Solid waste classification and management
- 2. OUTLINE • Introduction • Imapct on health • Cause of waste generation • Sources of solid waste • Classification of solid waste • Solid waste management and treatment
- 3. INTRODUCTION • Waste :- Waste are worthless or unwanted materials or useless stuff, that have no value or help but may rise to many harmful results. • Solid waste :- waste that are in hard form refer to solid waste.
- 4. • Or solid waste are non liquid non soluble hard materials ranging from municipal garbage to industrial waste that contain complex and sometimes hazardous substance. • Solid waste includes garbage, rubbish, demolition products, sewage treatment residue, dead animals , manure and other discarded materials.
- 5. • According to UNEP, Every year, an estimated 11.2 billion tons of solid waste are collected worldwide. • Municipal solid waste generation is predicted to grow from 2.1 billion tonnes in 2023 to 3.8 billion tonnes by 2050. In 2020, the global direct cost of waste management was an estimated USD 252 billion.
- 6. • As reported by SPCBs / PCC, in year 2021 the biomedical waste generation is about 764 tonnes/day out of which 721 tonnes / day are treated and disposed.
- 7. IMPACT ON HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT • It decomposes and favour fly breeding. • Attract rodents and vermins. • May arises epidemic diseases i. e. Diarrhea, dysentery, typhoid etc. • Stagnation of water lead to mosquito breeding . • Air pollution, water and soil pollution. • Heaps of refuse appears unsightly and nuisances from bad odour.
- 8. CAUSES OF WASTE GENERATION • Overpopulation • Use of technology • Modernization • Urbanization and industrialization • Poor environmental protection laws
- 9. SOURCES OF SOLIDWASTE • Municipal source of waste :- • Refuse generated by houses, market, schools, hotels, companies, shops, beach and other public places. • Kind of refuse includes plastic matters, bags, damaged furniture, broken part of domestic machines and food debris.
- 10. • Medical source of waste:- • Waste produced by hospitals i.e. Outpatient clinic, wards, operation theatre, blood transfusion department, labor rooms, pharmaceuticals. • Waste includes soiled dressing materials, plastic syringe, needle, iv bottle, specimen, blood, placenta, body parts and surgical items
- 11. • Agriculture source of waste :- • Waste produced by agriculture activities i.e. Seed growing, horticulture, livestock breeding and seedlings nurseries generated waste. • Pesticides container, worn out tyer and machine, old hay, coconut shell etc.
- 12. • Unused automobile :- • Unused vehicles and their parts. • Construction/ demolition waste:- • Includes wood, concrete debris and other building materials.
- 13. • Industrial waste :- • Factories produces various types of waste like leather, glass, textile, plastic, metal etc. • Electronic waste / E-waste :- • Include computer, television, battery, ipad, tape, hard disc drive, grinder, mincers, washing machine, iron boxes etc.
- 14. CLASSIFICATION OF SOLIDWASTE 1. Biodegradable waste 2. Non biodegradable waste • On the basis of content:- glass waste, plastic waste, e- waste, metal and organic waste. • On the basis of risk potential:- infections, toxic, nontoxic and inflammable waste.
- 15. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 1. Reduce 2. Reuse 3. Recycle Waste prevention strategies “3R”
- 16. 1. Storage 2. Collection 3. Transport and handling 4. Recycle 5. Dispose and waste monitoring Process of waste management
- 17. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENTTREATMENT AND DISPOSAL 1. Thermal method :- 1. Incineration, 2. Pyrolysis, 3. Open burning. 2. Dumps and landfills 3. Biological waste treatment :- composting ( Banglore method and mechanical composting)
- 18. INCINERATION • It is a most often used thermal method where waste is treated by buring at 1000°C under pressure and presence of oxygen. • Incineration convert waste into CO2, water vapour and ash. • This method is used to generate energy from waste.
- 20. PYROLYSIS • Pyro mean fire and lysis means separation. • In this method, burning of waste occur in absence of oxygen. • At the end waste convert into gas and gaseous fraction (co, co2, CH4, tar and charred carbon) .
- 22. OPEN BURNING • It is act of burning of waste materials in open air that cause smoke and other discharge directly into the air.
- 24. DUMPS • In this method, solid waste is dumped in low lying areas. • It is an unsanitary method that leads to various impact on health. • Organic waste is slowly converted into humus.
- 25. LANDFILLS • Also known sanitary landfills or controlled tipping. • In this method, refuse is placed in a trench and compacted with earth at the end of the working day. • Modified sanitary landfill :- where compacting and covering are accomplished once or twice a week. • Three types of landfill are following :-
- 26. • Trench method :- trench is 6-10 feet deep and 12-36 feet wide. Refuse is filled upto 6 feet and at the end compacted and covered with excavated earth. • Ramp method:- refuse is filled in area where the terrian is moderately slopping. • Area method :- this method is used for filling land depression, diused , quarries and clay pits. • Refuse is deposited, packed and consolidated in uniform layers and each layer is sealed with mud.
- 29. COMPOSTING • Composting is nature’s process of recycling decomposed organic materials into rich soil known as compost. • Method of combined disposal of refuse and night soil/sludge. • Principle of products are CO2, water and heat. • There are two method of composting are discussed.
- 30. • Banglore method :- other name anaerobic method and hot fermentation process. • Develop by Indian council of agricultural research at IIS, Banglore. • Trench are dug 3 feet deep , 5-8 feet broad and 15-30 feet long. • Composting procedure:- 1. Layer of refuse -15 cm. 2. Layer of night soil - 5 cm. • This taken about 6-8 months to obtain the finished product. •
- 32. • Mechanical composting / aerobic method:- • Manure pit :- mostly used in rural areas. • Digging manure pit is to prevent the refuse thrown around the houses. • The garbage, cattle dung, straw and leaves should be dumped into the manure pit and covered with earth soil. • Two pit is needed. • Refuse gets converted to manure within 5-6 months.
- 33. • Burial ;- suitable for small camp. • A trench 1.5 m wide and 2 m deep is excavated. • Refuse is dumped and covered with 20-30 cm of earth. • Takes 4-6 months.
- 34. • Environmental protection act, 1986 • Hazardous waste rule, 1989 • Waste Management act, 1996 • Bio medical waste rule, 1994 • Municipal solid waste act, 2000 • Solid waste policy in india, 2006 Waste management policies