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Concepts of Database Management, Ninth Edition Solutions Chapter 1, page 1
©2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted
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Concepts of Database Management, 9th
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Chapter 1
Introduction to Database Management
Solutions
Answers to Review Questions
1. Redundancy is the duplication of data or the storing of the same data in more than one place. Redundancy wastes
space, makes the updating of data more cumbersome and time-consuming, and can lead to inconsistencies.
2. The problems, other than redundancy, associated with the nondatabase approach to processing data include
difficulties accessing related data, limited security features to protect data from access by unauthorized users, limited
ability for multiple users to update the same data at the same time, and size limitations.
3. An entity is a person, place, object, event, or idea for which you want to store and process data. An attribute, which
also is called a field or column in many database systems, is a characteristic or property of an entity.
4. A relationship is an association between entities. A one-to-many relationship exists between two entities when each
row in the first entity matches many rows in the second entity and each row in the second entity matches only one
row in the first entity.
5. A database is a structure that can store information about multiple types of entities, the attributes of those entities,
and the relationships among the entities.
6. In a database system, you create a one-to-many relationship by using common columns in the two tables.
7. An E-R diagram represents a database in a visual way by using a rectangle for each entity, using a line to connect
two entities that have a relationship, and placing a dot at the end of a line to indicate the “many” part of a one-to-
many relationship.
8. A database management system (DBMS) is a program, or a collection of programs, through which users interact
with a database.
9. Database design is the process of determining the table structure of the desired database.
10. A form is a screen object used to maintain, view, and print data from a database.
11. It is possible to get more information from the same amount of data by using a database approach as opposed to a
nondatabase approach because all data is stored in a single database, instead of being stored in dozens of separate
files, making the process of obtaining information quicker, easier, and even possible in certain situations.
12. Sharing data means that several users can have access to the same piece of data and use it in a variety of ways.

13. The DBA (database administrator or database administration) is the central person or group in an organization in
charge of the database and the DBMS that runs the database. The DBA attempts to balance the needs of individuals
and the overall needs of the organization.
14. Multiple copies of the same data in an organization leads to inconsistency because each piece of data can have
different values. Controlling redundancy is the result of eliminating, or at least reducing, the multiple copies.
Improved consistency is the result of this controlled redundancy.
15. An integrity constraint is a rule that the data in a database must follow. A database has integrity when the data in it
satisfies all established integrity constraints. A good DBMS should provide an opportunity for users to incorporate
these integrity constraints when they design the database. The DBMS then should ensure that these constraints are
not violated.
16. Security is the prevention of access to the database by unauthorized users. A DBMS provides security features such
as passwords. As additional security, the DBA can assign users to groups and restrict each group to certain data and
to certain types of access.
17. Data independence is the property that lets you change the structure of a database without requiring you to change
the programs that access the database. With data independence, you easily can change the structure of the database
when the need arises.
18. In a database environment, file size is a disadvantage because the DBMS is a large program that occupies a great
amount of disk space and internal memory. In addition, because all the data that the database manages for you is
stored in one file, the database file itself requires a large amount of disk space and internal memory.
19. The more complex a product is in general (and a DBMS, in particular, is complex), the more difficult it is to
understand and correctly apply its features. Because of this complexity, serious problems may result from mistakes
made by users and designers of the DBMS.
20. Some specific inputs which result in big data are mobile devices, digital processes, and even social media
exchanges.
21. In a nondatabase environment, each user has a completely separate system; the failure of any single user’s system
does not necessarily affect any other user. On the other hand, if several users are sharing the same database, a failure
on the part of any one user that damages the database in some way might affect all the other users.
22. The great complexity of a database structure makes recovery more difficult. In addition, many users update the data
at the same time, which means that recovering the database involves not only restoring it to the last state in which it
was known to be correct, but also performing the complex task of redoing all the updates made since that time.
23. [Critical Thinking] Answers will differ, but students should have reasons for their responses. Any error to a student
transcript/record, such as incorrect grade, courses not listed correctly; incorrect contact information could be an error
that may cause a student to lose a job opportunity, a scholarship, or a loan. It also could affect whether they
graduate.
24. [Critical Thinking] No. The only attributes that would be the same would be contact and demographic information
such as, name, address, phone number, age, and gender. Other attributes are specific to the database context. A
medical database would have attributes to describe, for example, health conditions, previous appointments, lab
results, and medications. A student database would have attributes to describe, for example, courses taken, advisor,
GPA, number of credits, and academic major. A fitness database would have attributes to describe for example,
membership level, athletic ability, fitness classes, fees, and liability waivers.
Answers to BITS Corporation Exercises
Note: Data and solution files are available at www.cengagebrain.com. Data files consist of copies of the BITS Corporation,
Colonial Adventure Tours, and Sports Physical Therapy databases that are usable in Access 2010, Access 2013, and Access
2016; and script files to create the tables and data in these databases in other systems, such as Oracle.

1. The names of all clients that have a credit limit less than $10,000 are: Hershey, Jarrod; Goduto, Sean; Salazar, Jason;
Fisherman’s Spot Shop; Seymour, Lindsey; Bonnie’s Beautiful Boutique; Yates, Nick; Howler, Laura; MarketPoint
Sales.
2. The descriptions of all items in the Tasks table that have the category DRM are Data Recovery Major and Data
Recovery Minor.
3. The order numbers are 67424 and 67949.
4. The order date is 09/14/2018 and the scheduled date is 09/24/2018.
5. The names of the clients are Pritchard’s Pizza & Pasta and Harpersburg Bank.
6. The names of the clients are Seymour, Lindsey and Howler, Laura.
7. The sum of the balances is 18,746.05.
8.
Order Number Order Date Client Number Client Name
67101 9/6/2018 733 Howler, Laura
67313 9/7/2018 458 Bonnie’s Beautiful Boutique
67424 9/10/2018 322 Prichard’s Pizza & Pasta
67838 9/10/2018 867 MarketPoint Sales
68252 9/12/2018 363 Salazar, Jason
68979 9/17/2018 826 Harpersburg Bank
9.
10. 68979, Harpersburg Bank, Christopher Turner
11. The other attributes that might be in the client table are email and phone number. Answers will vary.
12. BITS should include job title, job number, and supervisor number. Answers will vary.
13. BITS might want to track how many times clients check the website, or survey data. They would use web-enabled
devices to track this information and would store it in another database. Answers will vary.
Answers to Colonial Adventure Tours Case
1. Abrams, Devon, Marston, Rowan, Stevens, Unser
Order Number Order Date Client Number Client Name

2. Bloomfield - Maidstone, Chocorua Lake Tour, Mason’s Farm, Lake Mephremagog Tour, Long Pond Tour, Lower
Pond Tour, Missisquoi River - VT, Northern Forest Canoe Trail, Pontook Reservoir Tour
3. Mt Ascutney - North Peak, Baldpate Mountain, Bloomfield – Maidstone, Cadillac Mountain, Mason’s Farm, Lake
Mephremagog Tour, Lower Pond Tour, Metacomet-Monadnock Trail Hike, Park Loop Ride, Pontook Reservoir
Tour, Pondicherry Trail Ride, Westfield River Loop
4. Bradbury Mountain Ride, Park Loop Ride
5. Mt Ascutney - North Peak, Mt Ascutney - West Peak, Cadillac Mountain Ride, Cherry Pond, Lake Mephremagog
Tour, Mount Cardigan Hike, McLennan Reservation Hike, Missisquoi River – VT, Pondicherry Trail Ride, Seal
Beach Harbor, Sawyer River Ride
6. Mt Ascutney - West Peak, Bradbury Mountain Ride, Blueberry Mountain, Cadillac Mountain Ride, Cannon Mtn,
Huguenot Head Hike, Low Bald Spot Hike, Mount Battie Ride, Mount Cardigan Hike, Mount Garfield Hike,
Sawyer River Ride
7. 6 (2 for CT and 4 for VT)
8. Mt Ascutney - North Peak, Long Pond, McLennan Reservation Hike
9. Bradbury Mountain Ride, Cadillac Mountain Ride, Mount Battie Ride, Westfield River Loop
10. Gernowski, Mt. Cardigan - Firescrew, Orange
Bretton-Borak, Chocorua Lake Tour, Tamworth
11. 13
12. Arethusa Falls, Hiking, Zach Gregory, Hal Rowan; Mt Ascutney - North Peak, Hiking, Miles Abrams, Lori Stevens;
Bradbury Mountain Ride, Biking, Rita Boyers, Zach Gregory; Baldpate Mountain, Hiking, Susan Kiley, Glory
Unser; Chocorua Lake Tour, Paddling, Harley Devon, Susan Kiley, Glory Unser
13. Siam Bretton-Borak, Sawyer River Ride, Biking, Chocorua Lake Tour, Paddling;
Brianne Brown, Sawyer River Ride, Biking, Cadillac Mountain Ride, Hiking;
Karen Busa, Mount Garfield Hike, Hiking, Mount Battie Ride, Biking;
Clement Chau, Long Pond, Hiking, Cadillac Mountain Ride, Biking;
Sadie Gernowski, Bradbury Mountain Ride, Biking, Mt. Cardigan - Firescrew, Hiking;
Ryan Goff, Mount Cardigan Hike, Hiking, Crawford Path Presidentials Hike, Hiking;
Liam Northfold, Wachusett Mountain, Hiking, Long Pond, Hiking;
Arnold Ocean, Mt Ascutney - West Peak, Hiking, Mt Ascutney - North Peak, Hiking
14. Busa, Mount Battie Ride, Biking; Gernowski, Bradbury Mountain Ride, Biking
15. Gernowski, Chau, Brown, Marchand, Busa
16. [Critical Thinking] No. You can calculate the total price by adding the trip price and the other fees and then
multiplying by the number of people.
17. [Critical Thinking] You would place the trip cost field in the Trip table.
Answers to Sports Physical Therapy Case
1.
Patient Number Last name First Name

1010 Koehler Robbie
1011 King Joseph
1012 Houghland Susan
1013 Falls Tierra
1014 Odepaul Ben
1015 Venable Isaiah
1016 Waggoner Brianna
1017 Short Tobey
1018 Baptist Joseph
1019 Culling Latisha
1020 Marino Andre
1021 Wilson Tammy
2. The session numbers are: 29, 31 ,33, 36, and 38.
3.
Last Name First Name Street Address
Shields Anthony 5222 Eagle Court
Risk Jonathan 1010 650 North
4. Stephen Wilder does electrical stimulation and Aquatic therapy with therapeutic exercises.
5.
Last Name First Name City
Koehler Robbie San Vista
Houghland Susan Munster
Falls Tierra Palm Rivers
Baptist Joseph Waterville
Culling Latisha San Vista
Wilson Tammy Waterville
6. Steven Wilder.
7. The codes are: 92507, 97032, 97033, 97035, 97039, 97110, 97112, 97113, 97116, 97124, 97140, 97150, 97530,
097535, 97750, and 98960
8. Joseph Baptist had ultrasound.
9.
Last Name First Name Street City State Zip Code

Culling Latisha 4238 East 71st
St.
San Vista TX 74071
Koehler Robbie 119 West Bay
Dr.
San Vista TX 72510
10. Add rate of pay to the therapists table along with any information needed for tax purposes in order to have complete
information on each person. Answers will vary.
11. The relationship between the two is the unit of time by which the therapy is billed and the number of minutes by
which the therapy was performed. Therapies that have no billable time may be performed by the service. The
company may bill by LengthOfSession and the UnitOfTime fields. Answers will vary.

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