2. List of Contents
Renewable energy? Types?
Fundamentals of Solar
Modules and its types
Inverter and its types
Mounting Structures
3. Renewable Energy
• Renewable energy sources are primarily,
energy generated from resources that are
naturally replenished.
• Environment Friendly
• Can be used in remote areas
• Well suited for decentralized applications
5. • huge power deficit of about 6,103 MW in the
peak hours during the FY2013-14.
• As on July 31,2014 Installed capacity
32,424MW i.e 13% of total installed capacity.
• Now it is 42.85GW(excluding large hydro)
10. Growth of Solar Power in India
State
MW as of
31-Mar-2015
MW as of
31-Mar-2016
MW as of
31-July-2016
Rajasthan 942.10 1,269.93 1,294.60
Tamil Nadu 142.58 1,061.82 1,267.41
Gujarat 1,000.05 1,119.17 1,123.36
Andhra Pradesh 137.85 572.97 935.800
Telangana 167.05 527.84 845.84
Madhya Pradesh 558.58 776.37 790.37
Punjab 185.27 405.06 520.70
Maharashtra 360.75 385.76 385.76
Karnataka 77.22 145.46 238.32
Uttar Pradesh 71.26 143.50 143.50
Chhattisgarh 7.60 93.58 123.78
Odisha 31.76 66.92 66.92
Uttarakhand 5.00 41.15 41.15
Jharkhand 16.00 16.19 16.19
12. Problems
Continuously increasing Electricity Bills
High average monthly electricity consumption
Frequent Power cuts
Increasing Diesel Consumption
Increasing rates of Diesel
Number of working hours lost due to power
breakdown
13. Advantages of using Solar Energy
1. Renewable Energy Source
2. Reduces Electricity Bills
3. Diverse Applications
4. Low Maintenance Costs
5. Technology Development
6. Pollution free
7. Easy Installation
8. Zero Noise
15. Disadvantages
• High Fabrication cost
• Low energy conversion efficiency
• Cant be generated during nights
• Takes money to make money
• Takes energy to save energy
16. Insolation
incident solar radiation.
• Insolation is the solar radiation that reaches
the earth's surface.
• The more the insolation, the higher the
temperature.
• Also called Irradiation
18. • Earth Continuously receives power input of
1.73*10^14 kw from the sun.
i.e 1.5*10^18 kwh/year which is 10,000 times
the worlds current annual energy
consumption.
• At the outer atmosphere,
The solar energy constant(indicative of power
density) is 1.373kW/m2.
• 1366 w/m2 outside earths atmosphere.
• 1000w/m2 on a terrestial surface at sea level.
19. OFF – GRID SOLAR SYSTEM
Systems that are not connected to the gird
and function independently are referred to as
Off grid solar system. They can be in the form
of rooftops solar system and other solar
related products such as solar street light,
solar lanterns, solar water heater etc.
20. DISTRIBUTED GRID CONNECTED
Solar power plants, owing to their modularity,
are ideal for generation from distributed
locations – on rooftops of residences or
industries, on car parks and more. Such
distributed solar power units can also be
connected to the grid so that the system gets
the twin benefits of a sustainable energy
source and the reliability of grid power.
21. UTILITY SCALE GRID CONNECTED
Utility scale grid connected power plants are
the large solar farms with tens of thousands of
panels. These could range from 1 MW to
upwards of 100 MW in capacity. The electricity
produced by such a power plant is generally
exported to the grid for sale to the local utility
company or to a private company.
22. cost breakup for a 1 kWp system
Component Rs.
PV modules (Crystalline) 52,000
Inverters 23,000
Balance of System (cables, etc.) 17,000
Installation 8,000
Total 1,00,000
24. Solar Window
• The solar window represents the effective area
through which useful levels of sunlight pass
throughout the year for a specific location. It is used
to determine potential shading problems when
designing a photovoltaic system
26. Irradiation
• Irradiance : Intensity of Solar energy W/m2
• Irradiation : Quantity of Solar energy kWh/m2
• Irradiation is integral of irradiance
• Irradiation is expressed in PSH
31. Types of Radiation
Global Horizontal (GHI) = Direct Normal (DNI) X cos(θ) + Diffuse Horizontal (DHI)
32. Magnetic Declination & Inclination
• Difference between True north and magnetic
north is called magnetic declination.
• Inclination(angle of Dip)
33. • The direction in which the compass needle
points is known as magnetic north.
• Angle between magnetic north and
true(geographic) north is called magnetic
declination.
• Fortunately, magnetic declination is small in
India.
• Magnetic declination varies both from place to
place, and with the passage of time.
34. • If the compass at your place is
pointing clockwise with respect to the True
North, declination is positive or EAST.
• If the compass at your place is pointing counter-
clockwise with respect to the True North,
declination is negative or WEST
37. Types of Rooftop Solar PV Systems
• Grid-Tied
• Grid-Interactive
• Off-grid
38. The Photovoltaic Effect
The photovoltaic effect (or photoelectric effect)
converts light into electricity. It was discovered by
French physicist Edmond Becquerel in 1839 and
was first used in industrial applications in 1954.
The principle: an electric current occurs when
electrons are displaced. For this to happen,
photons (light particles) excite the outermost
electrons of the atoms of certain semiconductor
elements.
46. Module output
• Higher temperature reduces output voltage
• Higher irradiance increases output current
47. Array-string-Table
• The modules in a PV array are usually first
connected in series to obtain the
desired voltage;
• the individual strings are then connected
in parallel to allow the system to produce
more current.
49. Pyranometer
• A pyranometer is a type of actinometer used
for measuring solar irradiance on a planar
surface and it is designed to measure the solar
radiation flux density (W/m2) from the
hemisphere above within a wavelength range
0.3 μm to 3 μm.
• Pyr-"fire", and ano-"above sky".
55. Hydrometer
• an instrument that measures the
specific gravity (relative density) of
liquids.
• direct way to test the state of charge of
a battery cell is to determine the specific
gravity of the battery electrolyte.
• The higher the specific gravity of the
electrolyte the higher the state of
charge.
• Specific gravity of water =1
58. Inverter(Brain of the system)
• Inverters are of three types
• Sine Wave(Costly)
• Modified Sine Wave
• Square wave
• String Inverters(up to 100kwp)
• Power optimizer/Micro Inverters(with each module)
• Central Inverters(above 100kwp)
59. Inverter
• The electricity generated by the PV panels is
Direct Current (DC). This needs to be converted
into Alternating Current (AC) using an inverter.
• Classify inverters into 4 types
1.Grid Tied
2.Offgrid
3.Grid Interactive
4.Hybrid Inverters
60. Grid Tied
• These inverters are primarily designed to supply the
generated power to the grid and also power the load
while grid power is available. This inverter will NOT
generate power during a power failure, not only
because it needs grid power as a reference voltage,
but also because the inverter shuts down the system
to stop sending power into the grid and avoids the
risk of electrocuting utility personnel who are
working to repair the grid (known as Anti Islanding).
61. offgrid
• These inverters do not work with the grid and
are designed to work only with a battery
backup or diesel generator in off-grid
applications. They are suitable for applications
where grid power is not available at all, but
are not the right choice if you need your solar
plant to work in conjunction with grid supply
62. Grid-interactive
• These inverters work both with the grid supply
and with either a battery backup or diesel
generator to support the load even during a
power failure.
63. Hybrid inverters
• (also known as Bidirectional or magical inverters) are a
one system solution for a complete solar PV system. They
can automatically manage between 2 or more different
sources of power (grid, diesel, solar). They have inbuilt
charge controllers, MPPT controller, Anti Islanding
solutions, DC and AC disconnects and other features like
automatic turning on/off of the diesel generator,
automatic data logging, and various kinds of protection
for the different components of the system, making them
ideally suited for applications that require management
of power from different sources.
64. Panel Efficiency
• A 1kw plant with 15% efficiency panels require
100SF of rooftop space.
• A 1kw plant with 12% efficiency panels require
125SF of rooftop space.
65. Charge Controller
• Regulates the DC power output from the
rooftop solar panels that is used to charge the
batteries.
• Provides optimum charging current.
• Protects the batteries from overcharging.
Two types of charge controllers:
1.PWM
2.MPPT
66. • MPPT more expensive than PWM.
• MPPT have better performance in
Efficiency
Flexibility
Capacity supported
68. Features of solar energy
• Clean-No exhaust gas
• No mechanical moving parts
• Fuel supply is not necessary
• Last resort to supply electricity
• Expensive and limited power supply
• Need open space
• Far away from grid
69. Layers of a Panel
Top layer is n-layer
Bottom layer is p-layer
73. Top Solar Companies
• Sterlingandwilson
• Vikram
• Welspun
• Mytrah
• Rays Power
• Tata Power Solar
74. Mc4 Connectors
• Previously mc3 connectors were used.
• Mc4 -Multi connect 4sq mm cable
• Rated at 20A and 600V.(UL Rated)
• Contains Male and Female Connectors.
• Requires a tool to remove once connected.
• Should not disconnect under load.
77. Thumb Rules
• 1kwp will generate 1400-1600 units per year
i.e, 4 units per day.
• Rooftop pv system typically requires 100-
130SF shade free area per KW of capacity.
• A litre of diesel generates around 3-4kwh.
79. RoofTop Vs Diesel
• solar power’s Rs.4.0-5/kWh
Read more at: http://www.solarmango.com/faq/1
• diesel generators generate power at about Rs.
16/kWh
Read more at: http://www.solarmango.com/faq/1
• .If the price were to increase by 10% a year (which
has been the trend), diesel would cost about Rs.
83/litre in 2020 and the cost of power from diesel
would be close to Rs. 25/kWh!
Read more at: http://www.solarmango.com/faq/1
80. Swanson's law
• Swanson's law states that with every doubling
of production of panels, there has been a 20
percent reduction in the cost of panels.
82. STC Conditions of a module
• STC stands for “Standard Test Conditions” and are the industry standard for the
conditions under which a solar panel are tested. By using a fixed set of conditions,
all solar panels can be more accurately compared and rated against each other.
There are three standard test conditions which are:
• 1. Temperature of the cell – 25°C. The temperature of the solar cell itself, not the
temperature of the surrounding.
• 2. Solar Irradiance – 1000 Watts per square meter. This number refers to the
amount of light energy falling on a given area at a given time.
• 3. Mass of the air – 1.5. This number is somewhat misleading as it refers to the
amount of light that has to pass through Earth’s atmosphere before it can hit
Earth’s surface, and has to do mostly with the angle of the sun relative to a
reference point on the earth. This number is minimized when the sun is directly
above as the light has to travel a minimum distance straight down, and increases
as the sun goes farther from the reference point and has to go at an angle to hit
the same spot.
88. Bypass Diodes(3 Diodes for 72 cells)
They are Built in diodes
No role at normal operation(under clean surface and no shading)
prevent hot spots on solar panels
89. Blocking Diodes
• For parallel connection of modules they are
useful.
• Blocking diode prevents reverse current in
case a string has damaged PV module.
• Blocking diodes are not supplied with PV
modules.
93. Tracking
• Single Axis Tracker
Follow the sun as it moves from east to west
during the day
• Dual Axis Tracker
Also follow the sun on its north south journey
over the course of a year.
94. Single phase Netmeter
Net Metering
Range: 10-60A in Accuracy Class-1.
As per IS : 13779
Separate readings for Active Energy kWh Import &
Export
Net Energy kWh with sign
External magnetic interference as per CBIP 304
95. L&T Interview
• facing modules’ output is upto 9% higher (in
peak summer) than the South facing
installations, and on an average, the output is
5% more
• http://www.re-solve.in/perspectives-and-insig
hts/captive-solar-pv-systems-lts-experience/
101. Solar Cables
• should withstand long-term exposure of UV light
from the sun.
• Endure extreme temperatures from sub zero cold to
desert hot temperatures
• Should be water resistant
• Colour Coded
• IEC 60364
102. MPPT
• Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a
technique that grid connected inverters use to
get the maximum possible power from the
photovoltaic array.
103. Anti-islanding
• Anti-islanding is a protection mechanism that
immediately shuts down the inverter
preventing it from generating AC power when
the connection to the load no longer exists.
104. Why we need system parameters?
• Electricity is Invisible
• System parameters are only way to
understand system status.
• Recorded data give us feed back whether
estimated values are reasonable or not.
105. Air Mass
• It is a measurement of the amount of
atmosphere that the sunlight has to pass
through to get through the ground.
• Changes with season and location on the
earth.
• Air mass 1 means sun is direct overhead.
106. • Air mass is a measure of the distance traveled by
sunlight through the Earth’s atmosphere. Since light
intensity is attenuated by scattering and absorption,
the more distance it passes through the atmosphere,
the greater is the attenuation. Consequently, the sun
appears less bright at the horizon (morning and late
afternoon) than when at the zenith (noon).
• An air mass of 1 means the sun is looking straight
down on the sea surface when it is directly overhead.
At any location with latitude greater than 23.5
degrees, the sun is never directly overhead and so air
mass will be always greater than 1.
• The number 1.5 has been agreed upon for the STC
(Standard Test Condition) for testing solar panels.
115. Junction Box
• Junction Box facilitates the connection of
terminals to a solar PV Module reliably.
116. Row Spacing
• Row spacing and sun angle
– Rule of thumb 3.5 times the height for row
spacing
– Altitude angle for given times and using
trigonometry.
118. Mounting Structures
• Should Withstand wind and weight of panels.
• Tilt of panels is at an angle equal to the
latitude of that location.
• Designed based on sufficient cooling of
panels, as higher temperature reduces panel
output.
119. Mounting System Types
• Flush to Roof Racking System.
• Tilt up Racking System.
• Ballast Racking System.
• Top of the Pole Racking System.
123. Installation Considerations
• Load of the system.
• Strength of the fixtures, rackings etc.
• Environmental considerations like wind, snow, storms,
seismic etc..)
• Blowing Wind and accumulated snow can add to the
load of installed system.
• E.g., Module dead loads 3-5 lbs/ft2
– Wind uplift can be up to 50 lbs/ft2
• Simplified array access for maintenance.
• Module wiring may be concealed to maintain the
aesthetics of the shading structure.
128. Captive Power Plant
A captive power plant is a facility that produces a
localized source of electricity primarily for the needs
of the consumer or the specific business entity. The
facility can be on-site or near the site, hence
reducing voltage losses. In the current scenario, it
makes sense for factories and businesses to go
captive solar.
138. floatovoltaic system
• Higher efficiency than pv on land. Because
water cools panels.
• The panels Should have a special coating to
prevent rust or corrosion.
• reduces the amount of water lost through
evaporation
• inhibits the growth of algae
143. RFID Tag
• Unique Identity of module
• Radio Frequency Identification
144. Tag Contains following information
• (i) Name of the manufacturer of PV Module
• (ii) Name of the Manufacturer of Solar cells
• (iii) Month and year of the manufacture (separately for solar cells and
module)
• (iv) Country of origin (separately for solar cells and module)
• (v) I-V curve for the module
• (vi) Peak Wattage, Im, Vm and FF for the module
• (vii) Unique Serial No and Model No of the module
• (viii) Date and year of obtaining IEC PV module qualification certificate
• (ix) Name of the test lab issuing IEC certificate
• (x) Other relevant information on traceability of solar cells and module
as per ISO 9000 series.
146. The DC system comprises the following
• • Array(s) of PV modules.
• • Inverters.
• • DC cabling (module, string and main cable).
• • DC connectors (plugs and sockets).
• • Junction boxes/combiners.
• • Disconnects/switches.
• • Protection devices.
• • Earthing.
147. The AC system includes:
• • AC cabling.
• • Switchgear.
• • Transformers.
• • Substation.
• • Earthing and surge protection.
149. Solar Battery
• If solar power is required when there isn’t
enough sunlight for the panels to generate
electricity (such as at night), a battery backup
is required.
150. Depth of Discharge
• alternate method to indicate a battery's state
of charge (SOC).
• If a battery is 100% charged-means DOD is 0%
• If battery is 30% discharged-means DOD is
30%
• If battery is 100% empty-means DOD is 100%
• 100% DOD is not suggested.
151. State of Charge(SOC)
• When battery is fully charged-means SOC is 100%
SOC = 100% - DOD
• Opposite to depth of discharge
152. VRLA
• Valve Regulated Lead acid Battery
• Conventional are lead acid, Ni-Cd, Lithium Ion
• Used for Small Scale & Residential PV Sytem
153. VRLA
• Advantages
1. High reliability
2. Low self discharge
3. Low investment
4. Low maintinance cost
• Disadvantages
1. Shorter life span
2. Low energy density
156. Nickel Cadmium Batteries
• These are manufactured in many sizes. Sealed batteries are
of smaller capacities. The larger ‘wet’ nicad are ideal for
renewable energy storage. The main disadvantages of
nickel-cadmium batteries are their high cost and limited
availability compared to lead-acid designs.
• A typical nickel-cadmium cell consists of positive electrodes
made from nickel-hydroxide[NiO(OH)] and negative
electrodes made from cadmium (Cd) and immersed in an
alkalinepotassium hydroxide (KOH) electrolyte solution.
When a nickel-cadmium cell is discharged, the nickel
hydroxide changes form [Ni(OH)2] and the cadmium
converts to cadmium hydroxide [Cd(OH)2].
157. Battery Life
• This is measured usually in number of discharge-charge
cycles rather than years. The more deeply the battery is
discharged the lower the number of cycles it will last for.
Therefore, for maximum battery life it is best to shallow-
cycle the deep cycle batteries.
• For example, for its TORR range of low maintenance solar
Tubular batteries EXIDE gives the following cycle lives:
• 1500 cycles at 80% DoD,
• 3000 cycles at 50% DoD, and
• 5000 cycles at 20% DoD
158. Reasons to use batteries
Make power available when the sun isn’t
shining.
Smoothen power delivery during the day
Immediately cut-in during power failures.
Optimise time-of-use billing
165. Battery C(Capacity) Rating
• Example –
• For a 2000 mAh battery with a 15C rating, the
continuous current that may be drawn out of the
battery is 2000 mAh x 15 = 30000 mA, or 30 Amps
(A) (divide by 1000).
• If you see 10C on your battery, it means it can be
discharged at 10 times that pack's capacity.
167. Capital Subsidy given by MNRE
• capital subsidy for rooftop solar PV systems is
30% of the benchmark cost (or) 30% of the
actual cost..which ever is less.
168. DC Combiner Box
• A DC Combiner Box shall be used to combine
the DC cables of the solar module arrays with
DC fuse protection for the outgoing DC
cable(s) to the DC Distribution Box.
171. PID,LID & TID Effects
• Potential Induced Degradation, as the
designation implies, occurs when the module’s
voltage potential and leakage current drive
ion mobility within the module between the
semiconductor material and other elements of
the module (e.g. glass, mount and frame),
thus causing the module’s power output
capacity to degrade.
177. Government incentives
1. Accelerated Depreciation
2. Capital Subsidies
3. Renewable Energy Certificates
4. Net Metering Incentives
5. Assured Power Purchase Agreement (PPA)
178. Accelerated Depreciation
For profit making enterprises installing rooftop
solar systems, 40% of the total investment can
be claimed as depreciation in the first year.
This will significantly decrease tax to be paid in
Year 1 for profit making companies.
179. Capital Subsidies
Capital subsidies are applicable to rooftop
solar power plants, up to a maximum of
500 kW. While the original capital subsidy was
30%, it has recently been reduced to 15%.
MNRE Provides70% subsidy in north-east states
30% in other areas
180. Renewable Energy Certificates
Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) are
tradeable certificates that provide an incentive
to those who generate green power by
providing financial incentives for every unit of
power they generate.
181. Net Metering Incentives
Net metering incentives depend on two aspects:
a) whether the net meter is installed; and
b) the incentive policy of the utility company.
If there is a net metering incentive policy in
our state and if there is a net meter on our
rooftop, then we can get financial incentives
for the power generated.
182. Assured Power Purchase Agreement (PPA)
The power distribution and purchase companies
owned by state and central governments guarantee
the purchase of solar power as and when it is
produced. The PPAs offer a high price equal to that of
the peaking power on demand for the solar power
which is secondary power or negative load and
an intermittent energy source on daily basis.
184. Total station
• A total station or TST (total station
theodolite) is an electronic/optical instrument
used in modern surveying and
building construction.
185. Performance Ratio
• World wide accepted standard for measuring the
performance of a pv plant.
• higher the losses, the lower the PR
• High efficiency,high PR
186. • It gives the relation between real and
theoretical possible energy output of a solar
PV Plant.
• If PR is never more than 100,because of
losses.
• Pyranometer itself should not be shaded.
187. Example
• Analysis period: 1 year
• Measured average solar irradiation intensity in 1 year: 120
kWh/m2
• Generator area of the PV plant: 10 m2
• Efficiency factor of the PV modules: 15 %
• Electrical energy actually exported by plant to grid: 110 kWh
• PR=110/180=0.61%
• It means 39% of solar energy is not converted in to electric
energy that was feed in to grid.
189. PR Vs CUF
PR CUF
availability of the grid is considered Not considered
minimum level of irradiation needed to
generate electrical energy is taken in to
account.
no
will take into account irradiation levels at
a given period of time
no
190. Expected Life Time
• PV Modules-25years
o 5years manufacture warranty
o 0-10yrs for 90% of the rated output power
o 10-25yrs for 80% of the rated output power
• Inverter-5-10years
• Mounting Structures-more than 25years
• Batteries
o 10yrs with careful maintenance, but3-5 years of life
span.
194. CAPEX Model
• In this model, the Solar plant owner pays 100% of the
Solar PV installations system cost upfront. This model
allows residential, industrial and commercial
customer own the system AND claim tax and
depreciation benefits.
• In the CAPEX model the end consumer can own the
asset and therefore the ability to control their Power
Costs in the future.
195. Opex Model/RESCO/BOOT Model
• Under this model, a third party investor invests in a
Solar PV installations plant on a consumer’s roof top
and sells solar power to consumer. No investment is
required from the consumer. Under this model, the
investor and the consumer, agree on a tariffs (per
kWh of Solar power) and on a timeline of a power
purchase agreement (typically between 25 years).
196. Lease Rending
• Building owners can generate new income by
leasing their roofs for a certain period of time
(e.g. 25 years).
198. Maintanance of Rooftop solar PV System
• Modules-only cleaning of dust,bird droppings etc.,
• Inverter-Shortcircuits,humidity,replavmemt of capacitors etc.,
• Mounting Structure-
For fixed tilt,no maintainance.
For Tracking, lubrication etc.,
Other parts-cables,switchgear,fuses etc.,require minor
maintainance.
Batteries-Require careful maintanance to function reliably.
![Nickel Cadmium Batteries
• These are manufactured in many sizes. Sealed batteries are
of smaller capacities. The larger ‘wet’ nicad are ideal for
renewable energy storage. The main disadvantages of
nickel-cadmium batteries are their high cost and limited
availability compared to lead-acid designs.
• A typical nickel-cadmium cell consists of positive electrodes
made from nickel-hydroxide[NiO(OH)] and negative
electrodes made from cadmium (Cd) and immersed in an
alkalinepotassium hydroxide (KOH) electrolyte solution.
When a nickel-cadmium cell is discharged, the nickel
hydroxide changes form [Ni(OH)2] and the cadmium
converts to cadmium hydroxide [Cd(OH)2].](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/solarpptfinal-250630141248-e4f898fe/85/solar-PV-installation-and-System-design-document-156-320.jpg)
