. SMART motor systems: The global impact
in 2020
GtCO2e

Total emissions BAU 0.29
in 2020 = 51.9 GtCO2e
Total emissions from power used by 6.5 0.97
industrial systems
Total ICT smart motor system
0.68
abatements
ICT-driven automation in key
industrial processes
Optimisation of variable speed motor
systems

56
About 70% of power consumed in China ICT could play a significant role in mitigating motor system efficiency. The ICT sector has
is generated by coal – China Statistical
Yearbook, 2006.
global carbon emissions from motor systems and additional roles to play. Simulation software is
57
Government of New South Wales,
industrial process optimisation, up to 970 MtCO2e required to help improve plant and manufacturing
Energy Smart Business Program, http:// in 2020. These opportunities are not going process design. Wireless networks that allow
www.energysmart.com.au/wes/default.
asp?&t=200852216
unnoticed – initiatives such as Energy Smart57 inter-machine and system communication,
58
BC Hydro, Power Smart for Business,
in Australia, BC Hydro’s Power Smart58 in Canada would improve efficiency across an entire
http://www.bchydro.com/business/ and Motor Decisions Matter59 in the US are all factory. Fig. 10.2 summarises the role ICT
pspartner/pspartner51113.html
working with businesses to identify optimal use could play in improving motor and industrial
59
Consortium for Energy Efficiency, Inc.,
Motor Decisions Matter, http://www.
of smart motors in their processes and the carbon system efficiency.
motorsmatter.org/index.html and economic savings are substantial. Indeed, The opportunities for industry in
60
Government of New South Wales, Energy the Energy Smart Business Program states that adopting ICT-driven improvements to reduce their
Smart Business Program: Unlocking Energy
Efficiency Opportunities in the Industrial
properly sized, energy efficient motors with climate impact are clear – perhaps nowhere more
Sector, http://www.energysmart.com.au/ electronic VSD and improved gears, belts, so than in countries where business is booming.
wes/images/pdf/technical_paper_heavy_
industrial_final.pdf
bearings and lubricants use only 40% as much Given that much of the growth in industrial
61
IEA (2007), Tracking Industrial Energy
energy as standard systems and, in financial energy demand has been in emerging economies,
Efficiency and CO2 Emissions, http://www. terms, with a four-year payback project, VSD with China alone accounting for about 80% of the
iea.org/Textbase/npsum/tracking2007SUM.
pdf
installations for the control of conveyors and growth in the last 25 years,61 the potential for
combustion and ventilation fans can deliver large-scale utilisation of smart motor systems
energy savings upwards of AUS$120 million will be greatest there.
(¤73 million/$115 million) a year.60
Smart motor systems in China
The opportunity: How ICT can help Manufacturing is the engine of China’s economic
Motors can be inefficient as they operate at full growth and will continue to be so until 2020, but
capacity, regardless of load. A motor is ‘smart’ even now it is struggling to cope with the heavy
when it can be controlled to adjust its power usage demand on its energy resources. Between 2004
to a required output, usually through a VSD and and 2006 there were serious power shortages and
intelligent motor controller (IMC), a piece of two years ago, 26 out of 31 mainland provinces
hardware controlling the VSD. cut power for industrial and residential customers.
There is a lack of information about Motor systems are part of the reason
energy consumption in motor systems and where for this: they currently use 70% of total industry
savings can be made within a factory. ICT’s main electricity consumption and are 20% less
role in the short term, therefore, will be to monitor energy efficient than those in Western countries.
energy use and provide data to businesses so they By 2020, industrial motor systems in China will
can make energy and cost savings by changing be responsible for 34% of power consumption
manufacturing systems. These data may also be and 10% of carbon emissions, or 1-2% of
useful for organisations setting standards for global emissions.62


Fig. 10.2 SMART motor systems: The role of ICT

Transform
Rethink
Standardise, • System intelligence and
integrated control of devices
Monitor & across the plant and the
Account • Optimisation of motor systems wider business
through using information on • Integration with sales and
required output of motor logistics
• Monitoring of energy system
consumption and energy • Optimisation of industrial Technologies and services
savings systems through receiving • Protocols for system
• Central repository of energy information at the factory level communication and
consumption data on actual output of all motor interoperability
• Transfer of energy systems in real time • Servers and storage to support
consumption data to local and • Remote and centralised control integrated control of devices
central governments for of VSDs (central intelligence • Wireless protocols for
regulatory compliance providing instructions to VSDs) machine-to-machine
• Analysis of energy communication (e.g. TCP/IP
consumption data Technologies and services for industrial systems)
• Simulation of systems by plant • Device integration in company
Technologies and services designers and operators and/or plant
• Chips and controllers for • Manufacturing process design • Tailored optimisation solutions
VSD intelligence technology for different sectors
• Digital meters and • Wired/wireless
components for real time communications between VSD
information and central control system
• Database collection of energy • Wired/wireless
audits integrated with communications between VSD
business software and rest of the plant
• Central collection of real time • Software to analyse and
energy data optimise design of motor and
• Interface with monitoring industrial system
agencies


“We cannot underestimate the potential influence
that wireless communications can bring to the
manufacturing process and control.” Electronic
Engineering Professor, Chinese University

62
Analysis includes data from IEA ICT has an important role to play in making have no incentives to install VSD.” Director of
(2007), ‘World Energy Outlook: China
and India Insights’; Enkvist P., T. Naucler
Chinese industry more efficient and with Information, Beijing Office, Electric Motor
and J. Rosander (2007), ‘A Cost Curve for government regulation aiming for a 20% increase industry Body
Greenhouse Gas Reduction’, The McKinsey
Quarterly, Number 1.
in energy efficiency by 2010 relative to 2005,
*
¤18,298/$28,885 - based on exchange
saving energy is high on the agenda for industry. Hurdles to adoption
rate figures obtained at http://www.xe.com There are a number hurdles preventing companies
on 9th June 2008 at ¤1=10.9300 RMB and
$1=6.92400 RMB respectively.
“We have spent RMB 200,000* on simulation from adopting smart motor technology. These are:
63
This assumes a replacement rate on
software. It helps us calculate the optimal value
historic trends of 10% per year. IEA for multiple variables in our steam network.” • Lack of capital for investment in the integrated
Industrial Motor Systems Efficiency
workshop (May 2006); Nadel S., W.
Manufacturing Planning Manager, Multinational automation and ICT technologies required
Wanxing, P. Liu, A. McKane (2001),‘The Auto Manufacturer • Poor awareness of the business case for
China Motor Systems Energy Conservation
Program’, LBNL.
reducing energy use through optimisation
Industrial energy use in China could be reduced • Reluctance to install technology for fear
by 10% by improving the efficiency of motor of disrupting production processes and
systems. VSDs, which control the frequency of losing revenue
electrical power supplied to the motor, thereby • A lack of capacity and skills to operate advanced
adjusting the rotation speed to the required automation technologies
output, are the most effective means of saving • A lack of nationwide standards or certification
energy - up to 25-30%. IMCs, which monitor the • Out-of-date infrastructure that can’t run
load condition of the motor and adjust the voltage new systems.
input accordingly, offer minor efficiency gains
(3-5%), but have the benefit of extending the “Even though there is a good business case,
motor lifespan, which reduces the number of new Chinese companies either do not trust the
motors required and therefore the manufacturing business case or take a short-term view. They
emissions associated with this. prefer upfront cash to promised future cash
The impact of these measures on flows.”Director, Environmental NGO
emissions reduction would be substantial. Motor
system optimisation alone could reduce China’s “The more you produce, the more you earn.
emissions by 200 MtCO2e by 2020.63 This is Manufacturing disruptions mean revenue
comparable to the total 2006 level emissions from losses.”Engineering Professor, Chinese University
the Netherlands.
Overcoming the hurdles in China
“Our research is focusing on tailored and There are a number of possible ways to overcome
integrated solutions for entire plants in different these hurdles. These include:
sectors.”Marketing Director, Leading Chinese
Automation Manufacturer • Providing benchmarking, showcasing the most
successful initiatives
“End users don’t directly buy small and medium- • Implementing automated auditing of the most
sized motors. They buy machines. Energy energy-intensive businesses, with aggressive
efficiency is not a major decision factor for these energy use reduction targets and target
end users. Therefore, machine manufacturers monitoring


• Creating government subsidies for best-in-class and mid-voltage, high-efficiency VSD.64 64
Analysis includes data from expert
interviews, January 2008.
technology adoption The Energy Foundation also invests in
65
IDC (2007)
• Providing low-interest loans to fund energy developing policies to improve energy efficiency
efficiency within industries and overcome institutional barriers. The
• Making financing mechanisms, such as energy International Finance Corporation (World Bank)
service companies (ESCOs), available to procure has a new China Utility-based Energy Efficiency
energy efficiency as a service Finance Program (CHUEE) with over $50 million
• Developing internationally recognised ICT (¤78.8 million) invested in many projects. In
architectural standards for integration of addition to this, further international funding
efficient motor systems to enable ICT platforms mechanisms could also be made available to
• Undertaking further research on the role of ICT provide support to this process.
and motor systems in industrial automation. There is also a nascent market for
ESCOs operating in China, financed by the
In China, a number of these solutions are already World Bank and GEF. These companies engage
being implemented. Faced with the recent power in performance contracting and get paid for
shortages, the Chinese government has begun to each kWh saved, usually based on contracts
tackle energy efficiency as a matter of urgency of five to six years.
and there are now a significant number of policy The emphasis on energy efficiency
measures to improve it. in China means that both MNCs operating in the
The 11th five-year plan – a rolling control systems market and smaller local players
programme for 2006-2010 – sets a national goal are growing their businesses fast. Local players
of a 20% improvement in energy efficiency. The are small compared with MNCs, but serve local
Chinese government is undertaking relevant small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and
benchmarking to ensure this target is achieved, therefore the Chinese automation market is
allowing Chinese companies to compare their expected to continue to grow rapidly, rising by
energy efficiency performance against each other 29% between 2007 and 2011.65
and multinational corporations (MNCs). The
government has also launched the China Motor What is at stake?
Systems Energy Conservation Programme and Assuming a carbon price of ¤20($31.5)/tCO2e,
10 key energy saving programmes, one of which emissions reductions of 200 MtCO2e by
focuses on motor system optimisation in energy 2020 would represent a saving of up to
intensive industries such as coal mining. ¤4 billion ($6.3 billion) pa in carbon costs.
The End-Use Energy Efficiency Savings in electricity use would be worth ¤8
Programme (EUEEP) run by the United Nations billion ($12.6 billion) pa. The total value for
Development Programme (UNDP) and the ICT and other high tech companies in China
Global Environment Facility (GEF) invest would therefore be ¤12 billion ($18.9 billion) pa
millions in efficiency projects. Additionally, the by 2020 (detailed assumptions in
Chinese government is working with the top Appendix 3).
1,008 most energy-intensive businesses, auditing Whereas China offers the largest
their energy use, proposing aggressive energy potential saving because of the size and
use reduction targets and providing consulting inefficiency of its manufacturing base, ICT could
and skill building to help companies reach reduce emissions in any industrial process
these targets. throughout the world. This opportunity would
Government subsidies are now be worth ¤68 billion ($107.2 billion) in 2020.
available to pay the difference between regular
and high-efficiency motors and up to 20% of VSD SMART Logistics
installations, which will help deal with the lack of Global goods transport is growing rapidly,
capital available for companies to invest in the as a result of globalisation and global economic
new technologies. To increase awareness and to growth. The logistics of this vast operation
strengthen the business case, the Ministry of (including packaging, transport, storage,
Science and Technology is financing and consumer purchasing and waste) are inherently
publishing research on areas such as motor system inefficient. For instance, vehicles often carry little
energy-saving technology for the mining industry or nothing on return journeys. As fuel costs and


66
Compared with 23% from industry taxes rise, the need to run more efficient logistics by other ICT-driven solutions in this report, the
(process emissions and direct emissions
from primary energy use), forestry (14%)
operations is increasingly important. ‘Smart opportunities to make the logistics industry more
and agriculture and waste (18%). IEA logistics’ comprise a range of software and efficient have important economic considerations,
(2004), World Energy Outlook.
hardware tools that monitor, optimise and manage since it operates such a high-value market. In
operations, which helps reduce the storage 2005, the value of the global logistics industry
needed for inventory, fuel consumption, was estimated at $3.5 trillion (¤5.5 trillion).67
kilometres driven and frequency of vehicles
travelling empty or partially loaded. The opportunity: How ICT can help
ICT can improve the efficiency of logistics
The global context operations in a number of ways. These include
The transport sector is a large and growing emitter software to improve the design of transport
of GHGs, responsible for 14% of global networks, allow the running of centralised
emissions.66 The majority of logistics emissions distribution networks and run management
come from transport and storage. Optimising systems that can facilitate flexible home
logistics using ICT could result in a 16% reduction delivery services. Specific levers include
in transport emissions and a 27% reduction in intermodal shift, or moving to the most efficient
storage emissions globally. type of transport, eco-driving, route
ICT-driven applications across logistics optimisation and inventory reduction. There
could achieve a reduction in total global emissions are a number of specific technologies that could
of 1.52 GtCO2e (Fig. 11.1). Although this figure is already enable more efficient logistics,68 as set
relatively modest compared to reductions offered out in Fig. 11.2.

Fig. 11.1 SMART logistics: The global impact in 2020
GtCO2e

Total emissions
0.04
BAU in 2020 =
51.9 GtCO2e
0.01 0.18
0.34

0.18
Figures 0.02
1.52
expanded
0.02
0.03
0.33
0.01
0.25
19.3

0.10

Total emissions from buildings (storage) Optimisation of logistics network In-flight fuel efficiency
and transport (includes 11.7 from Intermodal shift (commercial) Reduction in ground fuel consumption
buildings, 7.6 from transport) Optimisation of collection/delivery Reduction in unnecessary flight time
Ict–enabled transport and storage itinerary planning Maximisation of ship load factor
abatements (includes 1.29 transport and Optimisation of route planning - e.g. (commercial)
0.22 storage) avoidance of congestion (commercial) Optimisation of ship operations
Eco-driving (commercial) (commercial)
Reduction in unnecessary flight time Minimisation of packaging
(commercial)


Fig. 11.2 SMART logistics: The role of ICT

Transform
Rethink
•Vehicle and load management
Standardise, systems to identify unused
Monitor and capacity within the supply
•Increase communication chain
Account between devices and between •Reverse logistics to allow the
logistics providers and suppliers back-loading of vehicles on the
•Tag and track inventory, stock •Optimise and control inventory network and for the return of
and other items throughout to reduce vehicle miles in unsold/damaged goods to the
the supply chain delivery or returning stock supplier
•Track local terrain and to the manufacturer •Apply systems thinking from
information for understanding •Model and optimise distribution production to consumer to end
of optimal routes network design throughout of life
•Information systems supply chain design
to provide the driver with real •Conduct stock repair tasks on Technologies and services
time information about the behalf of the manufacturer •CO2e emissions tracking
vehicle’s efficiency and •Manage day to day operations platforms
behaviour with real time data •Electronic freight exchanges
•Track efficiency against (EFX) to allow for the ‘auction’
Technologies and services business performance of spare space on vehicles
•Radio frequency identification •Reverse logistics platforms
(RFID) for asset tracking Technologies and services •Protocols for system
•Geographical information •Broadband networks interoperability
systems (GIS) to combine •Messaging platforms enable •CO2e route optimisation
sensing with geographical notifications between system standards and software
terrain components •E-commerce and other
•Data recorders for vehicles •Telematics e-services
•Onboard driver information •Supply chain design and
and data logging modelling software
•Real time fleet tracking •Real time route optimisation
•Global Positioning Systems (RTRO) software
(GPS) •Collaborative planning,
forecasting and replenishment
(CPFR) systems
•Installed base management
platforms
•Vendor managed repair (VMR)
platforms; also known as
maintenance, repair and
operating (MRO)
•Business and operational
support systems (BSS) (OSS)


“People have a tendency to look at a single element of
the system rather than looking at the whole system.”
Senior Executive, Logistics Software Provider

67
Wall Street Research, http://www. The barrier posed by this fragmentation is vast, • Logistics operators and service providers tend
wallstreetresearch.org/reports/wkol.pdf
68 yet the industry is consolidating. Some of the best to take a short-term approach to investment in
Analysis included data from expert
interviews, Jan – Feb 2008. examples of this development can be seen in the improving efficiency
69
BAU transport emissions are projected to European context. • The existing infrastructure is outdated, making
rise at 1.8% pa to 2020 and beyond to 2030, it hard for wholesale changes to be implemented
mainly owing to Europe’s ongoing economic
growth, aviation transport being the fastest SMART logistics in Europe • Lack of industry standards prevents
growing in the sector. IEA (2007); Herzog There are a number of different types of interoperability between the many different
T., J. Pershing and K. Baumert (2005),
‘Navigating the Numbers: Greenhouse Gas companies involved in the logistics industry, systems that currently exist within the
Data and International Climate Policy’, including those that help clients integrate their logistics industry
World Resources Institute; WBCSD (2000),
Sustainable Mobility Project (SMP) Transport supply chain, provide warehousing, transport • Anti-competition regulations often prevent
Model. and IT services and make deliveries. It’s a rapidly cooperation between companies: e.g. major
70
Between 2003 and 2005, goods imported expanding market: logistics activities are predicted supermarkets in the UK can’t work together
into the EU increased from 2,101 to 2,170
million tonnes, an increase of 4%. The to grow by 23% between 2002 and 2020, to create a shared logistics chain.
weight of goods transported within the representing 18% of European GHG emissions in
EU-25 rose from 1,400 to 1,500 million
tonnes in the same period, also an increase 2020. The majority of logistics emissions come “Railways give primacy to passenger travel, which
of 4%. Global Insight; EU (2006), Energy from transport and storage. means that freight can be delayed by significant
and Transport in Figures, http://ec.europa.
eu/dgs/energy_transport/figures/ These emissions have been growing amounts of time.” Head of Research, Global
pocketbook/2006_en.htm and are likely to continue to do so in the long Logistics Service Provider
71
Expert interviews, Jan - Feb 2008. term.69 Rising consumption, as indicated by a 2%
growth in OECD Europe’s real GDP between 2000 “80% of fleets in the UK have less than five
and 2005, has increased goods transportation and trucks.” Analyst, UK Government Agency
cross-border trading.70 Manufacturing often
occurs far from the point of sale and products “In order to realise the benefits of a new
contain parts manufactured in multiple locations, technology, logistics companies need to re-
which has also contributed to the increase. engineer some of their processes.” Professor,
Several barriers71 are preventing the UK University
widespread adoption of energy efficiency
measures, the most significant of which is the Overcoming the hurdles in Europe
high level of fragmentation in European logistics. There are a number of current technologies and
But these also opportunities for ICT and other strategies that could improve the efficiency of
high-tech companies. logistics. These include:

Hurdles to adoption • Integrating systems across the supply chain to
While some early adopters are taking up smart allow sharing of information between planning
logistics technology, many are not for a number and execution to provide visibility across the
of reasons: system
• Calculating and monitoring the carbon
• European road freight market is fragmented, footprint across the region through
which creates natural inefficiencies and hampers ICT solutions
capital investment in energy efficiency • Developing a common protocol for freight
technologies exchange to allow small players to exchange


freight and maximise load A survey of the top 100 freight shipping 72
Analysis includes data from Eurostat;
Lloyd’s Register (www.lr.org/Services/
• Allowing exceptions to anti-cooperation laws companies found that 26% of importers and 28% Shipping+information.htm); Drewry
in areas where significant efficiency gains of exporters reported on their emissions, while Shipping Consultants (http://www.drewry.
co.uk/); Cl-online (www.ci-online.co.uk);
are possible. 7% of importers and 10% of exporters said they MergeGlobal (http://www.mergeglobal.
had reduced emissions.75 com/); International Air Transport
Association (www.iata.org/index.htm);
Some initiatives are already underway to tackle American Shipper (www.americanshipper.
these hurdles. The French road transport industry What is at stake? com); Transport Topics (www.ttnews.com);
US Census (www.census.gov/main/www/
is undergoing significant consolidation and this is As fuel prices rise, logistics companies will cen2000.html)
starting to spread to the rest of Europe. Significant accelerate their adoption of ICT-based energy 73
Ibid
merger and acquisition activity has taken place efficiency solutions, which will have a huge 74
CDP (2007), CDP Report 5,
over the past few years.72 Air and ocean transport impact on reducing their emissions – up to http://www.cdproject.net/cdp5reports.asp
players are busy consolidating, too. The top 10 225 MtCO2e by 2020, 27% less than BAU. 75
CDP (2007), CDP Report 5, http://www.
cdproject.net/cdp5reports.asp; PIERS
container shippers had 37% of the market in The value of the potential savings through Journal of Commerce data (www.piers.com)
2000; by 2006 that had increased to 65%.73 more efficient commercial road transport alone
Further consolidation would make it easier for (161 MtCO2e) is estimated to be up to ¤33 billion
the industry to adopt common practices and ($52 billion) in Europe.
standardise logistics efficiency improvements Improving the efficiency of logistics
in the future. globally is a much larger opportunity. With
Several large shipping companies have emissions reductions potential of around 1.52
announced plans to track and reduce logistics- GtCO2e and assuming a carbon price of ¤20
related emissions in the future. Six of them have ($31.5)/tCO2e, this could be worth as much as
formed the Supply Chain Leadership Coalition to ¤280 billion ($441.7 billion), of which ¤251 billion
press suppliers to release data on their emissions ($395.9 billion) is from energy savings and ¤29
and climate change abatement strategies.74 billion ($45.7 billion) from carbon costs
There are signs that rising fuel costs are (Appendix 3).
starting to force operators to improve efficiency.

Fig. 12.1 SMART buildings: The global impact 2020
GtCO2e

Total emissions
0.06
BAUin 2020 = 0.02
51.9 GtCO2e
0.11
0.12

0.13 0.45

11.7 1.68 Figures
expanded 0.15

0.24
0.39

Total emissions from buildings (including Intelligent commissioning Heating, ventilation and air conditioning
power) total emissions from power used Improved building design for (HVAC)
by industrial systems energy efficiency Lighting automation
Total ICT–enabled smart buildings BMS Ventilation on demand
abatement Voltage optimisation Reduced building space through design
Benchmarking and building
recommissioning


“Ideally, we could apply the principles of
interoperability (‘plug and play’) to buildings. ICT
plays a role, but the reality is ‘plug and pray’ rather
than ‘plug and play’.” Stephen Selkowitz, Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL)

SMART Buildings Environmental Design (LEED) (USA).
The term ‘smart buildings’ describes a suite Yet, while these initiatives guide
of technologies used to make the design, proactive architects, designers and builders in
construction and operation of buildings more their quest for ‘green’ building, until this currently
efficient, applicable to both existing and new- niche market becomes mainstream, with
build properties. These might include building mandatory standards and smart building
management systems (BMS) that run heating regulations, the full positive impact of ICT
and cooling systems according to occupants’ on the building sector will not be felt.
needs or software that switches off all PCs and In addition, because buildings are
monitors after everyone has gone home. BMS major sites for electricity consumption, there is
data can be used to identify additional a strong proposition to link them with ‘smart grid’
opportunities for efficiency improvements. initiatives and even transport. Project Better Place
A host of BMS already exist and as ICT is currently piloting plug-in vehicles, which draw
applications become more sophisticated, electricity from the home or electric filling
the range of BMS functions will expand. stations, to see whether there are negative
impacts on grid stability – an initiative that relies
The global context on ICT to make it work.
Global building emissions were 8% of total
emissions in 2002 (3.36 GtCO2e). These figures The opportunity: How ICT can help
exclude the energy used to run the buildings. Energy consumption in buildings is driven by
If this is taken into account, the sector would two factors – energy intensity and surface area.
emit 11.7 GtCO2e in 2020. ICT offers a major ICT-based monitoring, feedback and optimisation
opportunity to reduce emissions from this tools can be used to reduce both at every stage of
sector, by 15% in 2020, by the options set out a building’s life cycle, from design and
in Fig. 12.1. construction to use and demolition.
Emissions from buildings in emerging Buildings are often poorly designed at
economies, such as India and China, are expected the outset, with little consideration for how they
to grow as their populations become increasingly will be used or how uses may change over time.
urbanised. In spite of increased attention to Even if energy efficiency has been incorporated
energy wasted in buildings, construction is taking at the start, a building’s actual energy
place the world over with little consideration of performance can be impaired if builders deviate
the implementation of best practice energy from the plans or if occupants do not operate
efficiency measures. Several national schemes the BMS according to plans or specifications.
have been set up to establish and promote these Assuming the building has been designed and
best practice standards in efficiency. These built to specification, poor commissioning
include: EnerGuide for Houses (energy retrofits (ensuring the building’s systems function as
and upgrades) and New Houses (new specified), constant change of use and poor
construction) (Canada); Green Building Council/ maintenance can significantly reduce the
House Energy Rating (Australia); DGNB effectiveness of any BMS. This means that
(Germany); BREEAM (UK); CASBEE (Japan); and, buildings differ dramatically in the energy they
perhaps best known, Leadership in Energy and consume and as a result the same technology


Fig. 12.2 SMART buildings: The role of ICT

Transform
Rethink •Create a connected urban
Standardise, environment such that
Monitor & •Recommission to find
buildings are adjustable to
human behaviour
Account inefficiencies in BMS. The two •Improved human-to-machine
areas of the greatest impact are interface
•The ability to change the local lighting and HVAC •Software to design the built
conditions based on occupant •Improve engagement and environment systems from
behaviour involvement from users transport through to building
•Occupancy-based lighting •Building and energy use
•Demand control ventilation management control systems •Teleworking and collaborative
•Correction of hardware (EMCS) technologies to reduce need
controls •Removal of software errors for office space
•Measuring building •Remote building management
performance/networking •Improvements to operations Technologies and services
•Modelling and simulating and maintenance •Open standards for
energy consumption •Energy modelling from design interoperability between
•Daylight control systems through building use different technology sets
•Automated whole building
Technologies and services Technologies and services control systems (AWBCS) and
•Sensors for remote monitoring •Building design and simulation automated whole building
and measurement software (e.g. temperature diagnostic systems (AWBDS)
•Chips and controllers for BMS modelling, fluid dynamic •Maintenance of energy
•In-building network systems modelling) generation services (e.g.
•Building equipment (e.g. LED •BMS photovoltaic energy supply)
lighting) •Implementation of building •Automated building code
•Building automation solutions automation (e.g. shade control checking services
(e.g. occupancy-based systems, motion based
lighting) refrigerator case lighting)
•Interconnectivity between
building systems (e.g. EMCS,,
lighting, security systems)
•Appliance interconnectivity
and networking and remote
appliance control
•Operations and maintenance
of building communication
systems


76
US and Canada have the highest building applications can have very different impacts. Case study: smart living
emissions per capita, according to Enkvist
P., T. Naucler and J. Rosander (2007),
There are various smart buildings The Solaire building in New York was the
‘A Cost Curve for Greenhouse Gas Reduction’, technologies available today that can help reduce US’s first ‘green’ residential tower and was
The McKinsey Quarterly, Number 1; data
from Global Insight.
emissions at each stage of a building’s lifecycle. inspired by the Battery Park City Authority’s
77
Solaire site visit; expert interviews,
Energy modelling software can help architects initiatives. As well as other sustainability
Jan -Feb 2008. determine how design influences energy use. features, it contains a comprehensive BMS
78
California has decoupled energy Builders can use software to compare energy to control the entire building. This was built
generation from provision so that energy
efficiency can be profitable.
models with actual construction. Once the into the plans at the design stage, is
building is complete, ICT can measure and continuously updated and undergoes an
benchmark its performance and compare actual annual re-commission. The BMS provides
to predicted energy efficiency. Occupants can real time monitoring and reacts to external
install a BMS to automate building functions stimuli, such as the weather. Winner of
such as lighting and heating and cooling and if several awards and recipient of the LEED Gold
a building undergoes a change of use. ICT can be rating, the Solaire is 35% more energy
used to redesign its energy model and measure efficient than building code requirements and
the impacts of this change. uses 67% less energy than other similarly
Fig. 12.2 shows how ICT can identify sized buildings in peak hours. Since opening
energy consumption, optimise for reduction in in 2002, energy consumption has decreased
energy and emissions and transform current ways by 16% and, as a result of its green
of designing and using the built environment. credentials, the developers have been able to
The US and Canada are home to some of the most charge a rental premium of 10%.77
exciting and ambitious innovations in smart
building technology. Among the measures are the implementation
of building codes and standards, offering
SMART buildings in North America incentives to builders, owners and occupiers to
North American buildings are among the most adopt efficiency measures, strengthening the
inefficient in the world,76 responsible for a quarter business case for investing in efficiency
of all global building emissions. Since most of the technology and training more people to
floor space that will be in use in the US and implement and operate BMS.
Canada by 2020 already exists, retrofitting and But despite ICT’s proven role in
better management of existing buildings will be improving the energy efficiency of buildings,
at least as important as efficiencies in new build. emissions are still rising. A number of barriers
Some states in the US, such as California, have appear to be preventing those involved in the
already demonstrated significant potential to design, construction and use of buildings from
improve energy efficiency and reduce emissions adopting the technology and realising the full
in buildings. abatement opportunities.
Recognising the contribution that
buildings make to global emissions, both the Hurdles to adoption
US federal government and individual states There are a number of barriers the adoption of
have implemented a number of policy initiatives the technology and realising the full emissions
that are starting to improve buildings’ efficiency. savings opportunities. These include:


“Efficiency is not being built into buildings today to
the extent that it could be. It will take decades to
change how this is done.” Stephen Thomas,
Johnson Controls

• Lack of incentives for architects, builders, • Develop new business models to overcome the 79
Cleantech Ventures, www.
cleantechventures.com.au
developers and owners to invest in smart misalignment in incentives that currently exists, 80
Analysis includes data from expert
building technology from which they will such as performance contracting and tax credits interviews, Jan -Feb 2008.
not benefit • Develop new financial mechanisms for builders
•Unclear business case for investing in energy that support investment in energy efficiency,
efficiency: energy consumption is a small part such as mortgages that fund energy efficiency
of building cost structure, yet building or carbon credits
automation costs can be high and payback • Prioritise sectors such as retail where energy
periods are often long forms a large share of addressable costs
• The buildings sector is slow to adopt new • Develop green building valuation tools
technology – a 20-25-year cycle for residential • Develop supportive long-term solutions such as
units and a 15-year cycle for commercial government- or industry-led alliances that can
buildings is typical accelerate industry change
• A lack of skilled technicians to handle • Provide better training to building operators and
complex BMS – most buildings of less than information to users by simple devices such as
10,000 sq ft (930 sq metres) do not have trained visual smart meters or interfaces to influence
operating staff behavioural change
• As each building is designed and built as unique, • Develop open standards to enable
it is difficult to apply common standards for interoperability of BMS.
efficiency and operations
• Interoperable technologies exist but are not Faced with the rising energy costs of the past few
uniformly deployed. Many experts agree that years, the US government has begun to tackle
an open standard would be the most effective energy efficiency as a matter of urgency and
way to enable further innovation overcome some of these hurdles.
• Lack of incentives for energy companies to At the federal level, the US government
sell less energy and encourage efficiency is active in developing voluntary standards and
among customers.78 tools such as the Energy Star programme, which is
now extending to rate building energy efficiency.
“Building owners and operators want simplicity. At state and council levels, California’s Global
They do not want too much automation and Warming Solutions Act, AB 32, which calls for
intelligence built into the system without the GHG reductions to 1990 levels by 2020 and
ability to override it.”Gareth Ashley, Wisconsin’s plan to reduce GHG emissions from
Associate, Arup public buildings by 20% by 2010 are just two of
many initiatives underway.
“If airplanes were built like buildings, you A number of developments have taken
wouldn’t fly in them.”Stephen Selkowitz, LBNL place in the commercial sector and within industry
bodies. Venture capital investment for energy
Overcoming the hurdles in North America efficient solutions increased by 42% in 2005-
A number of solutions could be implemented to 2006. Considerable promotion has gone into
overcome these barriers: efficiency improvements in HVAC, smart
buildings and other environmental systems.79


Tax credits, such as the Commercial Building Tax SMART Grids
Deduction, have been introduced to persuade Current centralised energy distribution networks
developers to invest in energy efficiency. BMS are often huge, inefficient grids that lose power
providers and ESCOs80 now offer performance in transmission, require an overcapacity of
contracting, in which third parties invest in generating capability to cope with unexpected
efficiency technology in exchange for a share of surges in energy use and allow one-way
the money accrued from the energy savings. communication only – from provider to customer.
Carbon credits and mortgages can In most countries, selling energy back to the grid
now be used to fund efficiency measures and (e.g. that generated from solar panels) is
green building valuation tools, which allow an impossible. This way of operating is becoming
economic assessment of energy efficiency. increasingly untenable: the costs of fuel are rising
The Green Building Finance Consortium Initiative is and a global emissions trading scheme (ETS) is
also helping to demonstrate the business case likely in the next few years. Electricity producers
for efficiency. can’t afford to waste the amount of power that
Alliances and initiatives, such as the they currently do.
Retail Energy Alliance and the Building America A ‘smart grid’ is a set of software
Consortium, have been set up to deal with the and hardware tools that enable generators to
shortage of skilled buildings managers and route power more efficiently, reducing the need
better training is now in place for building for excess capacity and allowing two-way, real
operators. Building users are the target of time information exchange with their customers
information campaigns to raise awareness of for real time demand side management (DSM).
energy efficiency issues. It improves efficiency, energy monitoring and
data capture across the power generation and
What is at stake? T&D network.
Across North America as a whole, a 15%
reduction in energy consumption from buildings The global context
could equate to emissions reductions of 420 The power sector accounted for 24% of global
MtCO2e and create value of up to ¤39 billion emissions in 2002 and could be responsible for
($61.5 billion). Globally, smart buildings 14.26 GtCO2e in 2020. The potential for ICT to
technology could potentially reduce emissions reduce carbon emissions through smart grid
by 1.68 GtCO2e and be worth ¤187 billion ($295 technology could be substantial – some
billion) of energy savings and ¤29 billion ($45.7 2.03 GtCO2e by 2020 (Fig. 13.1). And recent
billion) in carbon costs (Appendix 3). This value developments across the globe are working to
can be captured by ICT and other high-tech turn that future projection into reality.
companies. However, to realise this opportunity In 2005, the European Technology
will require minimum standards of energy Platform (ETP) SmartGrids was set up to create
efficiency in existing and new buildings. a joint vision for the European networks of
2020 and beyond. The platform includes
representatives from industry, T&D system
operators, research bodies and regulators and the
overall goal of the project is to develop a strategy


Fig. 13.2 SMART grids: The role of ICT

Transform
Rethink •Support for and integration
Standardise, of renewables and distributed
Monitor & •Better planning and
generation
•Intelligent dispatch
Account forecasting •Captive generation integration
•Improved asset management •Grid-to-vehicle solutions
•Better information for •Improved network design
consumers and producers •Remote grid management Technologies and services
of power •Preventive maintenance •Protocols for grid-wide system
•Remote monitoring and •DSM interoperability
measurement •Operations and maintenance
•Improved energy accounting Technologies and services of grid communications
•Improved billing services •Grid management systems systems
(e.g. supervisory control and •Advanced telecommunications
data acquisition (SCADA) and to allow distributed energy
Technologies and services output management system producers to pool resources
•Sensors for remote measuring, (OMS)) and to handle spikes in supply
chips and controllers for •Asset inventory and network and demand
monitoring design systems (e.g. GIS tools) •New platforms (e.g. ETS)
•Smart meters (advanced •Load analysis and automated
metering infrastructure (AMI) dispatch software
or automatic meter reading •Workflow management
(AMR)) systems for the grid
•Energy accounting software •Performance contracting
•Smart billing software applications
– IP-based billing or prepaid •Demand response software
metering that allows automated load
maintenance


Fig. 13.1 SMART grids: The global impact in 2020
GtCO2e

Total emissions BAU
in 2020 = 51.9 GtCO2e
0.9

Total emissions from the power sector
Total ICT smart grid abatement potential
14.26 2.03
1.68
Reduce T&D losses 0.83
Integration of renewables
Reduce consumption through 0.68
user information
DSM 0.28

0.02

81
European Commission, European for research, development and demonstration management systems (also known as “dynamic
Technology Platform SmartGrids: Vision and
Strategy for Europe’s Electricity Networks of
of smart grids in practice. The ultimate aim of the demand”) automate the feedback process by
the Future, ftp://ftp.cordis.europa.eu/pub/ project is to work towards an interactive energy allowing appliances such as refrigerators to
fp7/energy/docs/smartgrids_en.pdf
generation and distribution network across dynamically reduce their load at peak times.
82
Congressional Research Service, Energy
Independence and Security Act of 2007:
Europe in which a proportion of the electricity Fig. 13.2 outlines the emissions reductions
A Summary of Major Provisions, 21 generated by large conventional plants can be opportunities for the sector.
December 2007, http://energy.senate.gov/
public/_files/RL342941.pdf
displaced by distributed generation, renewable The emergence of smart grids as an
83
The OECD countries averaged only
energy sources, demand response, DSM and alternative to well-established, existing
14% losses. Although these are projected energy storage.81 infrastructures is very much upon us and in
to fall to 22% by 2020, losses will still
be substantially higher than the 13%
The US is actively pursuing smart grid the years to 2020 much change is expected.
expected in the OECD. IEA (2007),‘ solutions. In 2007, the government passed the Yet in places such as India, where the network’s
World Energy Outlook: India’s Energy
Prospects – Reference Scenario’; Central
Energy Independence and Security Act, Title XIII inefficiencies are severely impeding economic
Electricity Authority (2007), ‘Seventeenth of which establishes a national policy for grid growth, the imperative to transform the current
Electric Power Survey’, Ministry of Power,
Government of India.
modernisation and seeks to deliver a host of system and remedy these shortcomings is
84
IEA (2007), ‘World Energy Outlook: India’s
measures including a research and development immediate.
Energy Prospects – Reference Scenario’. (R&D) programme for smart grid technologies
and a regional demonstration initiative, with a SMART grids in India
view to revolutionising the country’s energy Electricity generation currently accounts for 57%
system. 82 The Modern Grid initiative, affiliated of India’s total emissions and will continue to do
with a US Department of Energy research lab, is so until 2020. India’s power network is highly
driving grid modernisation research. Gridwise, a inefficient and much of the generated electricity
public-private alliance, is also engaged in is wasted. The lack of transparency in the grid
research and market development activities to makes losses difficult to measure, but it is
support enhancement of grid reliability or plug- estimated that in 2007 India lost 32% of total
in vehicles. generation.83

The opportunity: How ICT can help “The power network today is blind as they do not
ICT is integral to the range of technologies that know where the losses are.” Senior Official,
comprise a smart grid. Some of these include Indian Ministry of Power
smart meters, which allow consumers more
information about how much energy they are At the same time, India’s power sector is under
using or allow automated reading of energy pressure to grow to meet increasing demand,
consumption data, helping the utility to better which could rise 13 times by 2020. Because of the
understand where energy is being used and more country’s reliance on coal-based energy (69% of
advanced grid management systems. Demand total demand) and since it is not expected to


“Smart grid implementation would offer India
the opportunity to leapfrog current western
technologies.” Balawant Joshi, Managing Partner,
ABPS Infra

Case study: the long path to a smart grid together would help utilities monitor energy use 85
IEA (2007), ‘World Energy Outlook:
India’s Energy Prospects – Reference
Without the full implementation of a smart across the Scenario’; Central Electricity Authority
grid, one utility, North Delhi Power Limited grid better and allow them to trace the source (2007), ‘Seventeenth Electric Power Survey’,
Ministry of Power, Government of India.
(NDPL), has figured out a way to get better of energy losses, whether they be theft or
86
Analysis includes data from Central
data about its highest-paying customers using otherwise. Electricity Authority (2007), ‘Seventeenth
a Global System for Mobile (GSM) There is a further emissions reduction Electric Power Survey’, Ministry of Power,
Government of India; CMIE database
communications. What is essentially a opportunity in smart grids’ capacity to support (www.cmie.com); ABS Energy Research,
stripped-down mobile phone is programmed decentralised energy production. This could “India – Utility meter market profile,” (www.
absenergyresearch.com); National Council
to call twice each month to meters where allow renewable energy to be integrated into the of Applied Economic Research (2005), ‘The
customer consumption data is stored, the way grid, reducing coal-based generation and Great Indian Market’; Global Insight
it might call to a dial-up modem. The data are therefore emissions. Decentralised energy 87
Wadhwa, S (2007), ‘5 Years of Sustained
Efforts towards Business Excellence’, FICCI
downloaded and used by a local call centre to sources could also allow the grid to respond to presentation; expert interviews,
generate monthly billing. Much more real local power surges and shortages, making it easier Jan-Feb 2008.
time data would be available, but for now, to manage. 88
Ibid.
even this twice-monthly download gives the Action is urgently needed to tackle the
utility what it needs to improve billing, detect energy losses. Improving efficiency could also
theft, get better usage and outage data and reduce power generation investment costs. The
improve failure detection. It is currently power sector and the Indian government are
automating a part of the low voltage expected to invest significantly to support GDP
distribution system to remotely control growth, providing upcoming investments that will
streetlights and inaccessible switches that will last 20-30 years. This represents an opportunity
improve monitoring capability on the to put in place a ‘best in class’ system early and
distribution network.87 leapfrog grid technology.86
NDPL has also implemented a
deploy low-emission coal technologies until supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)
2030,84 emissions from India’s power sector are system until substation feeder level and a central
expected to grow at 4% pa, twice the global SCADA control centre to manage substations and
average. feeders, resulting in reductions of T&D losses in
Given the rapidly rising demand for the region from 53% to 23%, better asset
energy, high carbon intensity of supply, high grid management and faster outage resolution.88
losses, rising energy costs and the fact that India is
investing massively in infrastructural Hurdles to adopting smart grids in India
development in the coming years, smart grids are
of particular relevance to India. Action now could “No investment can be tariff neutral; someone
prevent the country being locked-in to a high has to pay.” COO, Distribution company
emissions situation for the next 30 years.
The most important technologies for In spite of the urgent need in India, there are
India are ICT platforms that help reduce T&D barriers to smart grid implementation, which
losses. These include remote measurement and include the following:
monitoring of energy use, remote grid element
management and energy accounting, which


“Smart Grid technologies show great potential to (a)
manage what you measure and (b) use two-way
control for real time monitoring and DSM.” Ajay
Mathur, Director General, Indian Bureau of Energy
Efficiency

89
Ministry of Power, Government of India • No proven commercial viability for large-scale standards and protocols for the grid
(2007),‘Report on Key Issues Pertaining
to Indian Power Sector’; expert interviews
smart grid rollouts • Adoption of open source standards to
Jan- Feb 2008. • Poor financial health of most state-owned T&D enable development of applications for the
90
Not including the potentially large companies in India, which affects the levels of smart grid.
benefits of smart grids beyond the
reduction of T&D losses such as DSM,
investment in new technology
integration of renewables and improved • Low awareness of technological developments, The Indian government has introduced several
asset management.
with most utilities being unfamiliar with the policy initiatives to implement some of these
latest options and benefits solutions, which are beginning to spur demand
• No coordinated national road map for smart for smart grid technology.
grid implementation The Electricity Conservation Act was
• The industry is fragmented, with no introduced in 2001 and is a legal framework for
standardisation between companies. promoting energy efficiency in all sectors of the
economy, as it also led to the formation of the
“If it is thrust on people, it is likely to be Bureau of Energy Efficiency. In 2003, the National
rejected.”COO, Distribution Company Electricity Act was passed to speed up the
development of efficiency within the electricity
“The political environment must support the sector. The 2008 Accelerated Power Development
change to a smarter grid. There are many vested and Reform Programme (APDRP) v2 has been
interests from those who want to perpetuate this introduced to accelerate power distribution sector
high loss regime.”India Expert reforms. The programme provides 50% of the
funding needed by utilities for investment as
Overcoming the hurdles in India loans and offers 50% of cash loss reduction as a
There are some policies, developments and grant. The aim is to reduce T&D losses to below
technologies that could help overcome these 15%, improve the commercial viability of the
hurdles. These include: sector and enable the adoption of smart
technology elements across the grids.89
• Creating a national policy roadmap for There is also a focus on smart grid
phased rollouts and pilots of smart grid funding in policy and on new clean technology
technologies funding mechanisms, such as the GHG tax on
• A new focus on smart grid funding policy and utilities imposed by the Rajasthan Electricity
alternate funding mechanisms (e.g. clean Regulatory Commission.
development mechanism (CDM) or multilateral The Indian government is also looking
institutions) to change the sector’s structure by setting a target
• New clean tech funding mechanisms to privatise 25-30% of electricity distribution in
• Staff training in new operating models and large urban areas by 2012, which helps in getting
capabilities finance for upgrade projects.
• Accelerated privatisation of the distribution
utilities “Under the APDRP v2, there is more emphasis on
• Creation of a smart grid framework for the entire and funding available for smart technologies.”
Indian electricity grid Managing Director, State-owned Distribution
• Establishment of common communication Company


Prevention of the rebound effect requires an
emissions-containing framework (such as emission
caps linked to a global price for carbon) to encourage
the transition to a low carbon economy. Without
such constraints there is no guarantee that efficiency
gains will not lead to increased emissions.

What is at stake? The rebound effect 91
Berkhout, Peter H. G., Jos C. Muskens,
Jan W. Velthuijsen (2000), ‘Defining the
India needs and will continue to need, smart In all cases above, at both global and individual rebound effect’, Energy Policy, Volume
grids to stem losses in T&D (including theft) country level, ICT has a major role to play in 28, Issues 6-7, June, pp. 425-432;
Plepsys, A. (2002), ‘The Grey Side of ICT’,
while reducing the carbon intensity of its power driving efficiency of the economy. However, Environmental Impact Assessment Review,
generation to help match the growing power there are hurdles to be overcome, whether Volume 22, Issue 5, October 2002,
pp. 509-523.
demand and reduce emissions against a BAU technological, informational, organisational,
92
The causal links between increases in
growth rate. Although the market is currently market or policy related. economic output, economic output and total
dominated by non-ICT players, IT and telecom But beyond these hurdles, the factor productivity remain unclear. Sorell, S
(2007), The Rebound Effect: an Assessment
providers could extend their current academic literature points to some uncertainty in of the Evidence for Economy-wide Energy
capabilities to deliver solutions for smart grids. the net impacts of increased efficiency. In theory, Savings from Improved Energy Efficiency,
UKERC, http://www.ukerc.ac.uk/
And if they can do that the opportunities are greater efficiency should lead to less energy use Downloads/PDF/07/0710ReboundEffect/0
potentially huge. and fewer emissions. However, many are 710ReboundEffectReport.pdf
Smart grids can directly address critical concerned that these gains will not be secure.
needs of the Indian electricity sector and could Efficiency improvements in devices, machines
save 30% of T&D losses, equivalent to 95 MtCO2e and systems may lead to ‘rebound effects’, where
in 2020. That equates to ¤6.7 billion ($10.5 billion) overall consumption continues to increase.
in energy savings and ¤1.9 billion ($2.9 billion) in For example, improved transport
carbon costs. The value at stake globally is efficiency could result in lower manufacturing
estimated to be ¤79 billion ($124.6 billion) costs, lower prices, greater purchasing power and,
(Detailed assumption in Appendix 3).90 as a result, increased demand for products and
Smart grid technology may also have services.91 Using technology that saves time (e.g.
impacts in other countries and regions. In teleworking which reduces the commute to work,
California, for example, smart grids may meet for example) may mean more time is available for
additional needs, such as improving grid stability, other, potentially higher-carbon activities such as
improving planning and forecasting (financials) holidays or shopping. In the past, pervasive, more
and ‘grid-to-vehicle’ solutions in which multiple efficient technologies such as the steam engine or
hybrid car batteries (when not in use) could be the electric motor have actually increased
used to provide temporary storage and supply of society’s energy use as economies have become
power. Globally, smart grids offer the opportunity more productive.92
to save up to 2.03 GtCO2e by 2020. ICT technologies can improve
efficiency and this will lead to reduced emissions.
However, prevention of the rebound effect
requires an emissions-containing framework
(such as emission caps linked to a global price for
carbon) to encourage the transition to a low
carbon economy. Without such constraints there
is no guarantee that efficiency gains will not lead
to increased emissions.


Conclusion It is becoming clear that incremental change is not
ICT can make a major contribution to the global going to be enough to tackle climate change to the
response to climate change. It could deliver up degree and at the speed required to keep carbon
to a 15% reduction of BAU emissions in 2020 at ‘safe’ levels in the atmosphere. Nothing less
(7.8 GtCO2e), representing a value of ¤553 billion than a shift from a high to low carbon global
($872.3 billion) in energy and fuel saved and an economy is required and in many cases ICT
additional ¤91 billion ($143.5 billion) in carbon appears to offer the best way to accelerate this.
saved assuming a cost of carbon of ¤20/tonne, But much more needs to be done if the ICT sector
for a total of ¤644 billion ($1,015 billion) savings. is to perform this role and the final chapter
This saving in CO2e is more than five times the suggests a framework for getting there.
size of the sector’s own footprint and its size
demonstrates the important role an advanced
communications platform can play in the
transition to a low carbon economy.
This opportunity can be broadly
categorised into three roles for ICT: standardising,
monitoring and therefore increasing
accountability of energy consumption; rethinking
how we live, play, learn and work based on those
data; and transforming existing value chains and
integrating infrastructure processes and systems
across all sectors of the economy.
ICT could achieve additional step
change savings though technological advances
in the future but these are harder to quantify and
have not been included in the above figures.
For example, future technologies such as global
freight exchanges – where hauliers and couriers
can buy and sell work – could stimulate greater
efficiency and behavior change that would allow
further dematerialisation. Machine-to-machine
communication would allow for continued
optimisation of energy and industrial systems,
often invisible to the consumer.
Rather than painting an a futuristic
picture of a low carbon society in 2020 and then
looking at what would be needed to achieve it,
the analysis conducted for this report relied on
historic trends to derive a highly pragmatic set of
impacts for the ICT sector going forward and
identified the hurdles that could stand in the way.

SMART 2020: Enabling the low carbon The SMART 2020 transformation

04: The SMART 2020
Transformation

93
For data centre information in particular, There is no guarantee that the opportunities • Standardise: Develop protocols to enable
see the McKinsey/Uptime Institute
report Uptime Institute and McKinsey & presented in this report will be developed at scale smart systems to interact
Company (2008), Revolutionizing Data or deliver the emissions reductions identified. • Monitor: Make energy and carbon
Center Efficiency—Key Analyses, http://
uptimeinstitute.org/content/view/168/57 The ICT sector must not only seek new missions visible
partnerships but also act to slow the growth of • Account: Link monitoring to accountability
the carbon footprint from its own products and and organisational decision making
services. This will require companies to develop • Rethink: Optimise for energy efficiency
new approaches to product and market and find alternatives to high carbon growth
development and move fast to grasp • Transform: Implement low carbon
opportunities. infrastructure solutions across all sectors
Even where technology solutions are at scale.
available and there are pressing economic and
efficiency reasons to adopt that new technology, The companies within the ICT sector should first
there are challenges that require action from apply this framework to their own operations,
other stakeholders. However financially desirable products and services.
solutions may be, they often do not happen.
Although some governments are taking action, Applying the SMART framework to ICT
much more could be done to help the ICT products and services
sector take the lead in the transition to a low If a SMART ICT-based infrastructure is to have
carbon economy. the impact that the report identifies, the sector
Policy makers need to send clear signals itself must comply with the highest efficiency
that overall emissions reductions will be required. and innovation standards for its own products
Further, they will need to harmonise policies to and services.
enable the “smart” infrastructure needed for a More efficient ICT products and
low carbon economy and focus on integrating ICT services are being developed, but take-up is low
requirements into building codes and transport, today and will need to be accelerated.93 Like the
energy, environmental and innovation policies. shift from desktops to laptops, a structural change
Setting up these appropriate policy frameworks, in the devices used to connect to the internet will
incentives, new business models and partnerships be needed to achieve more than incremental
would facilitate knowledge transfer and reductions in emissions.
implementation of the technology. Such actions As mobile networks roll out
would entail an unprecedented but not in developing economies, they will need
unachievable level of coordination and secure sources of power, including decentralised
collaboration across sectors and between business clean power. Development and adoption of IT
and government. architectural paradigm shifts (e.g. virtualisation
across all ICT assets) has the potential to
SMART framework: requirements for a low radically change current expectations of
carbon infrastructure energy efficiency.
The SMART framework introduced in Chapter 3 Next steps for the ICT sector to reduce
and set out below outlines what needs to happen its own direct footprint include the following
for this reduction in emissions to be realised.


Standardise Transform
Ensure that the standards organisations working Systematically follow best practice for rollout
in the ICT industry bring climate change of new products. Transform the ICT sector to an
considerations into their existing work. Energy exemplar of low carbon technology. Source low
consumption should be an important component carbon power wherever possible and in particular
of all ICT technical standards. Ensure support the use of renewable energy. ICT
standardisation of measurement methods across companies can also use their own products to
the whole life of products and services to demonstrate where dematerialisaion is possible.
understand emissions from raw material As the internet becomes more integrated within
extraction, through manufacturing, in use and developed and emerging economies, substitution
from final disposal. of activities such as transport will become easier.

Monitor Applying SMART to other sectors -
Use ICT technologies to monitor energy the SMART framework
consumption of ICT products and networks and Beyond its own operations and products, a major
feed the information back into technology opportunity for both ICT businesses and their
optimisation. Ensure that the monitoring is sectoral counterparts will be in capturing the
consistent throughout companies. Monitoring ¤600 billion ($946.5 billion) of savings at stake
devices and tools for power management should in optimising processes and systems in industry,
be required as standard. Remote monitoring and power, transport and buildings to make them
control of systems should be applied wherever more efficient.
appropriate. The first stage in cutting emissions is
monitoring what they are, wherever they occur
Account and ICT is crucial to this process. Once emissions
Make energy and emissions transparent all along levels and inefficiencies are identified, these data
the supply chain by reporting and labelling. Use can be used to change operating models,
this information to optimise products and services supporting systems and behaviour. These
in each innovation cycle. Incorporate the cost of monitoring tools could be used to reduce energy
carbon into current decision making processes to consumption and GHG emissions.
future proof the cost of manufacturing and The most powerful opportunity
operating new products and services, in (7.3 GtCO2e) for ICT to reduce emissions in other
preparation for having an enforced cost of sectors is by providing data to enable efficiency
carbon in the future. by optimising processes with a combination of
behaviour change and automation. The key
Rethink elements of a SMART innovation framework to
The sector needs to continue to rethink and realise these opportunities – and to go further –
research radical innovation across high- are developed below (Fig. 14).
emission devices and services. The information
above will enable the sector to optimise its own Standardise: Develop protocols to enable
operations and product development for smart systems to interact
energy reductions. Standards for calculating carbon emissions and


“We need standards for networking in buildings
similar to those created by the Internet Engineering
Task Force standards – we want lights, HVAC, etc. to
operate the same in all countries.” Bruce Nordman,
LBNL

94
For example, in buildings, it is likely that energy consumption are called for in every policy place, applications would soon create new ways of
this would initially be protocol translation,
encapsulation and message broking. At a
discussion on climate change and are critical to using buildings, travelling or manufacturing.
later point a dominant protocol is likely to innovation and to bringing one-off solutions to Already, the ITU is proceeding to develop
emerge if professional societies, building
component manufactures, ICT providers and
scale. However, the major efficiency opportunities standards to support scientific monitoring and
energy utilities work together. identified in this report – services and cross-sector networking in automobiles, among others.95
95
See the climate change related standards platforms – require not only measurement but Like the IP suite of protocols, which
on the ITU website http://www.itu.int/
themes/climate/ and their report http://
also messaging between devices. have grown over the lifetime of the internet,
www.itu.int/ITU-D/cyb/app/e-env.html One of the reasons for the ICT sector’s layers of standards and protocols in the wider
success is because it has developed layers of built environment would take some time to
internationally standardised ways for machines develop. Concerns about the security implications
to communicate with one another. International of every device having an IP address would need
dialling codes, which have been around for more to be addressed. Reliability issues would also
than a century, or the .com domain names are require more research.
both obvious standards that allow rapid
innovation and rollout of services. Protocols, Monitor: Make energy and carbon
or the rules that allow machines to send messages emissions visible
between each other, are hidden to the average Many companies do not know where energy is
user but underpin the internet’s rapid being consumed, whether in the manufacture
development. TCP/IP actually refers to a set or use of their products and services. Many
of interconnected protocols that support email utilities in the developing world are blind to the
and internet connectivity. XML, one of the consumption and loss of energy. Individual
specifications that underpin blogging or social functions and departments rarely coordinate to
networking applications, also allows the understand how to pool resources or reduce
development of applications that manage energy efficiently.
an organisation’s supply chains. There are steps that can be taken today
A stack of interoperable protocols to reduce power across industry and buildings by
allowing for the communications between better monitoring. Smart meters and remote
devices, applications and the standardisation of measurement and monitoring allow the grid to see
information exchange would allow more effective where the highest T&D losses exist or the greatest
monitoring, control and minimisation of energy consumption is occurring. Already a number of
use and carbon emissions. Applied to buildings, companies worldwide are rolling out smart
industry, power and transport sectors, it would metering solutions to improve knowledge of
enable communication between refrigerators and consumption and reduce electricity outages.
smart electricity meters, thermostats and Homes and offices with smart meters are the first
generation facilities, GIS systems and delivery step to a smart home and a smart grid.
trucks, or motor systems and factory databases.94 In industry, short-term opportunities
This would, for example, allow a user to turn off would rely on retrofitting existing motors
the home air conditioning from the office, or systems with smarter control devices and
optimise of route planning based on the real time requiring new motors to be fitted with VSDs.
movement of vehicles. Wireless communication will facilitate the
Once this SMART infrastructure is in exchange of data, placement of sensory systems


and mobility of equipment, allowing for better There may be surprises – some e-commerce 96
Porter, Michael and Forest Reinhardt,
Grist: A Strategic Approach to Climate
monitoring of consumption. solutions that increase the number of trips taken Change, Harvard Business Review, October
Monitoring goods and vehicles is the to deliver a single product may no longer be 2007.
first step towards optimising logistics for viable. However, advanced videoconferencing
reduction of mileage or the number of trips taken solutions may be in further demand to reduce
to deliver goods. Commercial travel will benefit business travel where uncertainty in transport
from RFID and data exchange standardisation, fuel prices or pressure to reduce emissions
which will allow goods to be tracked across increases.
borders and suppliers. Visibility of energy and A range of policies and business
fuel consumed helps reduce cost, waste and practices would encourage accountability and
emissions. accounting and will differ by region. In China, the
government plans to audit the top 1,008 highest-
Account: Link monitoring to accountability emitting companies, encouraging skills training or
In this context, “account” has two facets – one subsidising technology transfer to enable energy
is accountability for emissions and the other is efficiency improvements. In North America,
accounting for them in business decisions. ESCOs that finance efficiency are becoming more
First and foremost, ICT tools enable common and these companies will compete on
transparency and accountability. Companies may their ability to account for energy accurately.
be required to know where along their supply
chains emissions are highest and report these to Rethink: Optimise for energy efficiency and
their stakeholders. Consumers increasingly find alternatives to high carbon growth
demand energy efficiency and even carbon Standards, monitoring and accounting (SMA)
labelling for products. achieve operational awareness at the company
Secondly, for individual companies, wor government level.
knowing where they use energy or produce However, SMA is not the whole
emissions and allocating a price of carbon to those picture. Using this information to optimise for
emissions, can help them to better understand energy efficiency in value chains and maintain
how climate change presents a risk in their profitability in spite of the rising costs of fuel –
operations and value chain.96 For local or expected price for carbon – is a first step to
governments, a similar challenge exists to SMART approaches to climate change. The next
understand where in a local area or city energy step is to rethink operating and business models.
consumption is highest. Awareness of how climate change will
A number of sectors can respond shape demand is also crucial to innovating for the
according to where energy is consumed. Energy low carbon economy. A society that delivers
accounting and smarter billing would follow from growth using a fraction of the fossil fuels that
smart meters. The monitoring, optimising and have driven both productivity and growth for the
management of energy could be integrated last 300 years will look very different from the
throughout industrial processes and logistics, low carbon society of tomorrow. It might even
where there is currently no way of accounting for look better. For example, it would be appealing to
the energy consumed in a good’s lifecycle. many to avoid idling in traffic on the morning
commute and instead to work from home, enabled


“When people are ready to change behaviour, that’s
when ICT’s impact could be greatest.” Joseph Romm,
Senior Fellow, Center for American Progress

97
Mitchell Bill (2007), ‘Transforming by broadband and better collaboration Efficiencies can be achieved throughout a
Workplaces’ in Kevin O’Donnell and technologies. neighbourhood or city, in a way that is not
Wolfgang Wagener (eds.) ‘Connected Real
Estate’, Torworth Publishing. It is the long-term potential of ICT to possible in a single building. More efficient
completely transform existing operating systems inventory and distribution management systems
and business models that will have the biggest could save 50% floor space in retail and
impact on emissions reductions. What new warehouses, e-commerce could cut retail floor
technologies, products and services will customers space and e-learning could reduce classroom
and citizens demand that do not exist today? requirements by 50%.
What new business models will be the most
effective at delivering these? Strategic approaches “Far greater architectural and management
to climate change will involve understanding not benefits can be realised by critically departing
only how to do what we currently do more from [current building design] assumptions and
efficiently, but how we can do things differently. exploiting the new design opportunities this
The ICT sector will be in a position to enables than by simply networking traditionally
enable new ways of learning, travelling, working programmed buildings and filling them with
and living. electronic devices.” Professor of Architecture
In this report, dematerialisation, and Media Arts and Sciences, MIT97
teleworking and videoconferencing made up
a small percentage (500 MtCO2e) of a nearly Home automation technologies have the potential
8 GtCO2e opportunity that consists largely to bring many of the efficiencies found in larger
of efficiency measures. However, new buildings into the home. It is already possible,
dematerialisation services will be crucial if not much practised, to monitor smart devices
complements to efficiency in the transition throughout the home. As homes become
to a low carbon society. increasingly networked, owners will be able to
For example, if buildings are viewed control heating or lighting remotely and utilities
holistically as part of the living/working built will use the data to make better predictions about
environment, a comprehensive approach peak load.
encompassing the design, recommissioning and Smart grids and their capacity for
use phases could integrate efficiency and delivering decentralised energy have the potential
dematerialisation. Optimising space, heat, cooling to radically change the way electricity is
and light and other requirements at the design generated and delivered, in India and throughout
phase reduces the materials needed for initial the world. Smart grids could allow renewable
build as well as reducing the energy consumption energy to be fed into the grid, decarbonising
later, where most of buildings emissions are supply. They can allow local renewable energy
concentrated. A smarter BMS can “learn” or generators to cover localised surges in demand
self-adapt based on the behaviour of the and contribute to a more diversified energy mix,
occupants, recognising inefficiencies and thereby improving energy security.
adjusting systems such as HVAC accordingly. Similarly, machine-to-machine
Complementing this change with teleworking communication in factories could transform the
could avoid demand for new office floor space and way that products are ordered, manufactured and
lead to further emissions reductions. delivered. Intelligent systems control would allow


Fig. 14 SMART 2020: Next steps

Transform
Rethink ICT direct action
Standardise, •Systematically follow best
Monitor & ICT direct action
practice for rollout of new
products
Account •Continue to rethink and •Transform the ICT sector to
research radical innovation an exemplar of low carbon
ICT direct action across high emission devices technology
•Ensure standards for energy and services •Source green power wherever
measurement are included in •Rethink and implement radical possible
all technical standards architectural innovations (e.g. •ICT companies can also use
•Monitor energy consistently virtualisation across all IT their own products to
across companies assets) to significantly reduce demonstrate where
•Account for energy in the ICT’s emissions even further dematerialisation is possible
supply chain
ICT enabling action ICT enabling action
ICT enabling action •Optimise systems and •Practice open innovation to
•Extend existing ICT protocols processes for energy efficiency accelerate low carbon solutions
into other sectors (e.g. •Extend existing ICT capabilities •Integrate climate change into
implementing TCP/IP into into other sectors, company innovation strategy
even small devices such as (e.g. monitoring, sensing or •Carry out pilot projects to test
lighting or appliances) services) business case
•Provide products and services •Continue to develop affordable •Partner with other sectors
to support the collection remote collaboration and to implement smart and
and analysis of energy communication tools integrated approaches –
consumption from device •Develop new methods or platforms – for energy
creation through to its end for substituting high carbon management of systems
use and disposal with low carbon activities and processes

Policy Action Policy Action Policy Action
•Encourage standards bodies •Set stretching objectives for • Develop a coordinated policy
to include energy in technical energy efficiency and/or framework for scaling up
standards from the beginning targets for emissions efficiency solutions and low
of their development reductions where carbon alternatives
•Require consistent demonstrably effective • Initiate public–private
measurement of energy alternatives to high carbon partnerships
and emissions activities exist • Establish fiscal incentives
•Require interoperable •Require sufficient connectivity for every efficiency
open standards for device to deliver solutions
communication
• RFID and data exchange


“You need to sell the idea of smart grids,
to demonstrate their effectiveness – only
pilot projects will work.” K. Ramanathan,
Distinguished Fellow, Teri

for self-diagnosis and reporting on machine Chapter 3 detailed the hurdles to be overcome.
performance. Standard operating platforms for Lack of information, lack of supportive
robotics could facilitate software reusability and organisational structures, lack of clear market
interoperability, enabling the wider use of opportunities and lack of targeted policy were
efficiency applications and eventually allowing identified as barriers to implementation and scale.
for self-optimisation at the factory level. The In all cases, a lack of standardised ways of
industrial process could even connect back more measuring and reporting energy use makes it
directly with consumers so that they understand difficult to coordinate economy-wide solutions.
more clearly the impact of their choices on the Among the most challenging hurdles are the
manufacturing process. fragmentation in logistics and power generation
The opportunity for efficient logistics markets, lack of training and skills to manage
is spread over many activities, with small gains in complex BMS or a smart grid and lack of
each. The overall effect is larger than single technology transfer and financing mechanisms
opportunities like efficient motors, but takes a for implementing energy efficiency measures
much more coordinated approach. The major across power and other industry sectors. These
gains will be reductions in the number of empty and other hurdles identified will be overcome
vehicles on return journeys, better overall only by a combination of company leadership,
network management and minimised travel and disruptive innovation, government policies and
packaging throughout. Open transport behaviour change.
management systems will allow for traffic and There is much debate about how to
road configuration information to be passed to spur innovation and overcome hurdles to social
route planning platforms, resulting in mileage and technological low carbon transition.
reductions. Open freight exchange platforms Experiments, pilots and demonstrations are a
will allow for vehicle loads to be optimised thus necessary part of the innovation process.
reducing the number of empty vehicle miles This currently happens as a matter of course in
travelled. Integrated supplier gateways will allow “clusters” such as Silicon Valley where venture
companies to share haulage and, closer to 2020, capital investment allows start-ups to compete
the full automation of highway systems would to provide solutions. In California, Silver Spring
greatly improve the efficiency of traffic flow. Networks is moving beyond providing smart
meters to pioneering the underpinning
Transform: Implement smart, low carbon networking technology of a smart grid.
infrastructure at scale But start-ups alone may not be able
Scaling up low carbon ICT solutions described to deliver solutions at scale. Large companies
above is essential. Reducing T&D losses on the have a crucial role to play in finding the small
Indian grid by 30% will need to involve not one companies that are innovating and pulling their
utility, but many across the country. Putting BMSs ideas into scalable products and services. Open
in 40% of new buildings in North America is innovation98 is the process by which companies
possible, but not inevitable. Reducing flight time draw on distributed knowledge networks, by
even by 3% – if applied over 80% of flights – adds developing new models of IP-sharing and
up to energy savings that aren’t possible if business model prototyping. Open innovation
implemented by just one company. business practices by companies that build


98
climate change mitigation into their business For each sector, the opportunities Chesborough, H (2003), Open Innovation:
The New Imperative for Creating and
strategy will be necessary to achieve the will be captured by means of partnership and Profiting from Technology, Harvard
development of SMART infrastructure quickly providing services to all sectors. Market incentives Business Press.
99
and at scale. are needed to accelerate the implementation and Bernice Lee, Chatham House, Energy &
Climate Change Programme.
Every city can be the cluster for uptake of micro or renewable energy generation.
SMART solutions, because it is where the homes, Germany and Spain have successfully
grids, industry and transport solutions intersect. implemented feed-in tariffs that encourage
Cities are home to over 50% of the world’s renewables, for example. Public-private
population and are responsible for 75% of global partnerships may also play a role.
emissions. Mass urbanisation seems set to Policies need to be performance-based rather
continue. Developing the blueprints for than technology-specific, in order to ensure
sustainable urban infrastructures will be targets are met with innovative approaches.
fundamental to whether we will be able to Different policies suit each market and context.
significantly reduce our emissions to a safe level. For example, smart grids in India are needed to
Policy support is needed for innovation prevent theft and losses, whereas in California
to occur at scale. Encouraging experimentation, they will be more crucial in facilitating efficient
as some national governments have done in the use of energy by consumers.
name of competitiveness, may accelerate the
transformation. Countries such as South Korea Policy action to achieve the SMART ICT
have already identified the presence of high- opportunity will include (Fig. 14):
speed internet and mobile – along with other IT
services – as essential to economic development Standardise: Encourage standards bodies to
and government/industry partnerships aim to include considerations for energy consumption in
bring ubiquitous connectivity to the country. technical standards from the beginning of their
China’s circular economy approach which development. Ensure that privacy and reliability
recognises the strategic role of resource issues that arise as data collection increases are
productivity is being developed into law, chiefly addressed.
because environmental pollution is recognised
as constraining economic growth. China is also Monitor: Require consistent measurement of
investing in low carbon innovation zones99 – carbon emissions across sectors.
like the free economic zones that drove
economic development – to ensure China’s Account: Accountability to the public will be
global competitiveness in low carbon solutions. expected first from government and from the
The Dutch approach is transition management businesses it regulates. National to municipal
which takes a long-term, systems approach to governments can demonstrate what is possible by
societal change. In this model, micro-level reporting all activities and then require businesses
solutions can take off at the macro-level when to do the same .
technology, behaviour, policy and institutions
are jointly engaged in learning about a specific Rethink: Set stretching objectives for energy
societal transition. ICT could accelerate that efficiency and/or targets for emissions reductions
process. where demonstrably effective alternatives to high


The ICT industry, in partnership with other
emitting sectors, has a key role to play in
helping make society’s impact visible and to
demonstrate in aggregate the demand for new
ways of reducing that impact.

carbon activities exist. Fund research into new emissions around the world. The efficiencies
technologies and business models and fund pilot identified in this report could simply lead to the
projects in local contexts. Ensure the most energy consumption of more high carbon products. This
efficient connectivity is supported. is not an option, which is why absolute caps in
international emissions are important. Better
Transform: Establish fiscal incentives to promote information in real time on the optimal places
the mass scale-up of transformational ICT to introduce caps or targets would help ease the
technologies. Develop coordination mechanisms transition for all sectors as they seek to cut their
to ensure consistency in reporting of energy use emissions dramatically.
or emissions across policy areas that cover The ICT industry, in partnership with
communications, energy and transport, other emitting sectors, has a key role to play in
environmental performance, climate change, helping make society’s impact visible and to
waste, buildings, skills and innovation. Where demonstrate in aggregate the demand for new
technology is required in the built environment, ways of reducing that impact. We begin to
require interoperable open standards between transform our infrastructure only if we can see
devices in homes, cars/trucks, public transport, easily where the leakage occurs and are able to
offices, on the power grid and in factories. use this feedback to change business and
Set an example by procuring of low carbon operating models, our systems and our own
products/services. behaviour. The same tools could be used across
all GHG emissions, not only carbon, to come closer
Ultimately, the learning and experimentation on to zero waste and zero emissions targets.
drafting policies and testing technologies would ICT can enable the transition to a low
need to be fed back into standards processes and carbon economy and also begin to build the
allow further new substitutes to be developed and infrastructure, services and products that a low
implemented at scale. carbon society will demand.
The complexity of the solutions Now is the time for the industry and
requires companies to partner as well as compete, government to act.
governments to develop innovation-led
approaches for new types of development and,
above all, financial institutions to redirect
investment towards new solutions. The challenge
cannot be underestimated, but there is little
choice but to meet it, as the consequences of
not doing so will be much tougher to bear.

Concluding remarks
Since Thomas Newcomen invented the steam
engine in 1712, society has steamed ahead with
an industrial revolution delivering both efficiency
and productivity, but has also witnessed a rapid
increase in energy consumption and carbon

SMART 2020: Enabling the low carbon Scope, process and methodology
economy in the information age Appendix 1/63

Appendix 1: Scope, process and
methodology

Scope and methodology models were developed, one to understand the
The study set out to understand the role of direct footprint and the other to identify and
the ICT sector in the transition to a low carbon quantify indirect or enabling opportunities.
economy, both by reducing its own footprint To ensure accuracy and credibility of the
and by enabling emissions reductions across approach, the methodology and content were
the economy. shared with experts and stakeholders globally.
The second phase involved in-depth
The analysis therefore set out to answer three key case studies around five areas where the analysis
questions, all measured in CO2e: suggested the greatest emissions reductions
opportunities were possible using ICT solutions.
1. What is the impact of the products and services In four of those cases, value opportunities were
of the ICT sector? also developed.
2. What is the potential impact if ICT were applied The third phase involved an assessment
to reduce emissions in other sectors such as of the imperatives for each stakeholder
transport or power? (technology providers, technology users,
3. What are the market opportunities for the ICT investors and regulators) to accelerate adoption of
industry and other high-tech sectors in the illustrated case studies. Workshops were held
enabling the low carbon economy? with global experts and stakeholders to discuss
potential opportunities and barriers. The outcome
For the purposes of this report, the ICT sector of this communication was a clearer
covers: understanding of the imperatives for industry
and policy emerging from the case studies.
• PCs and peripherals: workstations; laptops;
desktops and; peripherals such as monitors Direct ICT impact methodology
and printers To assess the direct impact of ICT on the global
• IT services: data centres and their component carbon footprint, the contribution of each
servers; storage and cooling component within scope was analysed. Each of
• Telecoms networks and devices: network the drivers for emission growth was then assessed
infrastructure components; mobile phones; on a by-product basis.
chargers; broadband routers and IPTV boxes. The research utilised the latest
estimates of the current global emissions of the
It does not include consumer electronics such as sector components, penetration rates of ICT
TVs, video equipment, gaming, audio devices and devices and infrastructure, and estimates of global
media players or other electronic equipment such population and sectoral growth to 2020. Data
as medical imaging devices. were gathered from: relevant publicly available
This study was carried out in three key studies; academic and industry literature;
stages over a period of six months, from October expertise provided by the partners; and primary
2007 to March 2008. research as appropriate, including consumer
The first phase of the project aimed to surveys, and expert interviews.
quantify the direct and indirect global impact of The analysis aimed to be as
ICT on GHG emissions until 2020. Two basic comprehensive as possible, using the ‘cradle-to-

SMART 2020: Enabling the low carbon Scope, process and methodology

100
grave’ approach to carbon emissions, and as such, McKinsey analysed the significance and cost of Gartner estimates; McKinsey trend
extrapolation; McManus, T (2002), ‘Moore’s
incorporating emissions data from manufacture, each available method of reducing or ‘abating’ Law and PC Power’, presentation toTulane
transport, use and disposal wherever possible. emissions relative to BAU projections. The study Engineering Forum, www.sse.tulane.edu/
Tef/Slides/Tulane-Moore’s%20Law%20
covered a number of areas where emissions are Sept02.ppt, IDC data
The direct model was calculated based on four significant: power; manufacturing; industry; 101
IVF Industrial Research and
main components: transport; residential and commercial buildings; Development Corp (2007), Preparatory
Studies for Eco-Design Requirements of
forestry; agriculture; and waste disposal. It also Energy-using Products (EuP): Lot 3 – PCs
• Market growth and penetration of devices covered six regions: North America; Western (desktops and laptops) Final Report.
102
to 2020 based on industry reports100 and Europe; Eastern Europe including Russia; other Enkvist P., T. Naucler T. and J. Rosander
(2007), ‘A Cost Curve for Greenhouse
McKinsey analysis. In each section of the direct developed countries; and China and other Gas Reduction’, The McKinsey Quarterly,
footprint in this report, the components are developing nations (including India), over time Number 1.

identified along with assumptions of growth. periods to 2010, 2020 and 2030. For the purposes
Growth in India and China was of particular of this report, a time horizon of 2020 was used.
relevance The enabling model set out to
• Energy consumption of the components understand how ICT applications could play a role
based on publicly available or company data in each of the emissions abatement solutions in
• Emissions factor. To calculate the emissions the cost curve. Of the 21.9 GtCO2e of abatement
from the energy consumption, an emissions available by 2020, 7.8 GtCO2e will involve a major
factor was used based on McKinsey and role for ICT. It will also have a minor involvement
Vattenfall’s cost curve work. The conversion with other further abatements, although not all
from energy consumption to carbon is based on solutions could be included in the report.
the carbon intensity of electricity generation in In order to inform the model and to
each region on a pa basis and includes total better quantify the role of ICT in the opportunities
carbon emissions generated at source. identified through the cost curve work, four
Transmission losses were also calculated for each opportunities were analysed in detail, chosen
region. Transmission figures for conversion because of the size of their abatement potential,
differed in each region and year the scale of the economic opportunity and the
• Embodied carbon. The calculation of CO2e as quality of data available:
part of the manufacturing process of the
components is calculated based on publicly • Logistics in Europe (including urban and
available data101 or company data. Energy non-urban road transport, passenger and freight
consumed for end-of-life treatment (disposal, transport across all vehicle modes – road, air
landfill and recycling) was included in the and sea)
embodied energy estimates of ICT devices • Industry in China (including motor systems,
where data was available, as outlined in detail in process industries)
Appendix 2. • Power in India (including generation, T&D,
supply mix and demand sources)
The ICT industry is dynamic, fast-growing and • Buildings in North America (including
subject to the emergence of disruptive residential, office, warehouses, other
technologies and paradigm shifts. It is difficult to commercial).
predict the changes that are likely to take place
within the industry over the period 2008-2020. In addition to these four case studies based on
For this reason, a number of assumptions have cost curve analysis, dematerialisation was chosen
been made in this report when analysing the as fifth study item. Research involved extensive
direct footprint of the ICT sector, which are primary research, including expert and company
detailed in Appendix 2. interviews, regional interviews and site visits, as
well as extensive literature reviews.
Enabling impact methodology
The enabling model drew on McKinsey’s previous
work with Vattenfall on GHG reduction cost
curve.102 The cost curve set out to identify on a
global scale the supply of emissions abatement
solutions and rank them by cost to society.

SMART 2020: Enabling the low carbon The direct impact assumptions

Appendix 2: The direct impact
assumptions
Drivers Market growth Constituting Power Embodied carbon Abatements (as
and penetration of elements consumption discussed in detail
devices to 2020 in report itself)

PCs • Gartner on installed • Desktops v laptops • Historic growth of • Figures assessed •Device change.
base up to 2011 • Commercial v power consumption based on European
• Extrapolated growth consumer per PC unit including Commission DG TREN:
trends • CRT v LCD for PCs monitors EuP preparatory study,
• Capped at 2020 US (CRT assumed to • Assume effect of TREN/D1/40-2005,
penetration per capita decrease to 0% in efficiency gains and Lot 3.
• Assumed 20% 2020). increased computation
of desktops are requirements
workstations. • Workstations consume
2.5 times desktop in all
modes
• Commercial usage:
14 hours/day
• Consumer usage:
three hours/day
• Desktop standby
achieves 15W Energy
Star rating.

Telecoms • Yankee user • Mobile penetration • Mobile phones • Integrated product • Converge to 1W
connections for capped for 2020 to • Charging phone policy pilot project standby before 2020
devices broadband and mobile 0.92 (US penetration) 0.5 kWh Stage 1 Final • Reduce W in recharge
up to 2011, historic • Mobile devices, IPTV • Standby charging Report: “Life Cycle over the same duration.
trends up to 2020 boxes, routers. 13 kWh Environmental Issues
• IDC penetration on • Constant in time IPTV of Mobile Phones”,
IPTV up to 2010, • IPTV rating: 25W. Nokia, 2005
constant growth after Active 40% of rated • Assume router: 1/3 of
that. standby 20% of rated laptop
three hours of active • IPTV: 1/2 of laptop.
TV usage, rest of the
time in standby
• Routers: from
European code of
conduct. Five active
hours, rest of the time
in standby.

Telecoms • Yankee user connection • Fixed-line • “Mobile Embodied • Embodied carbon stays
for fixed, mobile, • Mobile Carbon from constant as percentage
networks broadband up to 2011, • Broadband Sustainable Energy of network energy
historic growth up to • Cable operators Use in Mobile consumption over time.
2020. (broadband only) Communications”,
• Satellite not included Ericsson, August 2007,
• Specific fixed network White Paper.
configurations
such as NGN were
not accounted for
separately.

Data centres • For each server type • Three kinds of servers; • Three types of servers: • Assumed 4% of • Virtualisation and
IDC data up to 2011 for and data storage units. 200, 500, 6000 W/unit total data centre life cooling.
sales. Projected global • Projected growth in cycle analysis (LCA)
2002 installed base consumption and on footprint: “Life Cycle
according to sales historic numbers Assessment for an
• Use sales and • Applied US storage Internet Data Centre”,
retirements to grow up consumption per server NEC.
to 2011 worldwide
• Straight line projection. • Doubled power
consumption of servers
to assess cooling and
power equipment.

SMART 2020: Enabling the low carbon The enabling effect assumptions

Appendix 3: The enabling effect
assumptions
Assumptions behind the CO2e calculations for
the enabling effect are detailed below for the top
five areas.

Dematerialisation: Global impact
0.46 GtCO2e in 2020 – Assumptions behind the
numbers in Fig. 9, Chapter 3

Lever GtCO2e Assumptions

Online media 0.02 • Assumes seven billion DVDs and 10 billion CDs
globally sold per year
• 1 Kg CO2e per CD/DVD*
• Eliminate all CDs and DVDs

E-commerce 0.03 • 3% reduction in emissions from shopping
transport, assumed to be 40% of non-work-
related private transport, or 20% of all private
transport

E-paper 0.07 • Assumes 270Mt of paper in 2020 globally
• tCO2e per tonne of paper
• Eliminate 25% of all paper

Videoconferencing 0.08 • 30% of passenger air and rail travel is business
travel
• Globally 30% of business travel can be avoided
through videoconferencing

Telecommuting 0.26 • Assumes that work-related car travel in urban and
non-urban areas decreases by 80%, while
non-work-related car travel increases by 20%
• In developed countries 10% of existing vehicles
are affected, equivalent to 20% of people and
30-40% of working population, and 7% in
developing countries
• Assumes a 15% increase in residential building
emissions and a 60% reduction in office emissions,
applied to 10% of residential buildings and 80% of
office buildings


SMART motors: Global impact
0.97 GtCO2e – Assumptions behind the numbers
in Fig 10.1, Chapter 3


Optimisation of variable 0.68 • 30% increase in efficiency of industrial motor
speed motor systems systems through optimisation
• 60% penetration of motor system optimisation
technology

ICT driven automation in 0.29 • 15% decrease in total electricity consumption
key industrial processes • 33% penetration of process optimisation
technology

SMART logistics: Global impact
1.52 GtCO2e – Assumptions behind the numbers in Fig. 11.1, Chapter 3

Lever GtC02e Assumptions

Optimisation of logistics 0.340 • 14% reduction in road transport
network • 1% reduction in other modes of transport

Intermodal shift 0.020 •1% reduction in road transport owing to shift
towards rail and waterborne transport

Reduction in inventory 0.180 •24% reduction in inventory levels
•100% of warehouses and 25% of retail are
assumed to be used for storage

Centralised distribution No data available
centres

Optimisation of truck 0.330 • 14% reduction in road transport
itinerary planning

Optimisation of truck 0.100 • 5% reduction in carbon intensity of road
route planning transport owing to avoidance of congestion

Eco-driving 0.250 •12% reduction in carbon intensity owing to
improved driving style

Intelligent traffic No data available
management

In-flight fuel efficiency, 0.002 •1% reduction in fuel consumption achievable for
e.g. centre of gravity 80% of t/km flown
•Impact calculated for average European fleet


Lever GtC02e Assumptions

Reduction in ground 0.002 • 32% reduction in ground fuel consumption
fuel consumption achievable for 80% of flights
•Impact calculated for average European fleet

Reduction in 0.007 • 3% reduction in flight time achievable for 80%
unnecessary flight time of flights

Optimisation of train 0 •2.5% reduction in rail transport owing to better
operations scheduling and operations of trains

Maximisation of ship 0.030 • 4% reduction in marine transport owing to
load factor improved utilisation of ships

Optimisation of ship 0.020 • 3% increase in fuel efficiency, e.g. by adjusting
operations ballasts and optimising speed

Minimisation of 0.220 • 5% reduction in packaging material, leading to a
packaging 5% reduction in all transports and in storage

Recycling and No data available
remanufacturing

Reduction of damaged 0.010 •0.2% reduction in damaged goods achievable
goods through better tracking (e.g. RFID) and
conditions monitoring (e.g. bio-sensors)

Flexible home delivery 0 • 0.1% reduction in consumer travel to collect
methods failed deliveries


SMART buildings: Global impact
1.68GtCO2e – Assumptions behind the numbers in Fig 12.1, Chapter 3


Improved building 0.45 • 40% reduction in retail buildings and 30% in others
design for energy • Implementation: 60% of all new builds and 15% of
efficiency retrofits (except 0% for residential)

Reduced building 0.11 • 25% reduction in retail and warehouse space
space through design • Implementation: 60% of new buildings and 20%
of retrofits

BMS 0.39 • 12% less in residential and retail buildings, 7% in
warehouse and 36% in office and other emissions
• Implementation: 40% of new offices and retail and
25% retrofits; 33% of all other new and 10% of
retrofits

HVAC automation 0.13 • 13% reduction in HVAC consumption (except
warehouses)
• Implementation: 40% for new retail and offices; 33%
for remaining new; 25% for all retrofits

Lighting automation 0.12 • 16% reduction in lighting
• Implementation: 40% for new retail and offices; 33%
for remaining new; 50% for commercial retrofits and
25% for residential retrofits

Ventilation on demand 0.02 • 4% reduction in heating/cooling emissions in
commercial buildings except warehouses
• Implementation: 60% of new builds and 25%
of retrofits

Intelligent 0.06 • 15% reduction in commercial building (except
commissioning warehouses) heating/cooling emissions
• Implementation: 60% of new builds

Benchmarking and 0.15 • 35% reduction in current commercial building
building (except warehouses) heating/cooling emissions
recommissioning • Implementation: 25% of new builds and 50%
of retrofits

Voltage optimisation 0.24 • 10% reduction in heating/cooling and appliance
consumption
• Implementation: 80% of new builds, 30% of
commercial retrofits and 20% of residential retrofits


SMART grids: Global impact
2.03 GtCO2e – Assumptions behind the numbers in Fig 13.1. Chapter 3


Reduce T&D losses 0.90 • 30% reduction (14% to 10%) of T&D losses for
developed countries and 38% (24% to 15%)
reduction for developing countries

Demand management 0.02 • 3% (10 days a year) reduction in spinning reserve

Reduce consumption 0.28 • 5% reduction in energy consumption
through user • Effective in 75% of residential new builds and
information 50% of residential retrofits
• Effective in 60% of commercial new builds and
50% of commercial retrofits

Integration of 0.83 • 10% reduction in the carbon intensity of
renewables generation of developed countries
• 5% reduction in the carbon intensity of
generation of developing countries

Intelligent load No data available
dispatch


Global value of the opportunity for smart motors,
smart logistics, smart buildings and smart grids
was developed using the detailed information
available for each case study and scaled according
to the assumptions outlined in each value tree:

SMART motors
Industrial automation could save up to
¤68 billion pa worldwide ($107.2 billion)
Worldwide impact, 2020

Key drivers of business model

Motor system
electricity used
TWh 5,430 Impact of 2 levers*
Motor system
• Optimisation of
electricity savings
industrial motor
TWh 1,200
Motor system systems (11% impact)
Electricity savings
electricity savings • Automation of key
22%
¤47.9 billion industrial processes
Cost of electricity (5% impact)
¤/kWh 0.04
Other electricity
Electricity savings
used
¤53.7 billion
TWh 2,900
Other electricity
savings
TWh 145
Other electricity Impact of 1 levers*
Electricity savings
savings • Automation of key
5%
¤5.8 billion industrial processes
Cost of electricity
¤/kWh 0.04
Value at stake Motor system
¤68 billion electricity savings
Tons of carbon TWh 1,200
avoided
MtCO2 660
Carbon savings for Carbon intensity
motor system of electricity
electricity ¤13.2 billion tC02/MWh 0.55
Cost of carbon
Carbon savings ¤/tonne 20
¤14.7 billion Other electricity
savings
Tonnes of carbon TWh 2,900
avoided
80 MtCO2
Carbon savings for Carbon intensity
other electricity of primary fuel
¤1.6 billion tCO2/MWh 0.16
Cost of carbon
¤/tonne 20

* Impact of individual levers determined through expert interviews.


SMART logistics:
Efficient logistics could save up to
¤280 billion pa worldwide ($441.6 billion)

Impact of 16 levers,*
Fuel used in logistics of which the most
1,655 billion litres significant are:
Fuel savings • Optimisation of
454 billion litres logistics networks
• Optimisation of truck
Transport savings Fuel savings collection and
¤227 billion 27% delivery itinerary
Cost of fuel Electricity usage • Eco-driving
¤/litre 0.5** TWh 438
Electricity savings
TWh 321
Storage electricity
Electricity savings
savings
27%
¤12.8 billion
Cost of electricity
¤/kWh 0.04
Heating energy usage Impact of 3 levers*
Value at stake Storage savings
TWh 375 • Reduction of inventory
¤280 billion ¤24 billion
Heating energy • Minimisation of packaging
savings TWh 274 • Reduction of damaged goods
Storage heating
Heating energy
energy savings
savings 27%
¤11.2 billion
Cost of heating
energy ¤/kWh 0.04
Fuel savings
454 billion litres
Tonnes of carbon
avoided 1.21 GtCO2
Carbon savings
Carbon intensity
for transport
KgCO2/2.68 litre
¤24.3 billion
Cost of carbon Electricity savings
¤/20 tonne TWh 321
Carbon saved from
Carbon savings
electricity savings
¤29 billion Carbon intensity
0.18 GtC02
Tonnes of carbon of electricity
avoided tC02/MWh 0.55
Carbon savings 0.22 GtCO2
for storage Heating energy
¤4.4 billion savings TWh 274
Carbon saved from
Cost of carbon
heating energy
¤/20 tonne
savings 0.04 GtC02 Carbon intensity
of primary fuel
tC02/TWh 0.16

* Impact of individual levers determined through expert interviews
** Average spot trading price of gasoline excluding tax, IEA data, December 2007.


SMART buildings:
The global value at stake from building efficiency
is estimated at ¤216 billion ($340.7 billion)


Electricity used
TWh 12,000
Electricity savings
TWh 1,800
Electricity savings
Electricity savings 15%
¤72 billion
Cost of electricity
¤/kWh 0.04 Impact of multiple levers,* of
which the most significant are
Primary energy • Improved building design
source used (4% impact)
Primary energy TWh 19,000 •BMS (4% impact)
source saved •Benchmarking and building
TWh 2,850 Primary energy
Primary energy recommissioning (1.5% impact)
Value at stake source savings
¤216 billion source savings 15%
¤115 billion
Cost of electricity
Electricity savings
¤/kWh 0.04
TWh 1,800
Tonnes of carbon
avoided
Carbon savings 990 MtCO2 Carbon intensity of
for electricity electricity
¤20 billion Cost of carbon
tCO2/MWh 0.55
¤/20 tonne
Carbon savings
¤29 billion
Primary energy
source savings
Tonnes of carbon TWh 2,850
avoided
Carbon savings Carbon intensity of
MtCO2 445
for primary primary fuel
energy source Cost of carbon tCO2/MWh 0.16
¤9 billion ¤/20 tonne



SMART grids:
The global value at stake from smart grid
is estimated at ¤79 billion ($124.6 billion)
Global Impact, 2020


T&D losses
TWh 4,400**

Electricity savings
TWh 1,540

Electricity savings Reduction in T&D
¤61 billion losses
35%

Cost of electricity
¤/kWh 0.04

Value at stake Electricity savings
¤79 billion TWh 1,540

Tonnes of carbon
avoided
900 MtCO2

Carbon savings Carbon intensity
¤18 billion of electricity
MtCO2/MWh 0.55

Cost of carbon
¤/20 tonne

Estimate does not include benefits of smart grids beyond
reduction of T&D losses such as:
• DSM
• Integration of renewables
• Improved asset management

** Based on 18% average losses worldwide and 25,000 TWh produced.

SMART 2020: Enabling the low carbon Company commitments

Appendix 4: Company
commitments
Companies Public commitments

Alcatel–Lucent • Reach a 10% reduction in total CO2 emissions from facilities from the 2007 CSR reported baseline by
the end of 2010
• Determine and report Alcatel–Lucent’s direct carbon footprint by the end of 2008

Bell Canada • Reduce intensity of GHG emissions by 15%, by 2012

British Tele- • Reduce the worldwide CO2 emissions per unit of BT’s contribution to GDP by 80% from 1996 levels,
communications by 2020
plc • Reduce UK CO2 emissions in absolute terms by 80% below 1996 levels, by December 2016
• 20% of BTs employees will be actively engaged in reducing carbon footprint at work and at home
by December 2012
• 25% of BT’s UK electricity to be sourced from on-site wind power by 2016

Cisco Systems • Complete verified, annual EPA Climate Leaders and CDP global GHG inventories
• As part of EPA Climate Leaders, develop a global, corporate GHG emissions goal to be implemented
over a five to 10 year horizon. Cisco’s goal will be posted under partner goals on the EPA Climate
Leaders Partnership website
•As part of Clinton Global Initiative (CGI) commitment, invest at least $20 million in remote
collaboration technology to reduce carbon emissions from air travel by 10% (2006 baseline)
• As part of CGI commitment, invest $15 million in the Connected Urban Development initiative
to create replicable templates for sustainable urban infrastructure development considering urban
planning, built environment, transport and energy solutions to reduce carbon emissions from cities

Dell • Reduce operational carbon intensity by an additional 15% by 2012
• Starting with FY08, achieve net carbon neutrality for all Dell-owned and -leased manufacturing
and facilities operations worldwide, including business air travel
• Double our average facilities LEED score by 2012
• Strive for 100% use of renewable power in Dell operations
• Educate and empower customers to conserve energy and offset carbon related to operation
of IT products
• Set expectations for all primary suppliers to manage, reduce and publicly disclose GHG impacts

Deutsche • 100% of German electricity demand obtained from renewable sources (water/wind/biomass)
Telekom AG as from 2008
• Reduce CO2 emissions for Deutsche Telekom Group by 20% below 2006 levels by 2020
• Achieve the target of eight million private customers using online billing by the end of 2008
(started to promote the use of online billing in 2006)
• Conduct
– a complete review of Deutsche Telekom’s energy supply including exploring further potential
of all sources of renewable energies, including fuel cells and natural heat of the earth (geothermic)
– a complete audit of the energy consumption of Deutsche Telekom´s data centres



Deutsche • Further investigate and assess
Telekom AG – the use of high efficiency geothermal heat exchangers for cooling and heating
– the use of block-type thermal power stations
– the optimisation of data centres and switching stations through cooling water
• Investigate, assess and ensure the reduction of car fleet emissions by
– increasing the number of cars powered by alternative engines (i.e. hybrid etc.)
– using alternative fuels in the vehicle fleet

Ericsson • Complete full peer-reviewed LCA study on mobile communications in accordance with ISO 14040
standards
• 20% energy efficiency improvement targeted from 2006 to end 2008 for WCDMA RBS
• 15% improvement in energy efficiency of GSM RBS products sold from beginning 2006 to end 2008
• Introduce power-saving standby feature for GSM RBS during low load
• Have intermediate, publishable results from two or three ongoing projects for LCA, video
communications and mobile applications

France Telecom • Reduce CO² emissions for FT Group by 20% below 2006 levels by 2020
• Involve 100% of FT Group employees in reducing the company’s footprint
• Reduce energy consumption for FT Group by 15% below 2006 level to 2020
• 25% of FT Group electricity in Africa (EMEA) to be sourced from solar by 2015

Hewlett-Packard • Reduce energy consumption and the resulting GHG emissions from HP-owned and leased facilities
worldwide 16% below 2005 levels, by 2010
• Reduce the combined energy consumption and associated GHG emissions of HP operations and
products to 25% below 2005 levels, by 2010
• Reduce the energy consumption of volume desktop and notebook PC families by 25% by 2010
relative to 2005
• Improve the overall energy efficiency of HP ink and laser printing products by 40% by 2011
• Quadruple the number of high-end video conferencing units at company sites worldwide by 2009,
resulting in an expected reduction of more than 20,000 trips
• Report energy use and associated GHG emissions in HP’s first-tier suppliers, representing more than
70% of the company’s materials, components and manufacturing supplier spend

Intel • Reduce absolute carbon footprint by 20% by 2012 against the 2007 baseline
• Reduce use of perfluorocarbons (PFCs) by 10% by 2010 against the 1995 baseline
• Reduce normalised energy use in operations by 4% pa by 2010 against 2002 baseline, increasing to 5%
pa by 2012 against the 2007 baseline
• Reduce IT-related CO2 emissions by 50% by 2010 by ensuring commitments to produce, sell, buy and
use the most energy efficient IT equipment, via the Climate Savers Computing Initiative
• Starting in 2008, purchase 1.3 billion kWh a year of renewable energy certificates

Microsoft • All new owned buildings will be constructed to LEED Silver or Gold performance levels
• Increase multiple occupancy and alternative transport rate for Puget Sound, Washington employees
from 32% to 40% by 2015
• 100% of data centres will feature real time tracking of CO2 emissions
• Every two years through 2012, halve the measure between annual average data centre PUE and the
ideal PUE (1.0) by increasing Microsoft data centre productivity



Motorola • Reduce operational CO2 emissions (includes direct GHG emissions and indirect emissions from
electricity use) by 15% compared with 2005
• In keeping with the company’s commitment as a founding member of the Chicago Climate Exchange
(CCX), reduce global absolute CO2 emissions by 6% by 2010 compared with 2000
• Assess supply chain climate impacts
• Measure the impact of business travel
• Understand the carbon footprint through the life cycle of Motorola products
•Continuously improve the energy efficiency of Motorola products

Nokia • Products:
– Reduce the average no-load power consumption by another 50% by the end of 2010
– Roll out reminders for consumers to unplug the charger from the electricity outlet once the phone has
been fully charged across its product range by the end of 2008
• Offices and sites:
– Further energy savings 2007-2012 of 6% compared to 2006 levels
• Green energy:
– Increase the use of green electricity to 50% in 2010
• Operations:
– Set energy efficiency and CO2 reduction targets for global suppliers of printed wiring boards,
integrated circuits, LCD’s and chargers that are in line with Nokia internal target setting
• Require target setting for the reduction of energy consumption and CO2 emissions from its logistics
service providers

Nokia Siemens Products energy consumption targets:
Networks • Reduce the energy consumption of typical GSM (2G) RBS by 20% by 2010 from the 2007 level
of 800W
• Reduce the energy consumption of typical WCDMA (3G) RBS by 40% by 2010 from end-2007
level of 500W
• Reduce the energy consumption by 29% per ADSL line by 2009 from the 2007 level to meet the
Broadband Code of Conduct. With ADSL low power mode, additional 30% savings are possible
• Reduce the energy consumption by 49% per VDSL line by 2009 from the 2007 level and target
to meet the Broadband Code of Conduct
• Continue deployment and further development of energy-saving features during low traffic periods

Nokia Siemens Production and office facilities energy use targets:
Networks • Reduce energy use by 6% by 2012, exceeding the official EU target of 5%
• Use 25% renewable energy in company operations by 2009, increasing up to 50% by the end of
2010

Sun • Reduce US CO2e emissions 20% from 2002 levels by 2012
Microsystems • Maintain over 50% of employees in a flexible work programme, which includes partial and full time
work from home
• Publish energy consumption data for all products
• Drive increased energy efficiency in microprocessors, systems and storage through Sun’s Eco
Innovation programme
• Provide tools for data centre customers to monitor ongoing power consumption of Sun products
• Exceed industry targets for energy efficiency of power supplies used in Sun products.



Telecom Italia • 30% increase (with respect to 2007) of the eco-efficiency indicator for 2008: the objective for 2008
is 1,130 Bit/Joule (the value for 2007 is 873 B/J)
• In 2008, 3 million kWh reduction through use of low-consumption lighting systems
• In 2008, 200 tonnes CO2 reduction by substituting new methane generators for oil boilers
• In 2008, 2,700 tonnes CO2 reduction by replacing Euro3 vehicles with Euro4 vehicles

Telefónica S.A. • Collect and standardise carbon emission data in all of Telefónica’s operating markets and companies
• Identify risks associated with future emission limits as well as the opportunities to cut them and
improve the company’s environmental record
• Draw up an energy efficiency plan
• Calculate to what extent the products and services marketed by Telefónica reduce carbon emissions
• Raise awareness of the need to fight climate change among social and economic agents
• Establish a company-wide culture of awareness around climate change and energy savings

Verizon • Verizon is committed to enhancing its green profile. Current initiatives have improved the
company’s carbon intensity 2006-2007 by 1%. The company is expanding its efforts by a wide
range of green initiatives, some of which will incorporate customer participation and/or adoption.
These will be monitored by a council of senior executives. They include:
– Promotion of paperless billing
– Investigation and/or expansion of alternate energy sources such as solar, wind and geothermal
– Broadband alternatives to travel
– Hybrid vehicles
– Supporting HopeLine cell phone recycling programme
– Benchmarking best practices of leaders in energy conservation and alternate power sources

Vodafone plc • Reduce absolute CO2 emissions by 50% against the 2006/07 footprint baseline, by 2020
• Develop a separate climate change strategy for India and set a target by March 2009
• Research and reduce the environmental impact of Vodafone’s products and services
• Design and deploy products and services that will help Vodafone’s customers mitigate
climate change

SMART 2020: Enabling the low carbon Experts consulted and/or interviewed

Appendix 5:Experts consulted
and/or interviewed for the
analysis and reporting

Name Role Organisation

General experts/policy

Skip Laitner Economic Analysis Director American Council for an Energy
Efficient Economy
James Lovegrove Managing Director American Electronics Association
Europe
Paul Dickinson Chief Executive CDP
Barry Fogarty Consultant CDP
Joseph Romm Senior Fellow Center for American Progress
Michel Catinat Head of Unit B4 DG Enterprise
John Doyle Monitoring and Evaluation Unit DG Info Society
Peter Johnston Head, Monitoring and Evaluation DG Info Society
Unit
Matthew Baldwin Energy Advisor EU Commission President Barroso
Pierre Schellekens Deputy Head of Cabinet EU Commissioner for
Environment Dimas
Jim Stack Analyst Freeman and Sullivan
Chris Bone Head of Enterprise Fujitsu Siemens Computers
Simon Mingay Analyst Gartner
Chris Large Business Programme Manager Global Action Plan
Faisal Qayium Project Manager, ICT Global Action Plan
Lawrence Harrison Delivery Director Intellect
Emma Fryer Energy Director Intellect
Jon Koomey Staff Scientist LBNL
Rebecca Henderson Professor of Management Sloan School of Management,
Massachusetts Institute of
Technology (MIT)
Rodrigo Prudencio Investor Nth Power
Bruno Giussani European Director TED Conferences
Nigel Zaldua-Taylor Head of ICT Transport for London
Andrew Fanara Director of Energy Star US Environmental Protection
Agency
James Tee Project Manager, ICT World Economic Forum
Tim Herzog Director of Online World Resources Institute
Communications
Dennis Pamlin Policy Director WWF



SMART motors, China

Fan, Yaode Senior Engineer Bao Steel
Zhang, Hui Engineer Bao Steel
Jia, Ke Information Officer Beijing Office, National Electrical
Manufacturers Association
(NEMA)
Li, Yuqi Chief Technical Advisor CHUEE
Alex Wyatt Director Climate Bridge
Xu, Shuigen Marketing and Business Honeywell Process Solution
Development Director, China
Valerie Karplus Postgraduate Student MIT
Qin, Hongbo Motor Department Shanghai Energy Conservation
Service Centre
Wang, Guoxing Motor Department Shanghai Energy Conservation
Service Centre
Song, Yu Manufacturing Planning ManagerShanghai Volkswagen
Five members of Marketing Marketing Shanghai Volkswagen
Department
Yu, Haibin Marketing Director Supcon
Li, Yongdong Professor Tsinghua University
Zhao, Rongxiang Professor Zhejiang University

SMART logistics, EU

Darren Briggs Logistics Consultant Arup
Ewan French COO Barloworld Optimus
Nelly Andrieu Masters Student Carbon-Efficient Supply Chains,
MIT
Lee Weiss Carbon-Efficient Supply Chains,
MIT
Edgar Blanco Executive Director Centre for Transportation and
Logistics, MIT
Adrian Dickinson Innovation Director, The Neutral DHL
Group
Grace Lowe Head of Environmental Fujitsu
Management System Initiative
Darran Watkins Senior Supply Chain Analyst IGD
James Walton Chief Economist IGD
Don Carli Director Institute of Sustainable
Communication
Professor Mohammed Naim Professor Logistics and Operations
Management, Cardiff Business
School
Alan McKinnon Director, Professor of Logistics Logistics Research Centre,
Herriot-Watt University
Harold Krikke Professor Tilburg University

John Hix Programme Manager, Freight UK Department for Transport
Best Practice Group



SMART buildings, North America

Gareth Ashley Associate Arup
Amit Khanna Consultant – Mechanical/ Arup
Sustainability
Al Lyons Information Technology and Arup
Telecommunications Team Lead
Susan Kaplan Director, Sustainable Battery Park City Authority –
Development Tour of Solitaire
Mike Scheible Deputy Director California Air Resources Board
(CARB)
Chuck Schlock Programme Manager CARB
Bill Welty CIO CARB
Leena Pishe Thomas City Director, Delhi Clinton Climate Initiative
Donald Winston Director Technical Services Durst
Stuart Brodsky (Former) National Program Energy Star
Manager, Commercial Properties
Stephen Thomas Manager, Global Energy and Johnson Controls
Sustainability Communications
Bruce Nordman Staff Scientist LBNL
Stephen Selkowitz Programme Head, Building LBNL
Technologies Department
Nidia Blake-Reeder
Leon Glicksman Head, Building Technology MIT
Programme, Department of
Architecture
Bill Mitchell Director MIT Design Laboratory
Les Norford Professor MIT
Bernhard Berner Chief Engineer National Resource Management
Inc.
Michael Brambley Staff Scientist Pacific Northwest Labs and
ASHRAE
Carlo Ratti Director SENSEable City Laboratory
Jerry Dion Head of Smart Building US Department of Energy
Technology Programme
Michelle Moore Senior Vice President USGBC

SMART grids, India

Balawant Joshi Managing Partner ABPS Infra
Bharat Lal Mena Director General Bangalore Electricity Supply
Company (BESCOM) and
Karnataka Power Transmission
Corporation Limited (KPTCL)
Ted Geilen Senior Utilities Engineer, California Public Utilities
Electricity Pricing and Programs Commission (CPUC)

Dr. Hari Sharan Director DESI Power
Lee Cooper Team Leader and Consultant to Emerging Technologies, PG&E
Customer Energy Efficiency



Hal La Flash Director of Emerging Clean Emerging Technologies, PG&E
Technology Policy
Steve Pullins President (HE) and Leader of Horizon Energy – MGI
Modern Grid Initiative (MGI)
Alex Zheng Author and Consultant Horizon Energy – MGI
Ashok Emani Management and Social Infrastructure Development
Development Group, Senior Finance Company
Specialist – Environment
Sanjay Grewal Executive Vice President Infrastructure Development
Finance Company
Veena Vadini Senior Specialist – Environment Infrastructure Development
Finance Company
Ajay Mathur Director General Indian Bureau of Energy
Efficiency
Jayant Kawale Joint Secretary Indian Ministry of Power
Giresh B Pradhan Additional Secretary Indian Ministry of Power
Vivek Kumar Head of Utilities Infosys
Dipayan Mitra Climate Change Solutions Infosys
Mitul Thapliyal Associate Infosys
Sanjay Kumar Banga HOG (Automation and Network NDPL
Analysis)
Mithun Chakraborty Business Development and NDPL
Knowledge Management
Praveen Chorghade Head (Operations) NDPL
BN Prasanna NDPL
Robert Pratt GridWise Programme Manager Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory
Shantanu Dixit Director Prayas Energy Group
Eric Dresselhuys CEO SilverSpring Networks
John O'Farrell Executive Vice President Business SilverSpring Networks
Development
Raj Vaswani CTO SilverSpring Networks
Gaurav Chakraverty Associate Fellow Teri
Sangeeta Gupta Director Teri
K Ramanathan Distinguished Fellow Teri

SMART 2020: Enabling the low carbon Glossary

Appendix 6: Glossary

AB 32 – Assembly Bill 32: Legislation that puts a cap on California’s CO2e: Carbon dioxide equivalent.
GHG emissions and creates a path for a market-based system and other Computer number control (CNC): Programme to provide individual
mechanisms to bring the state’s emissions back down to 1990 levels robots with instructions to perform manufacturing tasks.
by 2020. Control system: Facilitates automated control of a manufacturing
ADSL: Asymmetric digital subscriber line. plant. Often based on DCS architecture.
AMI: Advanced metering infrastructure. Cost curve: GHG abatement cost curve developed in 2007 by
AMR: Automatic meter reading. McKinsey, which estimated the significance (in terms of emissions
AMS: Advanced metering system (also known as advanced metering). reductions) and cost of each possible method of reducing emissions
APDRP v2 – Accelerated Power Development and Reform Programme globally, and by region and by sector.
v2: Programme introduced in 2008 to accelerate power distribution CPFR: Collaborative planning, forecasting, and replenishment.
sector reforms in India. Cradle-to-grave approach: Analysis that incorporates all stages of |
API: Adaptive processor intensity. a process from first to last (e.g. product development and manufacture
AT&C losses – Aggregated technical and commercial losses: As well as to disposal).
accounting for losses of electricity T&D across the grid (technical CRT – cathode ray tube: Used in computer or television monitors, but
losses), this term incorporates additional losses from theft of electricity increasingly being replaced by LCD or plasma screen technology.
from the grid (commercial losses). Data centre: Facility used to house computer systems and associated
AWBCS: Automated whole building control systems. components.
AWBDS: Automated whole building diagnostic systems. DCS architecture – Distributed control system architecture: System
BACnet: Data communication protocol for building automation and through which intelligence is distributed across components of the
control networks, developed by ASHRAE. system and requires network connectivity for communication and
Bandwidth: Rate of data transfer, measured in bits per second. monitoring.
Base station (also known as radio base station or RBS): Decentralised energy: Electricity production at or near the point of
(a) Telecoms: wireless communications station installed at a fixed location use, irrespective of size, technology or fuel used, both off-grid and
and used to communicate as part of either a push-to-talk two-way radio on-grid.
system or a wireless telephone system. (b) Computing: Radio receiver/ Demand response: Reduction of customer energy usage at times of
transmitter serving as the hub of the local wireless network; may also be peak usage in order to help improve system reliability, reflect market
the gateway between wired and wireless networks. conditions and pricing and support infrastructure optimisation or
BAU: Business as usual. deferral.
BMS - Building management system: Used in smart buildings to Dematerialisation: The substitution of high carbon activities or
automatically control and adjust heating, cooling, lighting and products with low carbon alternatives.
energy use. DGNB: Deutsches Gesellschaft für nachhaltiges Bauen e.V.
BREEAM: Building Research Establishment Environmental Direct footprint: In this report refers to the CO2e impact of the
Assessment Method. ICT sector.
Broadband: Wide band of frequencies used to transmit Direct load control: System or programme that allows utilities,
telecommunications information. other load serving entities or demand response service providers to
Broad operating temperature envelope and fresh air cooling: control user load.
Combined use of computing components with operating temperature Direct methanol fuel cell: Electrochemical alternative energy device
range of 5-40°C with low power cooling by fresh air. that converts high-energy density fuel (liquid methanol) directly
CAGR: Compound annual growth rate. to electricity.
Captive power generation (also known as captive generation): Distributed generation: Generation of electricity from small
Power generation from a unit set up by industry/households for energy sources.
exclusive consumption as a means to ensure a constant power supply. DSM: Demand side management.
Carbon footprint: Impact of human activities on the environment Dynamic demand: Semi-passive technology for adjusting load
measured in terms GHG produced, measured in CO2e. demands on an electrical power grid.
Carbon intensity: Quantity of CO2e emitted per unit of energy Dynamic smart cooling: Dynamic detection and target cooling of
produced by the burning of a fuel. areas of high temperature within data centres.
CASBEE: Comprehensive Assessment System for Building E-commerce (also known as electronic commerce): Buying
Environmental Efficiency. and selling of products and services over the internet and other
CDM: Clean development mechanism. computer networks.
CDMA: Code division multiple access. EDGE: Enhanced data rates for GSM revolution.
CDP: Carbon Disclosure Project. EFX: Electronic freight exchanges.
Cholesteric LCD screen (see also LCD screen): Cholesteric liquid EICC: Electronic Industry Code of Conduct.
crystal displays are brighter and higher contrast than conventional LCDs EiT: Economies in transition.
in ambient lighting. Embodied carbon: Total CO2e required to get a product to its position
CHP: Combined heat and power. and state. Includes product manufacture, transport and disposal.
CHUEE: China Utility-based Energy Efficiency Finance Program. EMCS – Energy management control system: Electronic devices with
Cloud computing: System of computing in which the computing microprocessors and communication capabilities that utilise powerful,
resources being accessed are typically owned and operated by low-cost microprocessors and standard cabling communication
third-party providers on a consolidated basis in data centre locations. protocols.
CMIE: Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy Pvt. Ltd. EMEA: Europe, Middle East and Africa.
CO2: Carbon dioxide. Emerging markets: Business and market activity in industrialising or


emerging regions of the world. LCD – Liquid crystal displays (see also Cholesteric LCD screen):
Emissions factor: Carbon footprint of any energy source, expressed Screen composed of LCDs, one per pixel, which darken or change colour
for example as kgCO2/kWh. This report used emissions factors based on when activated.
McKinsey and Vattenfall cost curve. Leapfrogging: Theory of development in which developing countries
Enabling effect: Term coined in this report to describe the ability of may accelerate development by skipping inferior, inefficient, expensive
ICT solutions to facilitate emissions reductions by means of: improved or polluting technologies and industries, moving directly to more
visibility; management and optimisation of processes; and behavioural advanced ones.
change as a result of better information provision. LED: Light-emitting diode.
Energy Conservation Act: Legal framework introduced in India in LEED – Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design: Green
2001 to promote economy-wide energy efficiency. Led to the formation building rating system established by the US Green Business Council.
of the Indian Bureau of Energy Efficiency. Lever: In this report refers to a device, application or mechanism whose
Energy intensity: Ratio of energy use to economic or physical output. use or implementation brings about a reduction in GHG emissions.
EPEAT: Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool. Load control: Practices undertaken by electrical utilities to ensure that
ESCO: Energy services company. electrical load is less than what can be generated.
EuP: Energy-using products. Load dispatch: Refers to the scheduling of power generation.
EuP Directive: The EU Directive 2005/32/EC on the eco-design of Load management: Refers to interruptible rates, curtailment
Energy-using Products (EuP). programmes and direct load control programmes.
GDP: Gross domestic product. Mainframes: Computers used mainly by large organisations for critical
GHG: Greenhouse gas. applications, typically bulk data processing such as census, industry
GIS – Geographic[al] information system (also known as geospatial and consumer statistics and financial transaction processing.
information system): System for capturing, storing, analysing, Mbit: Megabit.
managing and presenting data and associated attributes that are MCX – Multi-commodity exchange: Indian multi-commodity
spatially referenced to Earth. exchange with recognition from the Indian government for facilitating
Gj - Gigajoule: One billion joules. online trading, clearing and settlement operations for the national
GPS – Global positioning system: The only fully functional global commodities futures market.
navigation satellite system. Utilising a satellite constellation of at least Mesh network: Means of routing data, voice and instructions between
24 medium earth orbit satellites that transmit precise microwave nodes.
signals, the system enables a GPS receiver to determine its location, MNC: Multinational corporation.
speed, direction and time. Mobile switching centre: System that connects calls by switching
Green Building Finance Consortium: Group of corporations, real the digital voice packets from one network path to another (also known
estate companies and trade groups addressing the need for independent as routing).
research and analysis of investment in energy efficient buildings. Motor controllers: Devices that regulate motor speeds based on
Green Grid: International not-for-profit organisation whose mandate required output. Use information received from other system parts to
is to increase energy efficiency in the IT sector. adjust motor speed.
GSM: Global system for mobile communications. MRO: Maintenance, repair and operating.
Gt – Gigatonne: One billion tonnes. Mt: Megatonne (1 million tonnes).
HVAC: Heating, ventilation and air conditioning. Multicore processor: Processor that has multiple processing cores that
ICT – Information and communications technology: Combination of can perform several tasks in parallel with each other instead of in
devices and services that capture, transmit and display data and sequence.
information electronically. National Electricity Act: Legislation passed by the Indian government
ICT company: GeSI constitution definition – “Any company or in 2003 to speed up the development of efficiency within the electricity
organisation which, as a principal part of its business, provides a service sector.
for the point-to-point transmission of voice, data or moving images NDPL: North Delhi Power Ltd.
over a fixed, internet, mobile or personal communication network, or is Network optimisation package: Software, network design and
a supplier of equipment which is an integral component of the planning-based solution.
communication network infrastructure, or procedures equipment or Network sharing: System that allows a device or piece of information
software associated with the electronic storage processing or on a computer to be remotely accessed from another computer,
transmission of data.” typically via a local area network or an enterprise intranet.
IEA: International Energy Agency. NGA: Next generation access.
Indirect impact: Also referred to in this report as the enabling effect, NGN: Next generation network.
the impact of ICT in reducing the GHG emissions attributed to other NGO: Non-governmental organisation.
sectors such as transport, industry or power. OECD: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
IMC – Intelligent motor controller: Monitors the load condition of OMS: Output management system.
motors and adjusts voltage input accordingly. Optical computing: Uses light instead of electricity to manipulate,
IP or internet protocol: Data-oriented protocol used for store and transmit data.
communicating data across a packet-switched internetwork. pa: per annum.
IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Scientific PC: Personal computer.
intergovernmental body set up to assess the scientific, technical and Peak load or peak generation: Maximum power requirement of a
socio-economic information relevant to understanding the scientific system at a given time, or the amount of power required to supply
basis of risk of human-induced climate change, its potential impacts customers at times when need is greatest.
and options for adaptation and mitigation. Peripherals: Include monitors and printers associated with PCs.
IPTV: System where a digital television service is delivered using Phantom power: Undesired electricity discharged by appliances and
internet protocol over a network infrastructure, which may include battery chargers when not in use.
delivery by a broadband connection. PLT – Power line telecom: System for using electric power lines to
IPTV box: Internet protocol set-top box. carry information over the power line.
ISO 14040: International 2006 standard, which describes the principles Power management: Systems that monitor and control activity levels
and framework for LCA. of individual PC hardware components such as processors, batteries, AC
IT: Information technology. adapters, fans, monitors and hard disk.
ITU: International Telecommunications Union ppm: parts per million.
kWh: Kilowatt hour. PUE: Power usage effectiveness.
Kyoto Protocol: Legally binding agreement of the UNFCCC in which Quantum computing: Quantum computers are hypothetical devices
industrialised country signatories will reduce their collective GHG that make direct use of distinctively quantum mechanical phenomena
emissions by 5.2% on 1990 levels. Negotiated in December 1997 in to perform operations on data. The basic principle of quantum
Kyoto, Japan, and came into force in February 2005. computation is that the quantum properties can be used to represent
LBNL: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. and structure data, and that quantum mechanisms can be devised and
LCA: Life-cycle analysis (also known as life-cycle assessment). built to perform operations with this data.
Radio base station (see Base station).


Rebound effect: Increases in demand caused by the introduction of the Earth Summit in Rio de Janiero. Its ultimate objective is the
more energy efficient technologies. This increase in demand reduces the “stabilisation of GHG concentration in the atmosphere at a level that
energy conservation effect of the improved technology on total would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate
resource use. system.” Came into force March 1994 and is ratified by 192 countries.
Replacement rate: Rate at which a particular device or application is USGBC: US Green Building Council.
replaced by another. Utility computing (also known as on-demand computing):
Results-only work environment (also known as ROWE): The packaging of computational resource, such as computation and
Staff management principle in which employees are free to work storage, as a metered service similar to a physical public utility such as
wherever and whenever they want, as long as work is completed. electricity and water.
RFID – Radio-frequency identification: Automatic identification Value tree analysis: The method used for this report to calculate the
and data capture method, relying on storing and remotely retrieving value at stake in each case study from the associated savings in
data using devices called RFID tags. electricity, fuel combustion and carbon emissions.
Router: Computer whose software and hardware are tailored to route VDSL – Very high-speed digital subscriber line: DSL technology
and forward information. providing faster data transmission over a single twisted pair of copper
RoW: Rest of world. Sarbanes–Oxley accounting data legislation (see wires.
Sarbanes–Oxley Act) Sarbanes–Oxley Act (also known as the Public Videoconferencing: The audio and video transmission of meeting
Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act): 2002 US activities.
federal law that establishes or enhances standards for all US public Virtualisation: Software allows computation users to reduce hardware
company boards, management and public accounting firms. assets, or use them more efficiently, by running multiple virtual
SCADA - Supervisory control and data acquisition: Software machines side by side on the same hardware, emulating different
package designed to perform data collection and control at the components of their IT systems.
supervisory level. VMR: Vendor-managed repair.
Server: Application or device that performs services for connected Volume server: Fastest-growing category of server (includes blade
clients as part of a client-server architecture. servers) and is defined by IDC as servers that cost under $25,000
Sinaut spectrum: Provides a control centre which gives an up-to-date (¤39,439).
summary on the distribution network at all times. VSD - Variable speed drive: Controls the frequency of electrical
Smart building: Group of embodied ICT systems that maximise energy power supplied to a motor.
efficiency in buildings. W: Watt.
Smart charger: Device (primarily mobile phone) battery charger that WCDMA - Wideband code division multiple access: Type of third
turns off when the device is fully charged or if plugged in without generation cellular network.
device attached. Workstation: High-end microcomputer designed for technical or
Smart grid: Integration of ICT applications throughout the grid, from scientific applications.
generator to user, to enable efficiency and optimisation solutions. XML: Extensible Markup Language
Smart logistics: Variety of ICT applications that enable reductions in
fuel and energy use by enabling better journey and load planning.
Smart meters: Advanced meters that identify consumption in more
detail than conventional meters and communicate via a network back
to the utility for monitoring and billing purposes.
Smart motors: ICT technologies that reduce energy consumption at
the level of the motor, the factory or across the business.
SME: Small or medium enterprise.
SMS – Short message service: Communications protocol allowing the
interchange of short text messages between mobile telephone devices.
SOAP: Simple object access protocol.
Solid state hard drives (also known as solid state drives): Data
storage device that uses solid state memory to store persistent data and
emulates a hard drive, thus easily replacing it in any application.
SPV – solar photovoltaics: Technology that uses energy from the sun
to create electricity. Consists of layers of semiconducting material,
usually silicon. Light shining on the cell creates an electric field across
the layers, causing electricity to flow..
Substitution: In this study, taken to mean the replacement of one
behavioural pattern by another.
T&D: Transmission and distribution.
TCP/IP – Internet protocol suite: Set of communications protocols
that implement the protocol stack on which the internet and most
commercial networks run.
Technology platform: Describes a bundle of related software
programmes and hardware that deliver intelligent capabilities.
Technology transfer: The exchange of knowledge, hardware,
software, money and goods among stakeholders that leads to the
spreading of technology for adaptation or mitigation.
Telecommuting: Replacing commuting by rail, car or other transport
with working from home.
Telecoms (also known as telecommunications): Systems used
in transmitting messages over a distance electronically.
Telecoms network: Network of links and nodes arranged so that
messages may be passed from one part of the network to another over
multiple links and through various nodes.
Teleconferencing: Service that allows multiple participants in one
phone call, replacing or complementing face-to-face meetings.
Teleworking: Working remotely via the use of ICT solutions. Includes
telecommuting and tele- and videoconferencing.
Transformers: Devices that transfer electrical energy from one
electrical network to another through inductively coupled electrical
conductors.
TWh: TeraWatt hour.
UNFCCC – United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change: Adopted in May 1992, signed by more than 150 countries at

SMART 2020: Enabling the low carbon
economy in the information age

SMART 2020: Enabling the low carbon
economy in the information age

Design
BB/Saunders

Photography
Lee Mawdsley

Smart2020 English

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