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©2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in
any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Fundamental Accounting Principles, 21st Edition
2
9. Accounting is described as a service activity because it serves decision makers by
providing information to help them make better business decisions.
10. Some accounting-related professions include consultant, financial analyst, underwriter,
financial planner, appraiser, FBI investigator, market researcher, and system designer.
11. Ethics rules require that auditors avoid auditing clients in which they have a direct
investment, or if the auditor’s fee is dependent on the figures in the client’s reports. This
will help prevent others from doubting the quality of the auditor’s report.
12. In addition to preparing tax returns, tax accountants help companies and individuals plan
future transactions to minimize the amount of tax to be paid. They are also actively
involved in estate planning and in helping set up organizations. Some tax accountants work
for regulatory agencies such as the IRS or the various state departments of revenue.
These tax accountants help to enforce tax laws.
13. The objectivity concept means that financial statement information is supported by
independent, unbiased evidence other than someone’s opinion or imagination. This
concept increases the reliability and verifiability of financial statement information.
14. This treatment is justified by both the cost principle and the going-concern assumption.
15. The revenue recognition principle provides guidance for managers and auditors so they
know when to recognize revenue. If revenue is recognized too early, the business looks
more profitable than it is. On the other hand, if revenue is recognized too late the business
looks less profitable than it is. This principle demands that revenue be recognized when it
is both earned (when service or product provided) and can be measured reliably. The
amount of revenue should equal the value of the assets received or expected to be
received from the business’s operating activities covering a specific time period.
16. Business organizations can be organized in one of three basic forms: sole proprietorship,
partnership, or corporation. These forms have implications for legal liability, taxation,
continuity, number of owners, and legal status as follows:
Proprietorship Partnership Corporation
Business entity yes yes yes
Legal entity no no yes
Limited liability no* no* yes
Unlimited life no no yes
Business taxed no no yes
One owner allowed yes no yes
*Proprietorships and partnerships that are set up as LLCs provide limited liability.
17. (a) Assets are resources owned or controlled by a company that are expected to yield
future benefits. (b) Liabilities are creditors’ claims on assets that reflect obligations to
provide assets, products or services to others. (c) Equity is the owner’s claim on assets
and is equal to assets minus liabilities. (d) Net assets refer to equity.
18. Equity is increased by investments from the owner and by net income (which is the excess
of revenues over expenses). It is decreased by withdrawals by the owner and by a net loss
(which is the excess of expenses over revenues).

Solutions Manual, Chapter 1 3
19. Accounting principles consist of (a) general and (b) specific principles. General principles
are the basic assumptions, concepts, and guidelines for preparing financial statements.
They stem from long-used accounting practices. Specific principles are detailed rules used
in reporting on business transactions and events. They usually arise from the rulings of
authoritative and regulatory groups such as the Financial Accounting Standards Board or
the Securities and Exchange Commission.
20. Revenue (or sales) is the amount received from selling products and services.
21. Net income (also called income, profit or earnings) equals revenues minus expenses (if
revenues exceed expenses). Net income increases equity. If expenses exceed revenues,
the company has a net loss. Net loss decreases equity.
22. The four basic financial statements are: income statement, statement of owner’s equity,
balance sheet, and statement of cash flows.
23. An income statement reports a company’s revenues and expenses along with the resulting
net income or loss over a period of time.
24. Rent expense, utilities expense, administrative expenses, advertising and promotion
expenses, maintenance expense, and salaries and wages expenses are some examples of
business expenses.
25. The statement of owner’s equity explains the changes in equity from net income or loss,
and from any owner contributions and withdrawals over a period of time.
26. The balance sheet describes a company’s financial position (types and amounts of assets,
liabilities, and equity) at a point in time.
27. The statement of cash flows reports on the cash inflows and outflows from a company’s
operating, investing, and financing activities.
28. Return on assets, also called return on investment, is a profitability measure that is useful
in evaluating management, analyzing and forecasting profits, and planning activities. It is
computed as net income divided by the average total assets. For example, if we have an
average annual balance of $100 in a bank account and it earns interest of $5 for the year,
then our return on assets is $5 / $100 or 5%. The return on assets is a popular measure for
analysis because it allows us to compare companies of different sizes and in different
industries.
29A
. Return refers to income, and risk is the uncertainty about the return we expect to make.
The lower the risk of an investment, the lower the expected return. For example, savings
accounts pay a low return because of the low risk of a bank not returning the principal with
interest. Higher risk implies higher, but riskier, expected returns.
30B
. Organizations carry out three major activities: financing, investing, and operating. Financing
provides the means used to pay for resources. Investing refers to the acquisition and
disposing of resources necessary to carry out the organization’s plans. Operating activities
are the actual carrying out of these plans. (Planning is the glue that connects these
activities, including the organization’s ideas, goals and strategies.)

4
31B
. An organization’s financing activities (liabilities and equity) pay for investing activities
(assets). An organization cannot have more or less assets than its liabilities and equity
combined and, similarly, it cannot have more or less liabilities and equity than its total
assets. This means: assets = liabilities + equity. This relation is called the accounting
equation (also called the balance sheet equation), and it applies to organizations at all
times.
32. The dollar amounts in Polaris’ financial statements are rounded to the nearest thousand
($1,000). Polaris’ consolidated statement of income (or income statement) covers the year
ended December 31, 2011. Polaris also reports comparative income statements for the
previous two years.
33. At March 31, 2011, Arctic Cat had ($ in thousands) assets of $272,906, liabilities of
$89,870, and equity of $183,036.
34. Confirmation of KTM’s accounting equation follows (numbers in EUR thousands):
Assets = Liabilities + Equity
485,775 = 266,000 + 219,775
35. The independent auditor for Polaris, is Ernst & Young, LLP. The auditor expressly states
that “our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements
and schedule based on our audits.” The auditor also states that “these financial statements
and the schedule are the responsibility of the Company’s management.”

QUICK STUDIES
Quick Study 1-1
(a) and (b)
GAAP: Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
Importance: GAAP are the rules that specify acceptable accounting practices.
SEC: Securities and Exchange Commission
Importance: The SEC is charged by Congress to set reporting rules for
organizations that sell ownership shares to the public. The SEC
delegates part of this responsibility to the FASB.
FASB: Financial Accounting Standards Board
Importance: FASB is an independent group of full-time members who are
responsible for setting accounting rules.
IASB: International Accounting Standards Board.
Importance: Its purpose is to issue standards that identify preferred practices in
the desire of harmonizing accounting practices across different
countries. The vast majority of countries and financial exchanges
support its activities and objectives.
IFRS: International Financial Reporting Standards.
Importance: A global set of accounting standards issued by the IASB. Many
countries require or permit companies to comply with IFRS in
preparing their financial statements. The FASB is undergoing a
process with the IASB to converge GAAP and IFRS and to create
a single set of accounting standards for global use.
Quick Study 1-2
a. E g. E
b. E h. E
c. E i. I
d. E j. E
e. I k. E
f. E l. I

6
Quick Study 1-3
Internal controls serve several purposes:
 They involve monitoring an organization’s activities to promote efficiency and
to prevent wrongful use of its resources.
 They help ensure the validity and credibility of accounting reports.
 They are often crucial to effective operations and reliable reporting.
More generally, the absence of internal controls can adversely affect the
effectiveness of domestic and global financial markets.
Examples of internal controls include cash registers with internal tapes or drives,
scanners at doorways to identify tagged products, overhead video cameras,
security guards, and many others.
Quick Study 1-4
Accounting professionals practice in at least four main areas. These four areas,
along with a listing of some work opportunities in each, are:
1. Financial accounting
 Preparation
 Analysis
 Auditing (external)
 Consulting
 Investigation
2. Managerial accounting
 Cost accounting
 Budgeting
 Auditing (internal)
 Consulting
3. Tax accounting
 Preparation
 Planning
 Regulatory
 Consulting
 Investigation
4. Accounting-related
 Lending
 Consulting
 Analyst
 Investigator
 Appraiser

Quick Study 1-5
The choice of an accounting method when more than one alternative method is
acceptable often has ethical implications. This is because accounting information
can have major impacts on individuals’ (and firms’) well-being.
To illustrate, many companies base compensation of managers on the amount of
reported income. When the choice of an accounting method affects the amount
of reported income, the amount of compensation is also affected. Similarly, if
workers in a division receive bonuses based on the division’s income, its
computation has direct financial implications for these individuals.
Quick Study 1-6
a. Revenue recognition principle
b. Cost principle (also called historical cost)
c. Business entity assumption
Quick Study 1-7
$700,000 (a) $280,000 $420,000
$500,000 (b) $250,000 (b) $250,000
Quick Study 1-8
$75,000 (a) $35,000 $40,000
(b) $95,000 $25,000 $70,000
$85,000 $20,000 (c) $65,000

8
Quick Study 1-9
(a) Examples of business transactions that are measurable include:
 Selling products and services.
 Collecting funds from dues, taxes, contributions, or investments.
 Borrowing money.
 Purchasing products and services.
(b) Examples of business events that are measurable include:
 Decreases in the value of securities (assets).
 Bankruptcy of a customer owing money.
 Technological advances rendering patents (or other assets) worthless.
 An “act of God” (casualty) that destroys assets.
Quick Study 1-10
a. For December 31, 2011, the account and its dollar amount (in thousands) for
Polaris are:
(1) Assets = $1,228,024
(2) Liabilities = $ 727,968
(3) Equity = $ 500,056
b. Using Polaris’ amounts from (a) we verify that (in millions):
$1,228,024 = $ 727,968 + $ 500,056
Quick Study 1-11
[Code: Income statement (I), Balance sheet (B), Statement of owner’s equity (E), or
Statement of cash flows (CF).]
a. B d. B g. CF
b. CF e. I h. I
c. E* f. B i. B
*The more advanced student might know that this item could also appear on the CF.

Quick Study 1-12
Return on assets = = = 8.2%
Interpretation: Its return of 8.2% is slightly above the 8% of its competitors. Home
Depot’s performance can be rated as above average.
Quick Study 1-13 (10 minutes)
a. International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)
b. Convergence desires to achieve a single set of accounting standards for
global use.
c. The FASB is to develop a transition plan to effect these changes over the
next five years or so. For updates on this roadmap, we can check with the
AICPA (IFRS.com), FASB (FASB.org), and IASB (IASB.org.uk).
$3,338
$40,501
Net income
Average total assets

10
EXERCISES
Exercise 1-1 (10 minutes)
1. A 5. C
2. B 6. C
3. A 7. B
4. A 8. B
C 1. Analyzing and interpreting reports
C 2. Presenting financial information
R 3. Maintaining a log of service costs
R 4. Measuring the costs of a product
C 5. Preparing financial statements
I 6. Establishing revenues generated from a product
I 7. Determining employee tasks behind a service
Part A.
1. I 5. I
2. I 6. E
3. E 7. I
4. E 8. I
Part B.
1. I 5. I
2. E 6. E
3. I 7. I
4. E

a. Situations involving ethical decision making in coursework include
performing independent work on examinations and individually completing
assignments/projects. It can also extend to promptly returning reference
materials so others can enjoy them, and to properly preparing for class to
efficiently use the time and question period to not detract from others’
instructional benefits.
b. Managers face several situations demanding ethical decision making in their
dealings with employees. Examples include fairness in performance
evaluations, salary adjustments, and promotion recommendations. They can
also include avoiding any perceived or real harassment of employees by the
manager or any other employees. It can also include issues of confidentiality
regarding personal information known to managers.
c. Accounting professionals who prepare tax returns can face situations where
clients wish to claim deductions they cannot substantiate. Also, clients
sometimes exert pressure to use methods not allowed or questionable under
the law. Issues of confidentiality also arise when these professionals have
access to clients’ personal records.
d. Auditing professionals with competing audit clients are likely to learn
valuable information about each client that the other clients would benefit
from knowing. In this situation the auditor must take care to maintain the
confidential nature of information about each client.

12
Code Description Principle/Assumption
E 1. Usually created by a pronouncement from an
authoritative body.
Specific accounting
principle
G 2. Financial statements reflect the assumption that the
business continues operating.
Going-concern
assumption
A 3. Derived from long-used and generally accepted
accounting practices.
General accounting
principle
C 4. Every business is accounted for separately from its
owner or owners.
Business entity
assumption
D 5. Revenue is recorded only when the earnings
process is complete.
Revenue recognition
principle
B 6. Information is based on actual costs incurred in
transactions.
Cost principle
F 7. A company records the expenses incurred to
generate the revenues reported.
Matching (expense
recognition) principle
H. 8. A company reports details behind financial
statements that would impact users' decisions.
Full disclosure principle
1. C 4. A
2. F 5. G
3. D
a. Corporation e. Sole proprietorship
b. Sole proprietorship f. Sole proprietorship
c. Corporation g. Corporation
d. Partnership

a. Using the accounting equation:
$123,000 = $47,000 + ?
Thus, equity = $76,000
b. Using the accounting equation at the beginning of the year:
$300,000 = ? + $100,000
Thus, beginning liabilities = $200,000
Using the accounting equation at the end of the year:
$300,000 + $80,000 = $200,000+ $50,000 + ?
$380,000 = $250,000 + ?
Thus, ending equity = $130,000
Alternative approach to solving part (b):
Assets($80,000) = Liabilities($50,000) + Equity(?)
where “” refers to “change in.”
Thus: Ending Equity = $100,000 + $30,000 = $130,000
c. Using the accounting equation at the end of the year:
$190,000 = $70,000 - $5,000 + ?
$190,000 = $65,000 + $125,000
Using the accounting equation at the beginning of the year:
$190,000 - $60,000 = $70,000 + ?
$130,000 = $70,000 + ?
Thus: Beginning Equity = $60,000

14
(a) $ 65,000 = $ 20,000 + $45,000
$100,000 = $ 34,000 + (b) $66,000
$154,000 = (c) $114,000 + $40,000
Examples of transactions that fit each case include:
a. Cash withdrawals (or some other asset) paid to the owner of the business;
OR, the business incurs an expense paid in cash.
b. Business purchases equipment (or some other asset) on credit.
c. Business signs a note payable to extend the due date on an account
payable; OR, the business renegotiates a liability (perhaps to obtain a lower
interest rate.)
d. Business pays an account payable (or some other liability) with cash (or
some other asset).
e. Business purchases office supplies (or some other asset) for cash (or some
other asset).
f. Business incurs an expense that is not yet paid (for example, when
employees earn wages that are not yet paid).
g. Owner invests cash (or some other asset) in the business; OR, the business
earns revenue and accepts cash (or another asset).

Cash +
Accounts
Receivable +
Equip-
ment =
Accounts
Payable +
Holden,
Capital –
Holden,
With-
drawals
+ Revenues – Expenses
a. +$60,000 + $15,000 = + $75,000
b. – 1,500 ______ ______ – $1,500
Bal. 58,500 + + 15,000 = + 75,000 – 1,500
c. _______ + 10,000 +$10,000 ______ _____
Bal. 58,500 + + 25,000 = 10,000 + 75,000 – 1,500
d. + 2,500 ______ _______ ______ + $2,500 _____
Bal. 61,000 + + 25,000 = 10,000 + 75,000 + 2,500 – 1,500
e. _______ + $8,000 ______ _______ ______ + 8,000 _____
Bal. 61,000 + 8,000 + 25,000 = 10,000 + 75,000 + 10,500 – 1,500
f. – 6,000 ______ + 6,000 _______ ______ _____ _____
Bal. 55,000 + 8,000 + 31,000 = 10,000 + 75,000 + 10,500 – 1,500
g. – 3,000 ______ ______ _______ ______ _____ – 3,000
Bal. 52,000 + 8,000 + 31,000 = 10,000 + 75,000 + 10,500 – 4,500
h. + 5,000 - 5,000 ______ _______ ______ _____ _____
Bal. 57,000 + 3,000 + 31,000 = 10,000 + 75,000 + 10,500 – 4,500
i. – 10,000 ______ ______ – 10,000 ______ _____ _____
Bal. 47,000 + 3,000 + 31,000 = 0 + 75,000 + 10,500 – 4,500
j. – 1,000 ______ ______ _______ ______ – $1,000 _____ _____
Bal. $46,000 + $3,000 + $31,000 = $ 0 + $75,000 – $1,000 + $10,500 – $4,500
a. Started the business with the owner investing $40,000 cash in the business.
b. Purchased office supplies for $3,000 by paying $2,000 cash and putting the
remaining $1,000 balance on credit.
c. Purchased office furniture by paying $8,000 cash.
d. Billed a customer $6,000 for services earned.
e. Provided services for $1,000 cash.

16
a. Purchased land for $4,000 cash.
b. Purchased $1,000 of office supplies on credit.
c. Billed a client $1,900 for services provided.
d. Paid the $1,000 account payable created by the credit purchase of office
supplies in transaction b.
e. Collected $1,900 cash for the billing in transaction c.
REAL ANSWERS
Income Statement
For Month Ended October 31
Revenues
Consulting fees earned......................... $14,000
Expenses
Salaries expense .................................. $7,000
Rent expense........................................ 3,550
Telephone expense .............................. 760
Miscellaneous expenses....................... 580
Total expenses...................................... 11,890
Net income ................................................... $ 2,110
REAL ANSWERS
Statement of Owner’s Equity
King, Capital, October 1 ..................................... $ 0
Add: Owner’s investment............................. 84,000
Net income (from Exercise 1-14) ........... 2,110
86,110
Less: Withdrawals by owner ......................... 2,000
King, Capital, October 31 ................................... $84,110

REAL ANSWERS
Balance Sheet
October 31
Assets Liabilities
Cash ............................... $11,360 Accounts payable.................... $ 8,500
Accounts receivable ....... 14,000
Office supplies................ 3,250 Equity
Office equipment ............ 18,000 King, Capital* ............. 84,110
Land ............................... 46,000 _______
Total assets .................... $92,610 Total liabilities and equity........ $92,610
* For the computation of this amount see Exercise 1-15.
REAL ANSWERS
Statement of Cash Flows
Cash flows from operating activities
Cash received from customers................................................ $ 0
Cash paid to employees1
........................................................ (1,750)
Cash paid for rent.................................................................... (3,550)
Cash paid for telephone expenses.......................................... (760)
Cash paid for miscellaneous expenses................................... (580)
Net cash used by operating activities...................................... (6,640)
Cash flows from investing activities
Purchase of office equipment.................................................. (18,000)
Net cash used by investing activities ...................................... (18,000)
Cash flows from financing activities
Investments by owner ............................................................. 38,000
Withdrawals by owner ............................................................. (2,000)
Net cash provided by financing activities ................................ 36,000
Net increase in cash................................................................ $11,360
Cash balance, October 1......................................................... 0
Cash balance, October 31....................................................... $11,360
1
$7,000 Salaries Expense - $5,250 still owed = $1,750 paid to employees.

18
Return on assets = Net income / Average total assets
= $40,000 / [($200,000 + $300,000)/2]
= 16%
Interpretation: Swiss Group’s return on assets of 16% is markedly above the 10%
return of its competitors. Accordingly, its performance is assessed as superior to
its competitors.
O 1. Cash paid for advertising O 5. Cash paid for rent
O 2. Cash paid for wages O 6. Cash paid on an account payable
F 3. Cash withdrawal by owner F 7. Cash investment by owner
I 4. Cash purchase of equipment O 8. Cash received from clients
Exercise 1-20B
(10 minutes)
a. Financing*
b. Investing
c. Investing
d. Operating
e. Financing
* Would also be listed as “investing” if resources contributed by owner were in the form of
nonfinancial resources.

NINTENDO
Income Statement
For Year Ended March 31, 2011
(Japanese Yen in millions)
Net sales ...................................................................... ¥ 1,014,345
Expenses
Cost of sales.............................................................. ¥626,379
Selling, general and administrative expenses ........... 216,889
Other expenses ......................................................... 93,456
Total expenses .......................................................... 936,724
Net income...................................................................... ¥ 77,621

20
PROBLEM SET A
Problem 1-1A (40 minutes)
Part 1
Company A
(a) Equity on December 31, 2012:
Assets........................................................... $55,000
Liabilities....................................................... (24,500)
Equity ........................................................... $30,500
(b) Equity on December 31, 2013:
Equity, December 31, 2012.......................... $30,500
Plus investment by owner ............................ 6,000
Plus net income............................................ 8,500
Less withdrawals by owner .......................... (3,500)
Equity, December 31, 2013.......................... $41,500
(c) Liabilities on December 31, 2013:
Assets........................................................... $58,000
Equity ........................................................... (41,500)
Liabilities....................................................... $16,500
Part 2
Company B
(a) and (b)
Equity: 12/31/2012 12/31/2013
Assets.................................... $34,000 $40,000
Liabilities................................ (21,500) (26,500)
Equity .................................... $12,500 $13,500
(c) Net income for 2013:
Equity, December 31, 2012....................... $12,500
Plus investment by owner ......................... 1,400
Plus net income......................................... ?
Less withdrawals by owner ....................... (2,000)
Equity, December 31, 2013....................... $13,500
Therefore, net income must have been $ 1,600

Problem 1-1A (Continued)
Part 3
Company C
First, calculate the beginning balance of equity:
Dec. 31, 2012
Assets........................................................... $24,000
Liabilities....................................................... ( 9,000)
Equity ........................................................... $15,000
Next, find the ending balance of equity by completing this table:
Equity, December 31, 2012.......................... $15,000
Plus net income............................................ 8,000
Equity, December 31, 2013.......................... $26,875
Finally, find the ending amount of assets by adding the ending balance of equity
to the ending balance of liabilities:
Dec. 31, 2013
Liabilities....................................................... $29,000
Equity ........................................................... 26,875
Assets........................................................... $55,875
Part 4
Company D
First, calculate the beginning and ending equity balances:
12/31/2012 12/31/2013
Assets....................................... $60,000 $85,000
Liabilities................................... (40,000) (24,000)
Equity ....................................... $20,000 $61,000
Then, find the amount of investment by owner during 2013:
Equity, December 31, 2012............................ $20,000
Plus investment by owner .............................. ?
Plus net income.............................................. 14,000
Less withdrawals by owner ............................ 0
Equity, December 31, 2013............................ $61,000
Thus, investment by owner must have been$27,000

22
Problem 1-1A (Concluded)
Part 5
Company E
First, compute the balance of equity as of December 31, 2013:
Assets........................................................... $113,000
Liabilities....................................................... (70,000)
Equity ........................................................... $ 43,000
Next, find the beginning balance of equity as follows:
Equity, December 31, 2012.......................... $ ?
Plus net income............................................ 20,000
Equity, December 31, 2013.......................... $43,000
Thus, the beginning balance of equity is: $27,500
Finally, find the beginning amount of liabilities by subtracting the beginning
balance of equity from the beginning balance of assets:
Dec. 31, 2012
Assets........................................................... $119,000
Equity ........................................................... (27,500)
Liabilities....................................................... $ 91,500

Balance Sheet
Income
Statement
Statement of
Cash Flows
Transaction
Total
Assets
Total
Liab.
Total
Equity
Net
Income
Operating
Activities
Financing
Activities
Investing
Activities
1 Owner invests
cash in business + + +
2 Receives cash
for services
provided
+ + + +
3 Pays cash for
employee wages – – – –
4 Incurs legal costs
on credit + – –
5 Borrows cash by
signing L-T note
payable
+ + +
6 Owner withdraws
cash – – –
7 Buys land by
signing note
payable
+ +
8 Provides ser-
vices on credit + + +
9 Buys office
equipment
for cash
+/– –
10 Collects cash on
receivable
from (8)
+/– +

24
Elko Energy Company
Income Statement
For Year Ended December 31, 2013
Revenues .................................................. $55,000
Expenses ................................................... 40,000
Net income................................................. $15,000
Amity Company
Balance Sheet
December 31, 2013
Assets............................... $90,000 Liabilities.................................... $44,000
Equity......................................... 46,000
Total assets ...................... $90,000 Total liabilities and equity .......... $90,000
ABM Company
Cash from operating activities ............................ $ 6,000
Cash used by investing activities ........................ (2,000)
Cash used by financing activities ........................ (2,800)
Net increase in cash............................................ $ 1,200
Cash, December 31, 2012 .................................. 2,300
Cash, December 31, 2013 .................................. $ 3,500

Kasio Company
K. Kasio, Capital, Dec. 31, 2012 ........................ $ 7,000
Add: Net income................................................. 8,000
15,000
Less: Withdrawals by owner................................ (1,000)
K. Casio, Capital, Dec. 31, 2013 ......................... $14,000

©2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned,
duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
26
Problem 1-7A (60 minutes) Parts 1 and 2
Date Cash + Accounts
Receivable
+ Office
Equipment
= Accounts
Payable
+ H. Graham,
Capital
- H. Graham,
With-drawals
+ Revenues - Expenses
May 1 +$40,000 = + $40,000
1 - 2,200 = - $2,200
3 + $1,890 = + $1,890
5 - 750 ` = - 750
8 + 5,400 = + $5,400
12 + $2,500 = + 2,500
15 - 750 = - 750
20 + 2,500 - 2,500 =
22 + 3,200 = + 3,200
25 + 3,200 - 3,200 =
26 - 1,890 = - 1,890
27 = + 80 - 80
28 - 750 = - 750
30 - 300 = - 300
30 - 280 = - 280
31 - 1,400 = - $1,400
$42,780 + $ 0 + $1,890 = $ 80 + $40,000 - $1,400 + $11,100 - $5,110

©2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Part 3
The Graham Co.
Income Statement
For Month Ended May 31
Revenues
Consulting services revenue ............... $11,100
Expenses
Rent expense........................................ $2,200
Salaries expense .................................. 1,500
Cleaning expense................................. 750
Telephone expense .............................. 300
Utilities expense.................................... 280
Advertising expense ............................. 80
Total expenses ..................................... 5,110
Net income ................................................... $ 5,990
The Graham Co.
H. Graham, Capital, May 1.......................................... $ 0
Add: Investment by owner........................................ 40,000
Net income....................................................... 5,990
45,990
Less: Withdrawals by owner...................................... 1,400
H. Graham, Capital, May 31........................................ $44,590
The Graham Co.
Balance Sheet
May 31
Assets Liabilities
Cash...............................$42,780 Accounts payable.......................... $ 80
Office equipment ............ 1,890 Equity
H. Graham, Capital ....................... 44,590
_______
Total assets....................$44,670 Total liabilities and equity.............. $44,670

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manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
28
Part 3—continued
The Graham Co.
Cash received from customers.................................... $11,100
Cash paid for rent........................................................ (2,200)
Cash paid for cleaning................................................. (750)
Cash paid for telephone .............................................. (300)
Cash paid for utilities ................................................... (280)
Cash paid to employees.............................................. (1,500)
Net cash provided by operating activities.................... $ 6,070
Purchase of equipment ............................................... (1,890)
Net cash used by investing activities........................... (1,890)
Investment by owner ................................................... 40,000
Withdrawal by owner ................................................... (1,400)
Net cash provided by financing activities .................... 38,600
Net increase in cash.................................................... $42,780
Cash balance, May 1................................................... 0
Cash balance, May 31................................................. $42,780

©2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned,
duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Problem 1-8A (60 minutes) Parts 1 and 2
Date Cash +
Accounts
Receivable
+
Office
Supplies
+
Office
Equipment
+
Electrical
Equipment
=
Accounts
Payable
+
H. Ander,
Capital
-
H. Ander,
With-
drawals
+ Revenues - Expenses
Dec. 1 +$65,000 = + $65,000
2 - 1,000 - $1,000
Bal. 64,000 = 65,000 - 1,000
3 - 4,800 + $13,000 + $8,200
Bal. 59,200 + 13,000 = 8,200 + 65,000 - 1,000
5 - 800 + $ 800
Bal. 58,400 + 800 + 13,000 = 8,200 + 65,000 - 1,000
6 + 1,200 + $1,200
Bal. 59,600 + 800 + 13,000 = 8,200 + 65,000 + 1,200 - 1,000
8 + $2,530 + 2,530
Bal. 59,600 + 800 + 2,530 + 13,000 = 10,730 + 65,000 + 1,200 - 1,000
15 + $5,000 + 5,000
Bal. 59,600 + 5,000 + 800 + 2,530 + 13,000 = 10,730 + 65,000 + 6,200 - 1,000
18 + 350 + 350
Bal. 59,600 + 5,000 + 1,150 + 2,530 + 13,000 = 11,080 + 65,000 + 6,200 - 1,000
20 - 2,530 - 2,530
Bal. 57,070 + 5,000 + 1,150 + 2,530 + 13,000 = 8,550 + 65,000 + 6,200 - 1,000
24 + 900 + 900
Bal. 57,070 + 5,900 + 1,150 + 2,530 + 13,000 = 8,550 + 65,000 + 7,100 - 1,000
28 + 5,000 - 5,000
Bal. 62,070 + 900 + 1,150 + 2,530 + 13,000 = 8,550 + 65,000 + 7,100 - 1,000
29 - 1,400 - 1,400
Bal. 60,670 + 900 + 1,150 + 2,530 + 13,000 = 8,550 + 65,000 + 7,100 - 2,400
30 - 540 - 540
Bal. 60,130 + 900 + 1,150 + 2,530 + 13,000 = 8,550 + 65,000 + 7,100 - 2,940
31 - 950 - $950
Bal. $59,180 + $ 900 + $1,150 + $2,530 + $13,000 = $8,550 + $65,000 - $950 + $7,100 - $2,940

30
Part 3
Ander Electric
Income Statement
For Month Ended December 31
Revenues
Electrical fees earned......................... $7,100
Expenses
Rent expense ..................................... $1,000
Salaries expense................................ 1,400
Utilities expense ................................ 540
Total expenses ................................... 2,940
Net income ................................................... $4,160
Ander Electric
H. Ander, Capital, December 1 .................... $ 0
Add: Investment by owner........................ 65,000
Net income....................................... 4,160
69,160
Less: Withdrawals by owner...................... 950
H. Ander, Capital, December 31 .................. $68,210
Ander Electric
Balance Sheet
December 31
Assets Liabilities
Cash ................................. $59,180 Accounts payable ...................... $ 8,550
Accounts receivable ......... 900
Office supplies.................. 1,150 Equity
Office equipment .............. 2,530 Ander, Capital............................ 68,210
Electrical equipment......... 13,000 _______
Total assets ...................... $76,760 Total liabilities and equity .......... $76,760

Part 3—continued
Ander Electric
Cash received from customers1
..................................... $ 6,200
Cash paid for rent .......................................................... (1,000)
Cash paid for supplies ................................................... (800)
Cash paid for utilities...................................................... (540)
Cash paid to employees ................................................ (1,400)
Net cash provided by operating activities ...................... $ 2,460
Purchase of office equipment ........................................ (2,530)
Purchase of electrical equipment................................... (4,800)
Net cash used by investing activities ............................. (7,330)
Investments by owner.................................................... 65,000
Withdrawals by owner.................................................... (950)
Net cash provided by financing activities....................... 64,050
Net increase in cash ...................................................... $59,180
Cash balance, Dec. 1..................................................... 0
Cash balance, Dec. 31................................................... $59,180
1
$1,200 + $5,000 = $6,200
Part 4
If the December 1 investment had been $49,000 cash instead of $65,000 and the
$16,000 difference was borrowed by the company from a bank, then:
(a) total owner investments during this period, as well as the ending equity, would
be $16,000 lower,
(b) total liabilities would be $16,000 greater, and
(c) total assets would remain the same.

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The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Baptism
of the Prince: A Sermon

This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
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under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
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you are located before using this eBook.
Title: The Baptism of the Prince: A Sermon
Author: John Alexander
Release date: September 28, 2020 [eBook #63331]
Most recently updated: October 18, 2024
Language: English
Credits: Transcribed from the 1842 Josiah Fletcher edition by David
Price
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BAPTISM OF
THE PRINCE: A SERMON ***

Transcribed from the 1842 Josiah Fletcher edition by David Price.
THE BAPTISM OF THE
PRINCE.
A SERMON
PREACHED IN
PRINCE’S STREET CHAPEL, NORWICH,
ON SUNDAY MORNING, JAN. 23, 1842,
IN ANTICIPATION OF THE BAPTISM OF HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS
THE PRINCE OF WALES.
BY JOHN ALEXANDER.
Published by Request.
NORWICH:
JOSIAH FLETCHER, UPPER HAYMARKET;
SOLD ALSO BY JARROLD AND SONS, NORWICH; AND BY
JACKSON AND WALFORD, LONDON.
1842.

PREFACE.
The Author of the following discourse hopes it will appear from the
perusal of it, that the baptism of infants is a practice which he not
only believes to be scriptural, but which he warmly and devoutly
loves. As a parent, and as a pastor, one of his most delightful
employments has been the dedication of his own children, and of
the children of others, to the God of mercy. He endeavours also to
cherish in his own heart, and in the hearts of others, the assurance
that baptism is a sign of spiritual influences, which our covenant God
will graciously bestow upon our children, if we disciple them to
Christ by gospel instruction as well as by water, and if we “teach
them to observe all things whatsoever Christ has commanded.” The
connection between our baptized households and church
membership is so intimate, that children should be trained for
communion by the parent, as well as by the pastor; and every
baptized family should thus strive to be a church of Christ, and seek
to possess, by the grace of God, a domestic as well as an individual
relationship to “the general assembly and church of the first-born.”
Were this made the object of more anxious and prayerful effort, the
degree of success, divinely granted, would surprise and bless our
hearts; the sacred ordinance in which we delight, would be less
ridiculed than it is; the fatal mistakes which are made relative to it,
would be corrected; and it would soon become, as in primitive times,
universally practised. “If infant baptism were more improved,” says
Philip Henry, “it would be less disputed.”
The following discourse is not put forth as a complete treatise on the
subject of baptism. It is the mere outline of one branch of an

argument which is briefly stated, and which is not even defended
from the customary objections. It was preached, and is now
published, not so much for those who deny the ordinance to their
children, as for those who practice it; to remind them of the privilege
which they enjoy, and of the consequent responsibility which they
incur. Nothing is said in the sermon about the mode of baptizing,
because the object which the preacher had in view did not require it;
and because, during the time of its delivery, he was desirous to
occupy the attention of his hearers with matters of more importance
than the question, Whether, in baptism, the water is to be applied to
the person, or the person to the water?—though he believes that the
former mode is more scriptural and more seemly than the latter.
As the discourse was occasioned by the baptise of the Prince of Wales, the
heir apparent to the British throne, it is now published with the earnest
desire and prayer, that he may be spared till, at some distant day, he shall
realize “the true idea of a patriot king;” and that the royal house into
which he is born, may from one generation to another, present successive
princes to the throne of Britain, who shall rule in righteousness, and who,
in the scriptural sense of the language, shall be “nursing fathers, and
nursing mothers,” to the church of Christ.
Norwich, February 1, 1842.

SERMON.
My dear Friends,
As it has been publicly announced that the infant Prince of Wales will
be baptized on Tuesday next, a suitable opportunity is now afforded
for directing your attention to the subject of baptism generally, and
especially to the interest which little children have in the affections
of the Saviour; I propose, therefore, to address you this morning
from
Mark x, 13–16.
“And they brought young children to him that he should touch
them; and his disciples rebuked those that brought them. But
when Jesus saw it he was much displeased, and said unto them,
Suffer the little children to come unto me, and forbid them not,
for of such is the kingdom of God. Verily I say unto you,
whosoever shall not receive the kingdom of God as a little child,
he shall not enter therein. And he took them up in his arms,
put his hands upon them, and blessed them.”
The scene presented by these words is indescribably lovely; and the
eye that contemplates it, must affect the heart of the beholder with
every tender and grateful feeling. It exhibits the eternal Son of God
holding in his arms the infant of a day; laying his mighty and
merciful hand upon its head; and bestowing upon it his own
effectual blessing. Wonderful as all this is, it is however in perfect
harmony with the whole of his character, and of the great work
which he came to accomplish. The infants which were now brought

to him, ignorant and helpless as they were, were creatures which he
himself had formed, and which he had inspired with the breath of
life, and with the germ of all those intellectual and moral faculties
which would render them immortal and responsible to God. He,
therefore, who guides the flight of the sparrow as well as of the
archangel, cares for the infant as well as for the man; and he has
testified his care, not only now, when he was gathering these lambs
in his arms, but through all the preceding dispensations of his
mediatorial reign. His disciples, influenced by the same mistaken
feelings which led the multitude to rebuke the blind men, who cried
for mercy to the son of David, rebuked the parents, who were now
desirous that their infants should receive his gentle touch, and “that
he should put his hands on them and pray;” “but when Jesus saw it
he was much displeased, and said unto them, Suffer the little
children to come unto me, and forbid them not, for of such is the
kingdom of God,” and “of such is the kingdom of heaven.” When
heaven was more immediately his residence, he had there been
accustomed to gather little children in his arms, and to introduce
them to the joys and royalties of his celestial palace; and when that
palace is completely furnished with guests, little children, who have
died in their infancy, will constitute no small portion of the glorious
number. When he first formed a church on earth, and separated the
subjects of his own kingdom from others, he did so with an express
reference to the children of his people; and he appointed the
ordinance of circumcision to be administered to them at eight days
old, as the token of his everlasting promise, “I will be a God unto
thee, and unto thy seed after thee.” When that church was
reorganized by Moses, and during the whole period of the Jewish
dispensation, the same divine regard to infants is manifested, and
their dedication to God, by “the token of the covenant,” is
continued. When, during that dispensation, the gospel times of the
church are predicted, children are always represented as sharing in
the same privileges which they had been accustomed to possess; for
then, says Isaiah, “the people shall not labour in vain, nor bring forth
for trouble; for they are the seed of the blessed of the Lord, and
their offspring with them.” And now in the fulness of time, when

Christ himself personally appears in the world, he manifests the
same regard to little children that he had shown from the
beginning. When they were brought to him, “he took them up in his
arms;” not indeed to baptize them, for he never baptized any one,
either infant or adult; but to acknowledge their continued connection
with his kingdom, and their capacity for receiving, not only an
important sign, but the spiritual blessings which that sign denoted.
“Of such,” says he, “is the kingdom of God,” or, as the phrase
signifies, of such is the church of God; and their being thus of his
church, is given as the reason why they should be brought to him as
the head of the church. Having thus declared that infants, under the
gospel dispensation, sustained the same relation to his spiritual
kingdom which Jewish infants had sustained, he proceeds to treat
them accordingly. “He put his hands on them;” which was a sign, as
significant as the token of circumcision or of baptism; for it was the
sign of his own blessing. “He put his hands on them,” as Jacob put
his hands on Ephraim and Manasseh, when he lifted up his voice to
heaven and said, “the angel that redeemed me from all evil bless the
lads;” or as the high priest put his hands on the people, when he
blessed them in the name of the Lord; or as this great High Priest
himself afterwards lifted up his hands and blessed his disciples,
when he ascended from mount Olivet to heaven. True it is, that, as
infants, they could not understand the meaning of this sign, any
more than they could understand the meaning of circumcision or of
baptism. They knew it not then, but they would know it hereafter.
Yet, notwithstanding their present ignorance, he did not refrain; he
put his hands upon them. And not only so, but as a manifestation of
his power and grace, he accompanied the sign with the thing
signified, “and he blessed them;” he baptized them, not with water,
but with his own blessing; and thereby fulfilled his gracious promise,
“I will pour my spirit upon thy seed, and my blessing upon thy
offspring.”
The history which our text records is therefore the consummation
and the climax of a series of circumstances, which are intended to
show the interest which the children of believers have in the

Saviour’s kingdom. And as such we receive it with joy and
thankfulness. There is, in the heart of every christian parent, an
earnest desire that his children, as well as himself, should participate
in the enjoyment of spiritual blessings; and when he receives his
new-born babe into his arms, the first wish of his heart is to lay it on
the arms of Christ, and to dedicate it to him for ever. So strong is
this feeling, that many persons, who deny infant baptism, are so
convinced of the desirableness of having some mode of dedicating
their offspring to God, that they hold a special meeting for the
purpose, in which the pastor of the church sets their children apart
by a solemn dedicatory service. Even the ancient Greeks and
Romans, guided probably by imperfect tradition, as well as by the
light of nature, were accustomed, a few days after the birth of a
child, to carry it to the temple, and to commend it to some patron
deity. Instructed by the sacred scriptures, it is our privilege to
believe that He who awakens this desire in the parental bosom, has
appointed appropriate means whereby it may be expressed and
gratified; and that having instituted circumcision, for such as were of
the kingdom of God under the former dispensation, he has now
instituted baptism for such as are of that kingdom, whether they be
adults or infants. Some proof of this has already been afforded by
the history to which your attention has been called; for if Christ has
declared that our children now, as well as formerly, are “of the
kingdom of God,” and if he gave to them the sign of his blessing,
and the blessing itself, “can any one forbid water, that these should
not be baptized?” But a variety of additional evidence is still
presented by this holy book, our only divine and authoritative guide.
The great question which we have to ask on this subject is, What is
the will of Christ? and in seeking an answer to that inquiry, we are
not to dictate to the divine Spirit the manner in which the will of
Christ is to be made known to us, but we are thankfully to receive it,
in the form of express command, or by any other mode of intimation
that may seem good in his sight. As there is, in the New Testament,
no prohibition of infant baptism, we are not much concerned about a
direct injunction to practise it. There are some institutions belonging
to former dispensations of religion, which it was not necessary

should be formally re-enacted in the New Testament; because the
will of Christ respecting their continuance can be gathered by
evidences less direct. And as such a mode of teaching often
requires thoughtful and continuous reading to ascertain the mind of
God, we thereby gain a more extensive and intelligent acquaintance
with the scriptures, than we could have gained if every thing had
been stated as expressly and minutely as it is in the book of
Leviticus. The sabbath, for instance, was instituted at the creation;
it was continued during the patriarchal age; it was observed during
the Jewish dispensation till the time of Christ; there is no command
enjoining it in the New Testament; and though some passages seem
at first sight to discountenance the observance of a christian
sabbath, yet, from various remarks and circumstances, incidentally
scattered through the sacred book, we are led to believe it to be the
will of Christ that a sabbath should be continued through the gospel
dispensation, and that it should be transferred from the last day of
the week to the first; and when we consult early ecclesiastical
history, we find all our convictions confirmed by the fact, that the
first day of the week was universally observed by the christian
church as a day of rest and worship. The ordinance of circumcision,
in its connection with baptism, is similarly circumstanced. It was
instituted in the time of Abraham, and it continued to be observed
till the time of Christ, as a memorial of God’s everlasting covenant,
and of the relationship which he had established between believing
parents and their children. In the New Testament, we find that the
ordinance itself is changed from circumcision to baptism; just as the
sabbath is changed, from the seventh to the first day of the week.
But this is the principal change relative to the ordinance which the
New Testament declares. The old ordinance and the new have
precisely the same spiritual signification. Faith, in an adult, was as
necessary to precede circumcision, as it is now necessary to precede
baptism. Infants are quite as capable of being baptized, as they
were of being circumcised; and that it is the will of Christ they
should be baptized, is quite as evident, from scripture testimony, as
that the first day of the week is the divinely appointed christian
sabbath. Indeed, their right to baptism seems to follow as a matter

of course from the fact declared in our text, and already illustrated,
that our children now sustain the same relation to the kingdom of
God, that the children of believers did formerly; especially when we
find that Christ not only said, “of such is the kingdom of God,” but
also that “he put his hands on them, and blessed them.”
The evidence which the New Testament affords of the right of
infants to baptism, is, however, abundant and various; so much so,
that scarcely an outline of it can be given in the small space allotted
to it in this discourse. The commission which Christ gave to his
apostles, refers not only to baptism, but also to the christian
instruction with which baptism is to be connected, and which it is
the great design of the ordinance to secure. “Go,” says he, “and
teach all nations, baptizing them unto the name of the Father, and of
the Son, and of the Holy Ghost; teaching them to observe all things
whatsoever I have commanded you.” Circumcision had been
confined principally to one nation, baptism is to be extended to all
nations; and as the sphere of the ordinance is thus enlarged, is it at
all likely that the subjects of the ordinance are to be diminished? and
that children, who were admitted to the initiatory rite of the limited
Jewish dispensation, are to be excluded from the initiatory rite of the
universal dispensation of the gospel? If they had been excluded,
would the Jews have been silent about it? Would they not have
made it a subject of complaint? and would they not have referred to
the exclusion of their children as an argument in favour of Judaism,
and against Christianity? Undoubtedly they would; and their silence
is a strong presumptive evidence that the baptismal, as well as the
circumcisional commission, included infants. The word “teach,” in
the former part of the passage, is not, in the original, the same word
as that which is translated “teaching” in the latter part; but a word
which literally signifies to disciple, or to make disciples; so that the
apostles were directed to “go and make disciples,” not of Jews only,
but “of all nations.” And how was this to be done? By baptizing and
by teaching. “Go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them
and teaching them.” The language of course implies that some
degree of instruction must go before baptism, in the case of ignorant

adults; but it is evident that the “baptizing” is to be introductory to
the “teaching” just as circumcision was. The first persons who
would be baptized, would of course be adults, as was the case when
circumcision was instituted; but there is nothing, either in the nature
of baptism, or in the terms of this commission, to exclude infants. If
it had been written, “Go and make disciples of all nations,
circumcising them, and teaching them all things,” who would have
said that the language excluded infants from circumcision? and as
baptism has succeeded circumcision, and as it means the same
thing, why should infants be excluded by a mere change in the
ordinance? especially as the ordinance of baptism seems to be more
suited to an infant than circumcision was. If, nevertheless, it be
maintained that no person is to be baptized until he has been taught
—taught to observe all things whatsoever Christ has commanded,
infants I admit will then be excluded from baptism, and so for the
most part will adults be, and no persons can be baptized at all; for
such “teaching” comprehends the entire gospel, and can be afforded
only by long continued pastoral instruction. The conduct of the
apostles in executing the commission, is, however, the best
interpretation of its language; and they considered that a single
sermon to the three thousand, and a single conversation with the
eunuch, and a few words to the jailor, were quite sufficient to
precede baptism; and it was not till after baptism, that the principles
and duties of the gospel were more fully taught; nor was it till after
baptism that they expected to perceive the fruits and the influences
of knowledge and of faith. Instruction has therefore precisely the
same relation to baptism that it had to circumcision. It follows
rather than precedes. It does so, principally, in the case of adults; it
does so, entirely, in the case of children. Baptism is merely an
initiatory rite. It introduces the disciple into the school; and it places
him there, that he may be “instructed in the way of God more
perfectly,” and taught not only to understand, but also “to observe
all things whatsoever Christ has commanded.”
Long before the time of John the Baptist, “divers baptisms” had
been practised by the Jews. They appear to have been in the habit

of baptizing, as well as of circumcising, the households which were
proselyted from heathenism to Judaism. They had therefore
become familiar with the ceremony, and consequently expressed no
surprise that John should come among them baptizing with water.
John indeed baptized unto repentance, and he refused this baptism
to none by whom it was requested. The apostles baptized unto
Christ; and therefore unto his death, his burial, and his resurrection
—unto all that he had done and suffered as the mediator between
God and man. And when they go forth to make disciples of all
nations, how exactly their practice corresponds with the principles I
have stated. These apostles were Jews. They rejoiced in the
exceeding great and precious promise which God had made to
Abraham and to them, “I will be a God unto thee, and unto thy seed
after thee.” Authorised and encouraged by this promise, they had
been accustomed to disciple and to dedicate their children by
circumcision, which one of them calls “a yoke upon the neck of the
disciples.” On the day of Pentecost, they began their work by
declaring that the same promise that had been the hope of Jews,
was now given to the Gentiles also, and to their children. They
made the same distinction between the children of Christian parents
and other children, that they had been accustomed to make
between the children of Jews and of heathens; for they called the
one class “unclean,” and the other class “holy;” “else were your
children unclean, but now are they holy;” that is, externally and
ceremonially holy—holy as all children are who are discipled and
consecrated unto Christ. They made baptism, just what circumcision
was, a domestic as well as a parental service. They baptized the
family as well as the man; not as an extraordinary circumstance, but
as a common practice; just as our missionaries do, who are placed in
circumstances similar to those of the apostles; and who baptize not
only men and women, but families also—the household of
Stephanas; Lydia and her household; the jailor, and all his
straightway. When they wrote epistles to the churches which they
had baptized, they addressed children as well as parents, and
appealed to them in the name of the Lord. And though the history
of their labours extends over a period of sixty years, yet in all that

time they baptized none but Jews and heathens; they never
baptized any adult, who was an infant when his parents were
baptized; nor is there an instance upon record, of a person who had
been taught the gospel from his infancy, and whose baptism was
deferred till the maturity of life.
The argument on behalf of the baptism of infants, which has been
thus briefly and imperfectly sketched, is full of conviction and
satisfaction; it is an argument for the understanding and the heart;
and it is in blessed harmony with all that a believer desires on behalf
of his children. We thank God for it; and we thank God that having
withheld a direct and formal precept for the practice, he has been
pleased to make known his will to us in such a way, as enables us
more fully to understand and to appreciate his word. We consider
that baptism in any case, but especially to our children, is a valuable
privilege; not indeed as a mere ceremony, but as a token of the
goodwill of our heavenly Father. We regard the rainbow, not merely
because of the beauty of its arch, but because it betokens the
covenant which preserves the earth, and perpetuates the seasons.
And we regard baptism, not superstitiously, as if it contained some
mystic charm, but because it is a memorial of God’s covenant mercy,
and the means by which our offspring are dedicated and discipled.
And we regard it too, because it is an institution which is in beautiful
harmony with the whole system of revelation, in the Old and New
Testaments. As the substitute for circumcision, it connects the
church at its origin, with the church in its progress, and in its gospel
maturity. Whilst the promise, “I will be a God unto thee, and unto
thy seed after thee,” remains the same, baptism now attaches to it
the sign and the seal which was once affixed by circumcision. The
language and the conduct of Christ to little children, in the case
before us, is in perfect harmony with their baptism, and with all the
principles on which their baptism is practised. And when the
apostles baptized households; when they called the children of
believers “not unclean but holy;” and when they addressed children
in the epistles which they wrote to the churches, they adopted a
style of speaking and of action, which is not only in accordance with

infant baptism, but which would not have been used if they had
considered infants unfit for the ordinance. There are indeed some
christians, worthy of our esteem and love, who do not perceive the
force of this great argument, and who, therefore, deny to their
children the blessed privilege which we thankfully enjoy. But it was
not so formerly. The nearer we approach to apostolic times, the
more the practice of the church accords with the principles I have
advocated; and the most careful and learned ecclesiastical historians
bear undeniable testimony to the fact, that for hundreds of years,
immediately after the apostles, the baptism of infants was universal
in the church.
II. In proceeding, from the subject of infant baptism generally, to
consider the baptism of the Prince of Wales, I cannot, with propriety,
refrain from adverting to some appendages which will be made to
his baptism, and which the Church of England sanctions, but which I
conceive to be unscriptural and injurious. I allude principally to the
sponsors; to the sign of the cross; and to the doctrine of baptismal
regeneration.
The persons who are most interested in the baptism of a child are its
own parents. They are its natural guardians; and they are its
divinely appointed ministers, to dedicate it to God, and to plead on
its behalf the promise of the everlasting covenant. But in the Church
of England, the parents seem to be entirely excluded from
participating in the service. The twenty-ninth canon declares, not
only that “no parent shall be admitted to answer as godfather for his
own child,” but that “no parent shall be even urged to be present” at
its baptism. And when the parents are thus wrongfully set aside,
another class of persons are introduced, called sponsors—godfathers
and godmothers, who may indeed be relatives or friends of the child,
but who sometimes are entire strangers, and who may be foreigners
residing in a distant country. The appointment of such persons,
however ancient, is not scriptural; and however desirable they may
appear to be, when the parents are dead, they are worse than
useless when the parents are living. The responsibility which these

sponsors take upon themselves is indescribably awful. Standing in
the presence of God, they solemnly promise and vow that the child
shall renounce the devil and all his works, the pomps and vanity of
this wicked world, and all the sinful lusts of the flesh; that he shall
believe all the articles of the christian faith; and that he shall keep
God’s holy will and commandments, and walk in the same all the
days of his life. Such are the things which every sponsor engages
shall be done; and I ask, ought any human being to enter into such
an engagement? If he does enter into it, will the Lord hold him
guiltless if he does not fulfil it? And yet how often is this solemn
vow addressed to God, by the thoughtless and profane? And how
many sponsors, when they have made it, never afterwards care for
the soul of the child, and perhaps never afterwards see its face.
In imitation of the Church of Rome, the Church of England uses the
sign of the cross in baptism; and having poured water on the child,
the priest marks him on the forehead with a cross, “in token that
hereafter he shall not be ashamed to confess the faith of Christ
crucified, and manfully to fight under his banner.” This ceremony is
not authorized by the Scriptures. The sign of the cross was never
used by Christ and his apostles, either as a part of baptism, or as an
appendage to it. The Church of England, therefore, has no right to
command it. By so doing, she renders imperative what Christ has
not required, and what many of his people deem a vain superstition.
But the most objectionable part of the service, is that which ascribes
to baptism regenerating efficacy, by which the soul of the child is
said to be purified and saved. The language used by the Church of
England on this subject, is as follows:—“Dearly beloved brethren,
this child is regenerate, and grafted into the body of Christ’s
church.” “We yield thee hearty thanks, most merciful Father, that it
hath pleased thee to regenerate this infant with thy Holy Spirit, to
receive him for thine own child by adoption, and to incorporate him
into thy holy church.” “I certify you, that in this case all is well done
concerning the baptizing of this child; who, being born in original
sin, and in the wrath of God, is now by the laver of regeneration in

baptism, received into the number of the children of God, and heirs
of everlasting life.” In accordance with these declarations, the child
himself is afterwards taught to say by the catechism,—“in my
baptism, wherein I was made a member of Christ, the child of God,
and an inheritor of the kingdom of heaven.” And when this same
child is brought for confirmation, his baptismal regeneration is
declared and ratified by the bishop, when he says, “Almighty and
everlasting God, who hast vouchsafed to regenerate these thy
servants by water and the Holy Ghost, and hast given unto them
forgiveness of all their sins.” All this, you perceive is the language
not of a commentator but of the Church herself, uttered by her
formularies, in which she plainly, emphatically, and repeatedly
declares, that all the children she baptizes are, by their baptism,
spiritually regenerated, so as to be the pardoned, adopted, and
purified children of God. So decidedly is this doctrine the belief of
the Established Church, that the liturgy seems to be constructed
entirely on the principle that all her members are spiritually
renewed. There is in it, confession of sin, and petition for pardon,
such as any regenerated person might offer, but there is in it no
prayer that any in the congregation may be born again, and
renewed in the spirit of their mind; for that is a change which it is
supposed has already taken place in baptism. If, however, it should
be thought that we attach too strong a meaning to her language,
listen to a statement contained in the charge, which the present
bishop of Exeter delivered to his clergy in the year 1836. “The
church,” says he, “is a visible body, into which its members are
admitted by a visible sign, the sacrament of the new life; in baptism
is regeneration; without it we have no warrant of scripture to affirm
that the new birth takes place at all; without it we are yet in our
sins, in a state of spiritual death, of enmity with God, and of
fellowship with the arch enemy in his hatred, and in its everlasting
punishment!” Now, in the first place, this doctrine of baptismal
regeneration is unscriptural, and utterly subversive of the gospel of
Christ. No writer in the New Testament ascribes spiritual efficacy to
water baptism. John declares that he could baptize with water only,
and that Christ alone could baptize with the Holy Ghost and with

fire. Paul thanks God that he had baptized but few of the
Corinthians, and declares that Christ sent him not to baptize but to
preach the gospel, which certainly would not have been the case if
baptism effected regeneration. There is indeed a baptism,
emphatically called the “one baptism,” which does regenerate and
save; but it is not water baptism; it is not “the putting away the filth
of the flesh;” it is not ceremonial purification; but it is “the renewing
of the Holy Ghost,” and “the answer of a good conscience toward
God.” What has been said of circumcision, may, therefore, with
equal propriety, be said of baptism; “He is not a Christian who is one
outwardly; neither is that baptism which is outward in the flesh; but
he is a Christian who is one inwardly; and baptism is that of the
heart, in the spirit, and not in the letter; whose praise is not of men,
but of God.” Secondly, the doctrine of baptismal regeneration is
injurious to the souls of men. There is a strong tendency in the
depraved heart of man to exalt ceremonies above morals, and to
substitute ritual observances for spiritual religion. This has been
done, both with circumcision and with baptism. Some of the Jews
taught circumcisional regeneration, and declared that every
circumcised man was safe. Precisely the same error has been
connected with baptism; and equally injurious consequences follow.
By thus substituting a ceremony for faith and for divine influence,
and by ascribing to that ceremony what the Spirit of God alone can
secure, the word of God is made of none effect; spiritual religion is
reduced to a merely mechanical operation; the worldly-minded and
the immoral are taught to regard themselves as pardoned and
saved, because they have been baptized; and thus thousands perish,
whose blood will be required at the watchman’s hand. And thirdly,
this doctrine, independently of other circumstances, renders our
nonconformity with the Church of England, and our dissent from its
services, a solemn and imperative duty. When the present Prayer
Book was issued on St. Bartholomew’s day, in 1662, and an
“unfeigned assent and consent” to the doctrine of baptismal
regeneration, and to other antichristian doctrines, was demanded,
no less than two thousand clergymen refused their signatures. They
could not, with a good conscience, declare “that the Book of

Common Prayer containeth in it nothing contrary to the word of
God;” and therefore they retired from the church in which they had
ministered, and submitted to much poverty and persecution. While
we desire to value whatever is scriptural in that church, and while
we would love all who love Christ, yet, with our convictions of the
unscriptural character of this doctrine, and of other doctrines taught
in its liturgy, conformity would be a sin, a wilful and presumptuous
sin, for which we should have to answer in the great and terrible day
of the Lord.
III. Having thus stated the doctrine of infant baptism as it is taught
in the Scriptures, and having shown you what is objectionable in the
baptismal service of the Church of England, I desire now to connect
this latter part of the discourse more immediately with the former;
and therefore keeping in view the baptism of the prince, I shall
address you as subjects, as parents, and as children.
As subjects of the British throne, the feelings with which you hailed
the accession of our beloved Queen Victoria are, I am persuaded,
still fresh and joyous in your hearts. Her youth; her education; her
deceased father, and her still living and honoured mother; her
known attachment to civil and religious liberty, inherited from her
royal ancestors of the House of Brunswick; and her virtuous
character; all conspired to brighten and to bless the day of her
accession, and to fill our hearts with joy and praise. Nor did we fail,
as members of the Church of Christ, to make her the subject of
special, fervent, and united prayer. And it is a most important and
impressive fact, that probably no sovereign, either in Britain or in
any other nation under heaven, ever ascended a throne
accompanied by more earnest and affectionate supplications than
Queen Victoria did. May all those prayers be answered, in the divine
bestowment of a long and prosperous reign, followed by a holy and
a happy eternity! Nor did the royal marriage tend to lessen either
our joy or hope. It enhanced them both. Prince Albert is favourably
known to the lovers of protestantism and of piety in this country, as
the branch of an illustrious family, which at the era of the

Reformation, protected and patronized the immortal Luther, when he
was kindling in Germany that sacred flame which rapidly spread
through this county, and consumed many of the corruptions and
abominations of popery. And now, the royal pair having become
parents the second time—the parents of a prince, and heir apparent
to the British throne, we earnestly pray that his baptism may be
accompanied and followed by an unction from the Holy One, and
that he may grow, as the Babe of Bethlehem grew, “in wisdom and
in stature, and in favour with both God and man.” Vast indeed is the
influence and the responsibility to which, as a British prince, he is
probably destined; and much indeed, under God, will depend on the
education he may receive; on the talents he may possess; and
especially upon the moral and religious character he may acquire.
In his reign, if he be spared to reign, and if not before his reign,
rank and wealth may have to yield more of their influence to intellect
and character, and the many may have to take a still greater share in
those national affairs which are now principally conducted by the
comparatively few. Ancient monopolies, however serviceable they
may have been in former times; and ecclesiastical establishments,
injurious at all times, will have to endure a more searching
examination than they have even yet experienced, and will probably
have to give way to better institutions. And in the prospect of these
changes—changes which seem demanded by the interests of the
nation and of the Church of Christ: and changes which will require,
in their introduction and completion, much of wisdom, human and
divine, we feel the necessity of constant earnest prayer, that our
rulers and our fellow subjects may be all under the guidance of
“Him, by whom kings reign, and princes decree justice.” Believing
too that the principles, on which the congregational churches in this
country are founded, are scriptural principles, and that they are
favourable to civil and religious liberty, to all the national interests,
and to the purity and progress of christian truth, we desire to
maintain them, as our forefathers did, firmly and devoutly; especially
now, when attempts are making to extend among us the
superstitions of popery, and the fatal results of priestly domination.
If the existence of an Established Church in this country, renders us

dissenters, we trust that we are not dissenters from the Church of
Christ. Our motto is, Conformity to the Church of Christ in every
thing; and nonconformity to every church which has dissented from
Christ’s institutions. These are principles, brethren, which are too
sacred and important, not only to be trifled with, but even to be
advocated by carnal and worldly minds. They belong to “a kingdom
which is not of this world;” and we pray that all by whom they are
professed, may be equally desirous “to render unto Cesar the things
which are Cesar’s, and unto God the things which are God’s.”
In addressing you as parents, who have dedicated your children to
God by baptism, I would affectionately remind you of the duties
which you owe both to yourselves and to them. The apostle tells
you that “they are not unclean but holy”—holy, as the sabbath and
the temple were; and holy as all children are who are dedicated to
God by a religious rite. When you brought them to the waters of
baptism, you thereby testified your conviction of their depravity and
of their need of cleansing grace; you thereby testified your belief
that the great promise, “I will be a God unto thee, and unto thy seed
after thee,” which was once to the Jews, is now unto you and unto
your children; and at the same time you testified your intention “to
teach them to observe all things whatsoever Christ has
commanded.” Remember then, that the great and blessed privilege
which you have enjoyed, is connected with corresponding
obligations. Having given your children to God by baptism, you are
to regard them as being peculiarly his; and you are to regard
yourselves not as their proprietors, but as trustees, appointed by
Christ, to train them up for the church, and for the service of their
Lord and Master. Baptism, you are aware, does not constitute a man
a member of any particular church; but it gives him a ceremonial
qualification for membership. And this is just the position in which
baptism has placed your children. They are candidates for
communion with the church; and, as “holy children,” they possess
the ceremonial qualification for communion. Now, as you have been
the means of giving them the one qualification, you may also be the
means of giving them the other. You may, through the divine

blessing, be the means of making them spiritually as well as
ceremonially holy. And it is the will of God that you should. For that
purpose he has committed them to your charge; for that purpose he
has authorized you to baptize them; and for that purpose he has
given you the blessed assurance, “Believe on the Lord Jesus Christ,
and thou shalt be saved, AND THY HOUSE.” One of the great principles
on which the God of mercy acts, in his moral government of the
world, is to bless children for the sake of their believing parents; and
the number of such children which are received into our churches,
and which are engaged in the christian ministry, is an evidence of
the fact, and of the faithfulness of Him by whom the promises are
made. But you are not to expect this blessing unconditionally; nor
are you to expect it from the mere fact of their baptism. When God
made promise to Abraham, and gave him the sign of circumcision as
the token of his covenant, he made the fulfilment of that promise to
depend on Abraham’s personal piety, and on the religious education
of his children. “Abraham,” said he, “shall surely become a great
and mighty nation, and all the nations of the earth shall be blessed
in him. For I know him, that he will command his children and his
household after him, and they shall keep the way of the Lord to do
justice and judgment, that the Lord may bring upon Abraham that
which he hath spoken of him.” And in like manner you are to be
known to God, and to command your children and your household
after you, to keep the way of the Lord, and to do justice and
judgment. As parents, you are to have and to exercise authority in
your own families. You are not only to advise and to recommend,
but you are to command, and to be obeyed. You are “to rule your
children and your own houses well; having your children in
subjection with all gravity; teaching them to observe all things
whatsoever Christ has commanded;” and ever, acting in accordance
with the vow which you have made, “as for me, and my house, we
will serve the Lord.” Having baptized your children unto Christ, you
have motives and encouragements of the most powerful and
constraining character, to “bring them up in the nurture and
admonition of the Lord.” You can appeal to them by the fact that
you have given them to Christ; that you “have opened your mouth

unto the Lord concerning them, and you cannot go back;” and that,
by their baptism, they and you have incurred responsibilities from
which neither of you can be released, and which should lead both of
you to serious consideration, and to unreserved consecration to
God. Oh! then, christian parents, use the power and the privilege
which God hath thus put into your hands; use them in connection
with earnest and unceasing prayer; enforce them by consistent and
holy example; cherish “the full assurance of hope” that, through the
grace of God, you will succeed. And you shall succeed; “the Lord
will bring upon you that which he hath spoken.” “He will be a God
unto you, and unto your seed after you.” Your house shall be saved
as well as yourself. “He will pour out his Spirit upon your seed, and
his blessing upon your offspring; and they shall spring up as among
the grass, as willows by the water courses. One shall say I am the
Lord’s; another shall call himself by the name of Jacob; and another
shall subscribe with his hand unto the Lord, and surname himself by
the name of Israel.”
Finally, I appeal to you as baptized children; and while I congratulate
you on the blessed privilege of having been dedicated to God in your
infancy, I would seriously admonish you of the obligations and
responsibility which your baptism has imposed. Almost as soon as
your existence commenced, you were brought to an ordinance
which, like the bow on the cloud, is the sign of God’s better and
enduring covenant. When you were almost as unconscious as the
cloud on which the rainbow shines, God fixed upon you the sign and
the seal of his new covenant righteousness. He did not wait till you
had attained to years of maturity, or even of intelligence; but before
you could understand, he taught you; before you could hear, he
spoke to you; and his significant language was, “You are come into a
world of mercy as well as of pollution and sin; and this baptismal
water is an emblem of that ‘blood of sprinkling,’ through which
mercy may come to you.” That baptism, beloved young friends, has
brought you into circumstances of great responsibility. It is an
evidence that you were born into the midst of gospel privileges. It is
a mark by which you are known to have been dedicated to God. It

is a mark which never can be obliterated; which no human efforts
can wash out; which you will carry to the grave; and which will be
found upon you at the bar of God! With this mark upon you, there
you will stand, not as “unclean children” and heathens, but as “the
children of the kingdom;” as disciples who have been introduced into
Christ’s school, and taught to observe all things whatsoever Christ
has commanded. By that baptism which you have received, and by
those commands which you have been taught to observe, you will
then be judged. And what will be your end, if you obey not the
gospel of God! In your case especially, obedience is expected,
because, in your case, it is especially encouraged. If there was
much profit in circumcision, because that unto them were committed
the oracles of God, how much more profit is there in baptism,
because to you are committed, not only the Old Testament oracles,
but the New. If he that was circumcised became thereby “a debtor
to do the whole law,” and “to fulfil all its righteousness,” how much
more are you, the baptized, debtors to believe and to practice “the
glorious gospel.” You have been baptized unto Christ, have you put
on Christ? You have been ceremonially qualified for church
communion, are you spiritually qualified? You have been dedicated
to God by others in your baptism, have you dedicated yourselves to
God? You have been “born of water,” have you been “born of the
Spirit?” “for except a man be born of water and of the Spirit, he
cannot enter into the kingdom of God.” Nay, except you go back to
your own infancy, and become spiritually now, what you were
naturally then—“except ye be converted and become as little
children, ye shall not enter into the kingdom of heaven;” and “verily I
say unto you, whosoever shall not receive the kingdom of god as a little
child he shall not enter therein.”
PRINTED BY JOSIAH FLETCHER, NORWICH.

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