SOIL PROFILLING
- 1. Sumaira Mustafa MSBT16F17 Ms replica Soil profile, Soil genesis, Parent material and their Classification
- 2. Contents Introduction Soil functions Soil profile Components of the Soil Profile Horizons Changes to the soil profile Soil Genesis Factors Influencing Soil Formation Parent material Classification of parent material Parent Material Deposited by Ice Parent Material Deposited by Water Parent Material Deposited by Gravity Parent Material Deposited by Wind Parent Material Deposited by Lakes and Oceans Parent Material Formed in Place Conclusion References
- 3. SOIL Soil is a mixture of organic matter, minerals, gases, liquids, and organisms that together support life. The Earth's body of soil is the pedosphere, Soil consists of a solid phase of minerals and organic matter (the soil matrix), as well as a porous phase that holds gases (the soil atmosphere) and water (the soil solution).
- 5. Soil science has two basic branches of study: edaphology and pedology. 1. Edaphology It is concerned with the influence of soils on living things. 2. Pedology It is focused on the formation, description (morphology), and classification of soils in their natural environment.
- 7. SOIL PROFILE A soil profile is a vertical cross section of the soil. When exposed, various soil horizons, or layers of soil, become apparent. Each horizon of soil may be different from the other horizons in physical or chemical ways. A soil profile is usually studied to a depth of 3 to 5 feet.
- 8. CHANGES TO THE SOIL PROFILE Source: www.kmapes.weebly.com/geology
- 9. COMPONENTS OF THE SOIL PROFILE Regolith The regolith includes all of the weathered material within the profile. The regolith has two components: the solum and the saprolite. a. Solum The solum includes the upper horizons with the most weathered portion of the profile. b. Saprolite The saprolite is the least weathered portion that lies directly above the solid.
- 10. Master Horizons There are 6 master horizons in the soil profile. Not all soil profiles contain all 6 horizons; and so, soil profiles differ from one location to another. The 6 master horizons are represented by the letters: O, A, E, B, C and R.
- 14. SOIL GENESIS It is the evolution of the soil from parent material. Factors Influencing Soil Formation Source: www.en.wikipedia.org
- 15. Climate change
- 16. PARENT MATERIAL Parent material is the underlying geological material (generally bedrock or a superficial or drift deposit) in which soil horizons form.
- 17. Classification Mode of Transportation Type of Parent Material Degree of Sorting by Particle Size Ice Glacial Till Low Flowing Water Alluvium; Outwash Medium - High Gravity Colluvium Low Wind Tephra; Loess; Aeolian High Lake Lacustrine High Ocean Marine High In Place (non-transported) Residual (residuum) Low
- 18. Type of Parent Material: Colluvium Mode of Transportation: Gravity Additional Information: The term colluvium classifies parent material transported by gravity. Colluvium is made up of a heterogeneous mixture of boulders, rocks, pebbles, and soil from upslope areas. Thus the degree of particle sorting is low. Background Photo Source: Jim Ippolito; Northern boundary of Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado 1. Parent Material Deposited by Gravity
- 19. Source: Jim Ippolito; Northern boundary of Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado Type of Parent Material: Glacial Till Mode of Transportation: Ice Additional Information: Parent material transported by ice is called glacial till. This parent material is found where glaciers have deposited material, such as in terminal or lateral moraines. Ice is a poor sorter of particles, and thus glacial till contains everything from the smallest clay-sized fraction to rocks, pebbles, and boulders. terminal moraine 2. Parent Material Deposited by Ice
- 20. Source: http://soils.usda.gov/technical/classification/orders/andisols.html Type of Parent Material: Tephra Mode of Transportation: Wind Additional Information: Parent material transported via volcanic ejecta is called tephra. The mode of transportation is wind. Wind is a good sorter of particles. Larger particles tend to bounce on the Earth’s surface while smaller particles are transported greater distances. 3. Parent Material Deposited by Wind
- 21. Type of Parent Material: Loess or Aeolian Mode of Transportation: Wind Additional Information: Parent material transported by wind is called loess or aeolian. Wind is a good sorter of particles. Larger particles tend to bounce on the Earth’s surface while smaller particles are transported greater distances. Background Photo Source: http://www.nps.gov/grsa
- 22. Soil developed from alluvium. Source: http://www.mo15.nrcs.usda.gov/features/gallery/houlka.html Type of Parent Material: Alluvium Mode of Transportation: Water Additional Information: Parent material transported by flowing water (streams, rivers) is called alluvium. Water is a good sorter of soil particles. Larger particles (i.e. sands) settle out of water first, and smaller particles (i.e. clays) settle out of water last. Thus, you tend to find sand- sized particles closer to the water source and clay-sized particles further away. 4. Parent Material Deposited by Water
- 23. Type of Parent Material: Lacustrine Mode of Transportation: Lake Additional Information: The term lacustrine classifies parent material transported by a lake. Water is acting on the parent material and thus there is a high degree of particle sorting. 5. Parent Material Deposited by Lakes and Oceans
- 24. Type of Parent Material: Marine Mode of Transportation: Ocean Additional Information: The term “marine” classifies parent material transported by oceans. Water is acting on the parent material and thus there is a high degree of particle sorting. Soil Profile Source: http://www.mo15.nrcs.usda.gov/features/gallery/ocilla.html
- 25. Type of Parent Material: Residual or Residuum. Mode of Transportation: In place; none. Additional Information: The terms residual or residuum classify parent material formed in place (i.e. non-transported). The degree of sorting is low because no other factors have influenced soil movement. Soil Profile Source: http://www.mo14.nc.nrcs.usda.gov/features/goldston.html 6. Parent Material Formed in Place
- 26. CONCLUSION Parent material from which soil develop vary widely around the world from one location to another only a few meters apart. Knowledge of these materials, their sources and origins, mechanisms for their weathering, and means of transport and deposition are essential to understanding soil genesis. Soil genesis starts when layers and horizons not present in the parent material begin to appear in the soil profile. Soil bodies are dynamic in nature so their genetic horizons continue to develop and change. Consequently, in some soil horizons differentiation has only begun, while in others it is well advanced. Characterization of the horizons in the profile leads to the identity of a soil individual which is then subject to classification.
- 27. REFERENCES Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil. The Nature and Properties of the Soil. Fourteenth Edition. www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil www.senecahs.org www.ctahr.hawaii.edu www.eolss.net www.yourarticlelibrary.com www.passel.unl.edu/pages/informationmodule.php?idinformationmodule=113 0447021&topicorder=7&maxto=7 www.nps.gov/grsa/index.htm www.view.officeapps.live.com