Somali indigenous chicken production
- 1. Chicken production training Dr. Mohamed Ibrahim Abdi – soojeede Bsc. VM & AH Msc. HSM Msc. APM
- 2. Introduction • Poultry is the second most widely eaten type of meat globally and, along with eggs, provides nutritionally beneficial food containing high-quality protein accompanied by a low proportion of fat. In Somalia As estimated in 2020, the total number of poultry birds live in Somalia was 3,771,000 heads (World Data Atlas, 2020). • Indigenous chicken are the most abundant livestock in many rural and peri-urban households in Somalia.
- 3. The term poultry • WHAT IS POULTRY? • The word "poultry" comes from the French/Norman word poule, itself derived from the Latin word pullus, which means small animal. • The term Poultry refers to a wide range of birds of various species and it applies to them generally- alive, or dressed (killed and prepared for sales). It involves chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese, guinea fowl, pigeons, peacock, ostriches and even other game birds.
- 4. Turkey bird Duck bird Guinea Fowl Pigeon Geese
- 6. Local chicken breeds Section one chicken production training workshop
- 7. Local chicken breeds • All the different breeds of chickens today can trace their origins back to the Red Jungle Fowl of East Asia. Through generations of genetic selection, specialized breeds have been developed for meat (broilers) and eggs (layer). • There are also dual-purpose breeds that are reasonably good in both meat and egg production, but not as good as the specialized breeds.
- 8. Scientific name of domestic chickens • The domestic Chicken known as Gallus domesticus originated from south east Asia and has been subjected to extensive breeding for size, colour and egg laying ability. • Reasons Of Poultry Raising • Poultry is a term for domestic poultry raised for: • Meat (For example: chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese, guinea fowl, pigeons, ostrich, etc.) • Eggs (For example: chickens, ducks, ostrich) • Feathers (For example: chickens, Ostrich) • Work (For example: Homing and racing pigeons, guard animals)
- 9. Short chicken or red jungle chicken
- 10. Red Junglefowl or short chicken • This “original chicken” is smaller than its domestic descendants, and is widespread throughout South and Southeast Asia; can also be found as an introduced species in many regions around the world. In some areas of its native and introduced range, has interbred widely with wild and domestic chickens and produced intermediate hybrids. • Both sexes can be distinguished from wild chickens by gray instead of yellow legs. The wild male’s crowing is hoarse and choked off towards the end, unlike the loud, vibrant calls of the domestic rooster.
- 11. Normal chicken (Ovambo chicken breeds and Venda chicken breeds)
- 12. Normal chicken (Ovambo chicken breeds and Venda chicken breeds) • Ovambo chickens originate from the northern part of Namibia and Ovamboland in Africa. The Ovambo breed is dark-coloured and smaller in size. It is known to be very aggressive and agile due to its habit of catching and eating mice and young rats. These chickens can fly and avoid predators by climbing to the top of trees. • Venda chickens are a distinctive multi-coloured breed with white, black, and red as the dominant colours. These breeds are named after their origin, and they were discovered by veterinarian Dr Naas Coetzee while he was doing research in Venda in the Limpopo province, South Africa, in 1979.
- 14. Naked Neck Chickens • Naked Neck Chickens • The African Naked Neck is thought to have originated in Malaysia and two types exist. The first is considered purebred with a complete naked neck, while the second is regarded as not purebred with the front part of the neck having a tassel.
- 15. Neck or head feather chicken (salmon favorelle)
- 16. Salmon Faverolles (Neck or head feather chicken) • The Faverolles is originally a French chicken from the vicinity of the towns of Houdan and Faverolles in north-central France. This is how the breed got its name. • The colors Faverolles in Salmon, Blue Salmon and some in mottled black and white. One of the things that makes a Faverolles stand out is the muff and beard. The Salmon Faverolles is quite an unusual chicken.
- 17. American chicken (Potchefstroom Koekoek)
- 18. American chicken (Potchefstroom Koekoek) • The Potchefstroom Koekoek is a cross breed between the White Leghorn, the Black Australorp, and the Barred Plymouth Rock. Its name is derived from its colour patterns. It is a dual-purpose breed that lays brown-shelled eggs with an average weight of 55.7 g.
- 19. Life cycle of indigenous chickens
- 20. Features of Specialized Birds • Features of birds specialized in egg production, meat production or both (dual purpose) are; • 1. Laying hens are “boat-shaped” with a long straight back. Using the comb, a laying hen will have a long shiny comb, whereas a hen not laying will have a small shrivelled comb • 2. Meat producers (broilers) are long-legged, in a more upright position and wings in high position on the body. • 3. A dual-purpose breed is a form in between the layers and broilers. Local breeds often have the form of a dual-purpose breed, although much less heavy in body form and size.
- 22. Categories of Common Poultry Diseases • Diseases in poultry are divided into three categories and the importance of a disease is judged by its mortality rate and effect on production; • a) Diseases of High importance: • These are diseases with high mortality (more than 30% of the flock), highly contagious and difficult to treat. They include diseases such as; • • Newcastle Disease • • Avian Influenza (AI) • • Fowl pox • • Fowl cholera (pasteurellosis) • • Coccidiosis (internal parasites)
- 23. b) Diseases of Medium importance • These are diseases with medium mortality (10 - 30% of the flock) and/or difficult to treat. They include diseases such as; • • Pullorum disease (Baciillary white diarrhoea) • • Gumboro (Infectious Bursal Disease, IBD) • • Infectious coryza • • Chronic respiratory disease (Mycoplasmosis) • • Roundworms and tapeworms (Internal parasites) • • Mycotoxicosis (fungal poisoning) • • External Parasites
- 24. Factors Influencing the Health Status of Indigenous Chicken
- 25. BIO-SECURITY • Biosecurity is a set of management practices which when followed, collectively reduce the likehood of introducing or spreading disease causing organisms onto and between sites. • Common Bio-security Measures • Location: Avoid locations close to existing premises (between farms 500m-1 km); Use prevailing wind directions when planning to minimize risk of airborne infection • All-in-all-out: Reduce build up of disease causing organisms by breaking the rearing cycle for different ages. • Litter disposal: Remove used litter and properly dispose and disinfect it. • Site security: Reduces possible introduction of infection to premises mainly from personnel moving between houses and flocks, equipments and other innate objects.
- 27. VACCINES AND VACCINATION • Vaccines protect chicken from infectious diseases but they cannot treat diseases. Moreover, vaccines are disease-specific and protect chicken against a specific disease rather than all diseases. Vaccines work best on healthy, well- managed chicken.
- 29. CHICK PLACEMENT AND BROODING • Handling of the day-old chick and management of the brooding program has a direct relationship on lifetime production of the bird – whether indigenous chicken, breeders, layers or broilers, as well as flock mortality. The four factors to control are; • 1. Feed • 2. Water • 3. Temperature • 4. Air quality • 5. Hygiene
- 30. Prerequisites for brooding • 1. The producer should follow an “all-in, all-out” program, never mixing birds of different ages. • 2. All facilities must thoroughly be cleaned, and disinfected. • 3. Before the arrival of chicks the brood ring and heaters must be checked to ensure that they are working properly. • 4. On arrival chicks should be offered fresh water containing glucose where applicable. • Why Brood? • A newly hatched chick has not developed the mechanism to regulate its body temperature. Therefore, it cannot maintain its body temperature properly for the first few weeks and is subject to chilling. Artificial brooding is mainly aimed at providing the right temperature for the chicks.
- 34. Adult chicken housing system Section four
- 35. Why Should Chicken be Housed? • Housing is necessary to protect chicken against predators, thieves, adverse weather (rain, sun, cold winds, and low night temperatures) and to provide shelter for egg laying and broody hens. • The simplest and often most cost-effective housing system is the basket system. Night baskets may be placed in a quiet and dry place in the house,
- 36. Site Selection for Poultry Houses
- 39. Importance of perches • Perches are important for chicken to roost on at night and during daytime. It also reduces boredom which can lead to vices like pecking and fighting. Diseases and parasites may attack poultry when left to rest on the floor (in contact with litter).
- 40. Nest • Laying nests ease egg collection and help avoid dirty and cracked eggs. Avoid building nests on the ground or outside chicken houses as this will expose the eggs to predators and thieves. • • Battery and communal nests where more than one hen lays at the same time. • • Individual nests where one hen lays at a time
- 41. INDIGENOUS CHICKEN PRODUCTION SYSTEMS • Indigenous chicken production systems may be divided into three different categories based on management practices; • A: Traditional free-range; • B: Improved semi-free-range and • C: Small-scale confined system
- 42. A. Traditional free-range; • Under free-range conditions, the birds are not confined and can scavenge for food over a wide area. simple shelters may not be used. The birds may roost (settle) outside, usually in trees, and nest in the bush.
- 43. B: Improved semi-free-range • Improved semi-free range, also known as run system, the birds are confined in an enclosed area outside during the day and housed at night.
- 44. C: Small-scale confined system • The simple shelters may be provided, where birds are confined to shelter. They are commonly found in urban and peri-urban
- 45. Battary cage
- 46. Chicken Runs • Chicken runs are a fenced open air space of 25 m² or more where poultry are kept and protected against predators and thieves. Runs are also used for feeding, watering, for daily flock observation and collection of eggs. The walls are 2 meters high and can be made of clay or woven mat or chicken wire.
- 48. Types of Feeds • a) Energy feeds • As a rule 75% of a quality poultry diet is made up of energy feeds. These are the most important feeds for maintenance requirements (e.g. body temperature, vital functions, exercise) • Examples of energy feeds are cereals like maize and its by- products (bran), sorghum, wheat and its byproducts (bran), rice and its by-products (bran, polishing), cassava root meal, yams and sweet potatoes. • Roots and tubers should be soaked in water for 60 minutes or cooked before drying to remove harmful substances and the proportion in the diet in general kept below 10%.
- 49. • b) Protein • Protein is needed for growth and optimal health status. Normally no more than 20% of a poultry diet is made up of protein-rich feeds mainly due to cost. Protein sources may originate from animals or plants. • Examples of protein-rich local feeds include; termites, insects, worms, meat scraps, fish scraps, and plants like soya bean meal, peas, beans, oil cakes from; ground nuts, and cotton seeds. • c) Minerals • Minerals are important for bone formation, eggshell formation and for optimal health status. The most important minerals are calcium and phosphorous. To produce strong egg shells, laying hens need free access to calcium (limestone or crushed shells).
- 50. • d) Vitamins • Scavenging birds get vitamins from eating green grass, vegetables, fresh cow dung and through sunlight. Vitamins A, B2, and D3 are important because many problems arise when birds are deficient of these.
- 51. Simple Feed Mixing • Locally available containers such as plastic tins or matchboxes may be used for easy quantification of the different ingredients. Grams or percentages should be transferred into local quantities for field practice. • Ingredient Quantity • 1. Crushed maize/sorghum or millet 1 kg tin • 2. Wheat by-products/sorghum or millet bran 1 kg tin • 3. Sunflower/sesame/groundnut cake 2 match boxes • 4. Bone meal/salt mix 1 match boxes • 5. Blood or fish meal 2 match boxes • 6. Sesbania/leucaena leaves 2 match boxes
- 52. Cafeteria System • Adult birds are able to mix their own feed according to their needs. The best way to feed semi-intensively managed birds above 8 weeks of age is a cafeteria system, whereby various types of feeds are offered separately. In the cafeteria system, there should be at least one feeding compartment for: • a) Energy rich feeds, e.g. maize, millet, sorghum. • b) Protein rich feeds, e.g. beans, peas, oil cakes, fish, meat, bone meal, maggots, termites. • c) Mineral rich feeds, e.g. bone meal, burned eggshells.
- 54. Thanks for your participation Presenter Dr. Mohamed Ibrahim Abdi – Soojeede