Spinal cord lession localisation
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This document discusses the anatomy and functions of the spinal cord, including sensory and motor functions. It describes the ascending tracts that carry sensory information in the dorsal, lateral, and ventral white columns. Several spinal cord syndromes are summarized, including complete transverse cord lesion, Brown-Sequard syndrome, central spinal cord lesion, posterior column syndrome, and anterior spinal syndrome. Causes and features of each syndrome are provided. Treatment options for spinal cord injuries are mentioned, such as glucocorticoids, neurotrophins, stem cell implantation, and future brain computer interface devices.
Spinal cord lession localisation
- 1. Localization of spinal cord lesion
- 3. Anatomy of spinal cord Functions of spinal cord • Sensory • Motor • Autonomic functions
- 4. Sensory conduction Ascending/ sensory tracts in spinal cord are A. Tracts in dorsal/posterior white column B. Tracts in lateral white column C. Tracts in ventral white column
- 5. Dorsal column pathway Includes • Fasciculus gracilis • Fasciculus cuneatus Sensations in it are (fine touch, pressure, tactile localization, tactile discrimination, vibration sensation, stereo gnosis)
- 6. Tracts in lateral white column 1. Lateral spinothalamic tract(SGR) 2. Ventral spinocerebellar tract 3. Dorsal spinocerebellar tract Pain and temperature in SGR itching tickling and sexual sensations are carried by the spino thalamic pathway
- 7. Ventral column tracts • Ventral/anterior spinothalamic tract (chief sensory nucleus) • Crude touch
- 10. Spinal cord syndromes • Complete transverse cord lesions • Hemi section of spinal cord • Central spinal cord lesion • Posterior column syndrome • Anterior spinal syndrome + Disseminated/ multiple sclerosis Sub acute combined degeneration of spinal cord
- 12. Complete transverse cord lesion • Features • Loss of al forms of sensations below the segmental level of lesion • Narrow band of hyperesthesia or paresthesia at the upper margin of level of sensory loss • Radicular pain or segmental paresthesia may occur at the level of lesion
- 13. Continue… • In cervical lesion the pain radiate to arm, in thoracic lesion the pain is circumferential to chest or abdomen and in lumbar and sacral lesions pain radiate to legs
- 14. causes • Infection • Trauma • Compression by tumour • Cervical spondylosis • Transverse myelitis • Multiple sclerosis
- 16. hemisection- brown sequard syndrome • Features • Loss of pain and temperature on the opposite side and the upper margin is usually 2 or 3 segments below the level of lesion • Loss of propriceptive sensation and motor deficit occur on the same side of lesion • Touch is not affected because it passes through the lateral column and dorsal column of both sided of the cord
- 17. causes • Infection • Trauma • Compression by tumour • Cervical spondylosis • Transverse myelitis • Multiple sclerosis
- 18. Central spinal cord lesions (syringomyelic lesion) • Features • Dissociated sensory loss or suspended sensory loss is loss of pain and temperature at the level of lesion where the spinothalamic fibers cross in the cord. There is loss of pain and temperature on one or both sides over a number of dermatomes with normal sensation above and below and this is called suspended sensory loss because is has upper and lower level.
- 19. Continue… • Touch is preserved • There is sacral sparing in intramedullary lesion
- 20. causes • Syringomyelia • Trauma leading to hematomyelia
- 21. Posterior column syndrome (tabetic syndrome) • Features • Common complaints are paraesthesias in the form of tingling pins and needles, girdle and band like sensation • Unpleasant tight feeling over limb • Loss of position and vibration sense below the level of lesion • Pain touch and temperature is preserved
- 22. Continue…. • Sensory ataxia • Positive romberg’s sign • Lightening pain occur which is penetrating occurring at right angle to skin • Lhermitte’s sign – electric shock like sensation from the neck travelling down along spine when the neck is suddenly flexed or extended this occurs in lesion of posterior column of cervical region
- 23. causes • Neurosyphilis • DM • Sub acute combined degeneration • Friedreich’s ataxia • Carcinoma • Multiple sclerosis • Mercury poisoning
- 24. Anterior spinal syndrome • Features • Loss of pain and temperature below the level of lesion • Preserved joint and vibration sense
- 25. causes • Anterior spinal artery emboli • Thrombosis
- 26. Disseminated/ multiple sclerosis -means widespread increase of connective tissue in the nervous system FEATURES – widespread demyelinating disease of CNS - Nerve cells replaced by neuroglial cells - Delayed or blocked conduction
- 27. Sub acute combined degeneration of spinal cord • Demyelination of white fibers of spinal cord • Dorsal and lateral columns are affected • Seen in pernicious anemia patients
- 28. Complications of spinal cord transection • Patients develop negative nitrogen balance and catabolize large amounts of body proteins is due to immobilization 1. Decubitus (postural ulcers) develop. 2. Hypercalcemia/hypercalciurea and calcium stones in urinary tracts. 3. Urinary stasis with paralysis of bladder.
- 29. • Therefore the prognosis in patients with transected spinal cord used to be very poor and death from septicemia uremia or inanition, coma and finally death.
- 30. treatment • Faster recovery and minimal loss of function after spinal cord injury is acquired by administration of large doses of glucocorticoids • As early as possible after injury • Administration of neurotropins • Implantation of embryonal stem cells at the site of injury
- 31. • Another possibility being explored is bypassing the site of cord injury with brain computer interfaces devices. • However these approaches are still a long way from routine clinical use.
- 33. Thank u