SPEED CHECKER AND OVER SPEED DETECTION FOR HIGHWAYS

DEPARTMENT OF EEE
S.NO REG. NO NAME OF THE
STUDENT
NAME OF THE GUIDE
1 21310674 SELVAKUMAR.P
Mr.K.DEEPAK
B.E
2 21310677 SHYAM.C
3 21310678 SIBIRAJ.T
4 21310681 SUNDAR.M
5 21310682 SURYA PRAKASH.M

Topic :
SPEED CHECKER AND
OVER SPEED
DETECTION FOR
HIGHWAYS

ABSTRACT
• ABSTRACT
• Many Sensor Based Projects for Engineering Students are designed to solve problems in
our life. This project also serves the same purpose. Nowadays we hear news about accidents
on Highways very frequently. And in most cases, the main reason for accidents is over speed.
Although all highways do have signboards indicating maximum speed limit for the sake of
driver’s safety, still people do not obey the highway speed limit. The project mentioned here
is “Speed checker and over speed detector for Highways”. We have used two sensors in this
project. These sensors detect the vehicle’s speed. The condition is that the two sensors should
be installed at a distance of 100 meters apart from one another. Liquid Crystal Display is
connected to this project. This display will show the vehicle’s speed. It will also intimate the
user if the vehicle speed crossed the maximum speed limit or not. Over speed condition is
indicated by turning on the Buzzer.

• INTRODUCTION
• The system is designed to record and report on various activities within a process called the
Tracking System. In the Robotics control system, the control and application of precise speed control
of the unequal system phase where there are disruptions and variance parameters are obtained using
a wireless communication system. When driving on highways, motorists should not exceed the
maximum speed limit allowed by their vehicle. However, accidents continue to occur because of the
speed limit because drivers often ignore their running sensors. This speed checker will be very useful
for highway police because it will not only provide digital display depending on the speed of the car
but also sound an alarm if the car exceeds the speed limit. The system basically has two IR pairs,
located on the 100cm highway outside, with a transmitter and two pairs receiver on the other side of
the road. The system shows the time taken by the car to exceed this distance from one pair to another
where the speed of the vehicle can be calculated. The total distance between midnight nerves and
time is the interval between crossing the first sensor and the second sensor. The Pic microcontroller
16F877A is the heart of the system, which controls all regional activity. It measures speed and
controls the circuit with a light system inside the pic microcontroller 16F877A. The IR sensor is used
as a pairing device to monitor the speed of each vehicle crossing the sensors. After the calculation is
done within the controller, a seven-component index is used to indicate the total speed of the vehicle.

• PROPOSED SYSTEM
• The evaluation system involved speed checking provided with an alarm of
over speed detected by the sensors and a signal sent by the transmitter to the
receiver in the car and the driver was only adviced to reduce the speed manually,
also no control was seen in the reduction of speed by the driver as per his wish.
Also no control was made in the speed of drunk driving thereby increasing
accidents. Use of horn increased to various health problems such as noisy areas,
mental disturbance, and hearing aid in prohibited areas such as hospitals which
require complete isolation from noisy areas, this factor of providing automatic
speed reduction was not included earlier. Since most drivers disobey the law of
traffic by breaking signals, automatic stopping within the range of signal was not
provided. Henceforth to avoid all the above drawbacks we have overcome with the
following conclusion and improvements.

• POWER SUPPLY
A power supply is an electronic device that supplies electric energy to an electrical
load. The primary function of a power supply is to convert one form of electrical
energy to another and, as a result, power supplies are sometimes referred to
as electric power converters. Some power supplies are discrete, stand-alone devices,
whereas others are built into larger devices along with their loads. Examples of the
latter include power supplies found in desktop computers and consumer
electronics devices.

• TRANSFORMER
A transformer is a static electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits. A
varying current in one coil of the transformer produces a varying magnetic flux, which, in turn, induces a
varying electromotive force across a second coil wound around the same core. Electrical energy can be
transferred between the two coils, without a metallic connection between the two circuits. Faraday's law of
induction discovered in 1831 described the induced voltage effect in any coil due to changing magnetic flux
encircled by the coil. Transformers are used for increasing or decreasing the alternating voltages in electric
power applications, and for coupling the stages of signal processing circuits. Since the invention of the first
constant-potential transformer in 1885, transformers have become essential for the transmission,
distribution, and utilization of alternating current electric power. A wide range of transformer designs is
encountered in electronic and electric power applications. Transformers range in size from RF transformers
less than a cubic centimeter in volume, to units weighing hundreds of tons used to interconnect the power
grid.

• PIC 16F877A MICROCONTROLLER

• HIGH PERFORMANCE RISC CPU
 Only 35 single word instructions to learn
 All single cycle instructions except for program branches, which are two-
cycle
 Operating speed: DC-20 MHZ clock input DC-200 ns instruction cycle
 2K x 14 words of program memory, 128 x 8 bytes of Data Memory (RAM)
 Pin out compatible to PIC16C72/72A and PIC16F872
 Interrupt capability
 Eight-level deep hardware stack
 Direct, Indirect and Relative Addressing modes

• PERIPHERAL FEATURES
 High sink/source current: 25mA
 Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit pre scalar
 Timer1: 16-bit timer/counter with pre scalar, can be incremented during SLEEP via external
crystal/clock
 Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register, pre scalar and post scalar
 Capture, compare, PWM (CCP) module
 Capture is 16-bit, max. Resolution is 12.5 ns
 Compare is 16-bit, max. Resolution is 200 ns
 PWM max. Resolution is 10-bit
 8-bit, 5-channel analog-to-digital converter
 Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) with SPI tm (slave)
 Brown-out detection circuitry for Brown-out Reset (BOR)

• LCD
A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel display, electronic visual display, or
video display that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals. Liquid
crystals do not emit light directly.
LCDs are available to display arbitrary images (as in a general-purpose computer
display) or fixed images which can be displayed or hidden, such as preset words,
digits, and 7-segment displays as in a digital clock. They use the same basic
technology, except that arbitrary images are made up of a large number of small
pixels, while other displays have larger elements.

• LED
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a pn-
junction diode, which emits light when activated.]When a suitable voltage is
applied to the leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the
device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called
electroluminescence, and the color of the light is determined by the energy band
gap of the semiconductor.

• BUZZER
High frequency crystals are often designed to operate at third, fifth, or seventh overtones. Manufacturers
have difficulty producing crystals thin enough to produce fundamental frequencies over 30 MHz To
produce higher frequencies, manufacturers make overtone crystals tuned to put the 3rd, 5th, or 7th
overtone at the desired frequency, because they are thicker and therefore easier to manufacture than a
fundamental crystal that would produce the same frequency—although exciting the desired overtone
frequency requires a slightly more complicated oscillator circuit. A fundamental crystal oscillator circuit
is simpler and more efficient and has more pull ability than a third overtone circuit. Depending on the
manufacturer, the highest available fundamental frequency may be 25 MHz to 66 MHz. Environmental
changes of temperature, humidity, pressure, and vibration can change the resonant frequency of a quartz
crystal, but there are several designs that reduce these environmental effects. These include the TCXO,
MCXO, and OCXO which are defined below. These designs, particularly the OCXO, often produce
devices with excellent short-term stability. The limitations in short-term stability are due mainly to noise
from electronic components in the oscillator circuits. Long-term stability is limited by aging of the
crystal. Due to aging and environmental factors (such as temperature and vibration), it is difficult to keep
even the best quartz oscillators within one part in 1010 of their nominal frequency without constant
adjustment. For this reason, atomic oscillators are used for applications requiring better long-term
stability and accuracy.

• SPEED SENSOR
• The wheel speed sensor was initially used to replace the mechanical linkage from the wheels to the speedometer,
eliminating cable breakage and simplifying the gauge construction by eliminating moving parts. These sensors also produce
data that allows automated driving aids like ABS to function. The most common wheel speed sensor system consists of
a ferromagnetic toothed reluctor ring (tone wheel) and a sensor (which can be passive or active). The tone wheel is typically
made of steel and may be an open-air design, or sealed (as in the case of unitized bearing assemblies). The number of teeth is
chosen as a trade-off between low-speed sensing/accuracy and high-speed sensing/cost. Greater numbers of teeth will require
more machining operations and (in the case of passive sensors) produce a higher frequency output signal which may not be as
easily interpreted at the receiving end, but give a better resolution and higher signal update rate. In more advanced systems,
the teeth can be asymmetrically shaped to allow the sensor to distinguish between forward and reverse rotation of the wheel.
A passive sensor typically consists of a ferromagnetic rod which is oriented to project radially from the tone wheel with a
permanent magnet at the opposite end. The rod is wound with fine wire which experiences an induced alternating voltage as
the tone wheel rotates, as the teeth interfere with the magnetic field. Passive sensors output a sinusoidal signal which grows
in magnitude and frequency with wheel speed. A variation of the passive sensor does not have a magnet backing it, but rather
a tone wheel which consists of alternating magnetic poles produce the alternating voltage. The output of this sensor tends to
resemble a square wave, rather than a sinusoid, but still increases in magnitude as wheels speed increases. An active sensor is
a passive sensor with signal conditioning circuitry built into the device. This signal conditioning may be amplifying the
signal's magnitude; changing the signal's form to PWM, square wave, or others; or encoding the value into a communication
protocol before transmission. The vehicle speed sensor (VSS) may be, but is not always, a true wheel speed sensor. For
example, in the Ford AOD transmission, the VSS is mounted to the tailshaft extension housing and is a self-contained tone
ring and sensor. Though this does not give wheel speed (as each wheel in an axle with a differential is able to turn at differing
speeds, and neither is solely dependent on the driveshaft for its final speed), under typical driving conditions this is close
enough to provide the speedometer signal, and was used for the rear wheel ABS systems on 1987 and newer Ford F-Series,
the first pickups with ABS.

• CONCLUSION
• Although all roads have signposts, they indicate speed limits for the safety of
the driver, but people do not follow speed limits and create accidents. Therefore in
this work a functional system is proposed that can automatically monitor the speed
of each vehicle on the road and alert the driver with a buzzer, if the speed of the
vehicle exceeds the limit. Speed testing and speed detection over highways is an
emerging field and has a large area for research and development. The proposed
system is built using a pic microcontroller, IR Sensors, LCD display and buzzer. An
embedded C speed check system is successfully integrated and executed.

SPEED CHECKER AND OVER SPEED DETECTION FOR HIGHWAYS

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