Speed measurement, tachometer
- 2. Tachometer, What’s That? Tachometer is used for measuring rotational speed Can be used to measure speed of a rotating shaft Can also be used to measure flow of liquid by attaching a wheel with inclined vanes 2
- 3. What Are the Different Types of Tachometers? Classification of tachometers: • Mechanical Tachometers • Revolution counter • Hand speed indicator • Tachoscope • Centrifugal tachometer • Resonance (vibrating read) tachometer • Electrical Tachometers • Eddy current or drag cup tachometer • Tachogenerator (DC and AC) • Contactless electrical Tachometers • Magnetic pickup tachometer • Photo-electric tachometer • Stroboscope 3
- 4. Tachometers can also be classified on the basis of data acquisition – contact or non contact types They can also be classified on the basis of the measurement technique – time based or frequency based technique of measurement They can also be classified as analog or digital type 4
- 6. Revolution counter Revolution counter is used to measure an average of rational speed instead of instantaneous rotational speed. It consists of a worm gear that is usually attached to a spindle. It has two dials, an inner one and an outer one. The inner dials represent one revolution of the outer dials and the outer dials represent on revolution of the spindle. The tachometer has a stopwatch attached to the revolution counter and is used to indicated time. These are limited to low speed engines and measure satisfactory upto 2000-3000r.p.m. 6
- 8. Hand speed indicator Hand Speed Indicator has an integral stopwatch and counter with automatic disconnect. The spindle operates when brought in contact with shaft. Counter does not function until start and wind button is pressrd to start watch and engage the clutch. The instrument indicates average speed over short interval in r.p.m . 8
- 10. Tachoscope Tachoscope consists of revolution counter for timing device. The two components are integrally mounted and start simultaneously when contact point is pressed against rotating shaft. The rotational speed is computed from reading of counter and timer. Tachometer can be used to measure speeds up to 5000r.p.m. 10
- 11. Tachoscope 11
- 12. Tachoscope 12
- 13. Centrifugal tachometer Centrifugal Tachometer operates on principle that centrifugal force is proportional to speed of rotation. It consists two balls arranged about spindle. Centrifugal force developed by these balls compress spring as function of speed positions pointer. They are suitable for 4000r.p.m. 13
- 14. Centrifugal tachometer 14 w = angular speed, 1 = shaft, 2 and 3 = masses, 4 = displacement-sensitive element.
- 15. Resonance (vibrating read) tachometer In Vibrating Read Tachometers a series of consecutively timed steel rods are used to determine speed on basis of vibrations created by machine. One end of rod is fixed to a base which is kept in contact with any non-moving part of machine and other is attached to calibrated scale. These can be used in speed range of 600-10000 rpm . 15
- 18. Eddy current or drag cup tachometer An eddy-current tachometer uses the interaction of the magnetic fields generated by a permanent magnet and a rotor, whose speed of rotation is proportional to the eddy currents generated. The currents tend to deflect a disk, which is mounted on the shaft and restrained by a spring, through a certain angle. The deflection of the disk, which is rigidly connected to a pointer, is indicated on a dial. 18
- 19. Eddy current or drag cup tachometer 19
- 20. D.C. Tachogenerator In a D.C. generator the e.m.f generated depends upon the following two factors: (i) Field excitation (ii) Speed If for the field system permanent magnet pole pieces are used, then the generated voltage depends only on the speed. Hence the speed can be computed by measuring the generated e.m.f. The shaft whose speed is to be measured is coupled to the armature. A moving coil voltmeter is connected across the brushes to measure the generated voltage. The variable resistance R is incorporated to limit the current through the voltmeter. Since voltage is proportional to speed, the voltmeter may be calibrated in terms of speed (r.p.m.). 20
- 22. A.C. Tachogenerator The inherent demerits associated with D.C. tachometer generator, due to the provision of commuter and brushes, are eliminated in A.C. tachometer generator. It consists of, like an alternator, a stationary armature (stator) and a rotating field system (rotor). Owing to the generation of e.m.f in a stationary coil on a stator, commutation problems no longer exist. The alternating e.m.f. induced in the stationary coil is rectified, and the output D.C. voltage is measured with the help of a moving coil voltmeter (V). The ripple content of the rectified voltage is smoothened by the capacitor filter (C). 22
- 23. A.C. Tachogenerator 23 As the speed depends on both the amplitude of the voltage and frequency, anyone of them can be used as a measure of the speed. In an A.C. tachometer, it is the induced voltage that is considered as the required parameter.
- 25. Magnetic pickup tachometer A coil wounded on permanent magnet not on iron core, this configuration enable us to measure rotational speed of the systems. In the construction of variable reluctance sensor, we use ferromagnetic gearwheel. As the gearwheel rotates, change in magnetic flux take place in the pickup coil which further induces voltage. This change in magnitude is proportional to the voltage induced in the sensor. 25
- 27. Pickup tachometer Various pick-up devices can be used in conjunction with a digital counter to give a direct reading of speed. An inductive pick-up tachometer is shown in Figure (a). As the individual teeth pass the coil they induce an e.m.f. pulse which is appropriately modified and then fed to a digital counter. A capacitive pick-up tachometer is shown in Figure (b). As the rotating vane passes between the plates a capacitance change occurs in the form of a pulse. This is modified and then fed to the digital counter. 27
- 29. Photo-electric tachometer It consists of a opaque disc mounted on the shaft whose speed is to be measured. The disc has a number of equivalent holes around the periphery. On one side of the disc there is a source of light (L) while on the other side there is a light sensor (may be a photosensitive device or photo-tube) in line with it (light-source). On the rotation of the disc, holes and opaque portions of the disc come alternatory in between the light source and the light sensor. When a hole comes in between the two, light passes through the holes and falls on the light sensor, with the result that an output pulse is generated. But when the opaque portion of the disc comes in between, the light from the source is blocked and hence there is no pulse output. Thus whenever a hole comes in line with the light source and sensor, a pulse is generated. These pulses are counted/measured through an electronic counter. 29
- 30. Photo-electric tachometer 30 The number of pulses generated depends upon the foliowing factors: i. The number of holes in the disc; ii. The shaft speed. Since the number of holes are fixed, therefore, the number of pulses generated depends on thespeed of the shaft only. The electronic counter may therefore be calibrated in terms of speed (r.p.m.)
- 31. Photo-electric tachometer Computer mouse with a ball 31
- 32. Stroboscope The instrument operates on the principle that if a repeating event is only viewed when at one particular point in it’s cycle it appears to be stationary. A mark is made on rotating shaft, and a flashing light is subjected on the shaft. The frequency of the flashing is one very short flash per revolution. To determine the shaft speed we increases the frequency of flashing gradually from small value until the rotating shaft appears to be stationary, then note the frequency. The frequency then doubled, if there is still one apparent stationary image, the frequency is again doubled. This continued until two images appear 180 degrees apart. When first appear for these two images the flash frequency is twice the speed of rotation. 32
- 33. Stroboscope Stroboscopes are used to measure angular speed between 600 to 20000 rpm . It’s advantage is that it doesn’t need to make contact with the rotating shaft. 33
- 34. Comparison Between Analog and Digital Tachometers Analog Tachometer Has a needle and dial type of interface No provision for storage of readings Cannot compute average, deviation, etc Digital Tachometer Has a LCD or LED readout Memory is provided for storage Can perform statistical functions like averaging, etc 34
- 35. Classification Based on Data Acquisition Technique Contact type – The wheel of the tachometer needs to be brought into contact with the rotating object Non Contact type – The measurement can be made without having to attach the tachometer to the rotating object 35
- 36. Classification Based on Measurement Technique Time Measurement – The tachometer calculates speed by measuring the time interval between the incoming pulses Frequency Measurement – The tachometer calculates speed by measuring the frequency of the incoming pulses 36
- 37. Comparison Between Contact and Non Contact Tachometers Contact Type The tachometer has to be in physical contact with the rotating shaft Preferred where the tachometer is generally fixed to the machine Generally, optical encoder / magnetic sensor is attached to shaft of tachometer Non Contact Type The tachometer does not need to be in physical contact with the rotating shaft Preferred where the tachometer needs to be mobile Generally, laser is used or an optical disk id attached to rotating shaft and read by a IR beam or laser 37
- 38. Comparison Between Time and Frequency Based Measurement Time Based The tachometer calculates speed by measuring the time interval between pulses More accurate for low speed measurement Time to take a reading is dependant on the speed and increases with decrease in speed The resolution of the tachometer is independent of the speed of the measurement Frequency based The tachometer calculates speed by measuring the frequency of pulses More accurate for high speed measurement Time to take a reading is independent of speed of rotation The resolution of the tachometer depends on the speed of the rotating shaft 38
- 39. How To Choose a Tachometer? Accuracy Precision Range Acquisition Time Contact type / Non Contact type Portable / Fixed Digital / Analog Cost 39
- 40. Calibration Why calibrate? Wrong calibration = Wrong readings Calibration compensates for ageing, wear and tear and other degrading effects How to calibrate? Calibration is done by comparing the reading from tachometer to a standard speed Necessary changes are made so that the actual reading matches the desired reading 40