SPR Slides - LCA - 5.14.2014

MINNESOTA SUSTAINABILITY
PRACTITIONERS ROUNDTABLE
May 14, 2014

Agenda
11:30 Introductions and lunch
11:40 Welcome from Eliza Clark, Andersen
Corporation
11:50 LCA Overview, Dr. Tim Smith, NorthStar
Initiative for Sustainable Enterprise
12:30 Group discussion on LCA facilitated by Jill
Kolling, Paydirt
1:20 Upcoming events; group announcements
1:30 Optional tour
2:00 Adjourn

Mission
¨  To advance sustainable practices within large
organizations in Minnesota.

Objectives
¨  Facilitate candid dialogue centered
on advanced sustainability topics
¨  Provide a forum for sharing
resources and best practices
¨  Identify opportunities for new
solutions or collaborations
¨  Build connections between
sustainability practitioners

Format and Boundaries
¨  Quarterly event for sharing success stories and
facilitating large group discussions in a confidential
setting
¨  Invite-only
¨  One representative per organization; additional
participants dependent on topic
¨  Members should have decision making ability for
sustainability and an enterprise focus
¨  Charter members may preclude competitors from
joining
¨  Members are expected to attend and actively
participate, or send a substitute when needed

2014 Roundtable Dates
¨  February 12 - Target
¨  May 14 – Science Museum of Minnesota
¨  September 17 – U of MN Landscape Arboretum
¨  November 12 - KPMG

Andersen – Science Museum Partnership
¨  Kitty Andersen Youth Science Center (KAYSC):
empowering youth to change the world through
science
¨  Engages over 100 youth annually in grades 7-12 in
out-of-school-time science programming
¨  In 1996, several Andersen Related Foundations made
a combined endowment contribution to KAYSC in Kitty
Andersen’s honor to support general operating funds.
Source: http://www.smm.org/kaysc/supporters
•  75% of
participants
are from low-
income
families
•  60% are girls
•  90% are
youth of color

Science House:
¨ Resource Center for Educators, where Minnesota's science teachers gain
access to the best in hands-on classroom science materials
¨ Designed to operate as a zero-emissions building (ZEB)
¨ Since energy monitoring began in February 2004, Science House has been
producing more energy than it uses on an annual basis
¨ Andersen Corporation contributed windows, doors and Fibrex™ material for
the exterior deck and interior ceiling
Source: http://www.smm.org/sciencehouse/about
Andersen - Science Museum Partnership

Raw
Material
Extrac.on
Intermediate
Material

Manufacture

Use

Recycling

End
of

Life

Finished
Product

Manufacture

Transporta.on
&

logis.cs/retail

Andersen’s Lifecycle Approach
9

Andersen’s LCA Experience
¨  Conducted two LCAs in 2010:
¨  Renewal by Andersen Double-Hung
¨  100 Series
¨  Recently purchased GaBi LCA
software
¨  Participating in the development
of the Product Category Rule
(PCR) for windows
¨  Once PCR is approved, we will
have the ability to publish
Environmental Product
Declarations (EPDs)
Renewal by Andersen Double-Hung

environment.umn.edu/nise
Introduc)on
to
Life
Cycle

Assessment

Timothy
M.
Smith

Director
&
Associate
Professor

NorthStar
Ini.a.ve
(NiSE)

Bioproducts
&
Biosystems
Eng.

612-‐624-‐2648

.msmith@umn.edu

WHICH IS MORE SUSTAINABLE?
•  most
commonly
made

from
co;on
(fossil-‐fuel-‐
intensive)

•  co;on
growers
use
more

than
10
percent
of
the

world's
pes)cides
and

nearly
25
percent
of
the

world's
insec)cides

•  most
are
woven
outside

the
U.S.
where
labor
is

less
costly

•  Increased
fossil
fuels
in

transporta)on

•  %#*&!,
forgot
it
again…

•  made
of
polyethylene,
a

petroleum-‐based
resource

•  consumes
40%
less
energy
to

produce
than
paper.

•  generates
80%
less
solid

waste
than
paper
bags

•  can
take
1,000
years
to

decompose

•  fewer
than
5%
of
plas)c

bags
are
recycled

•  60
to
80
percent
of
ocean

debris
is
plas)c
-‐
poisoning

or
strangling
marine
life

•  made
from
a
renewable

resource
(trees)

•  hold
twice
the
contents
of

most
plas)c
bags

•  takes
about
a
month
to

decompose

• 
21%
of
paper
bags
are

currently
recycled

IMPACT CHARACTERIZATION OF THE PRIUS

LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT: Quantiﬁcation of Impacts

LCA BASICS:
WHAT GOES IN MUST COME OUT

LCA BASICS:
energy

cardboard

metal

LCA BASICS:
energy

cardboard

metal

Air

emissions

Solid

Waste

IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
Ecosystem
health
Human health
Resource
depletion
Social health
Oth. releases
Products
Coproducts
Emissions
Effluents
Solid wastes
Mat’ls
Energy
Water
Raw Material Acquisition
(Transportation)
Manufacturing
(Transportation)
Use/Reuse/Maintenance
(Transportation)
Recycle/Waste Management
(Transportation)
LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS – STEPS IN THE PROCESS
AND APPLICATIONS OF FINDINGS
INVENTORY ANALYSIS
IMPROVEMENT ASSESSMENT
Extend product life Reduce energy consumption
Evaluate substitute materials Improve process efficiencies
Improve distribution Improve collection efficiencies
Enhance use/durability Improve waste management
INITIATION
Purpose and
scope
System
boundaries
Data categories
Review
process

PAPER CLIP GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL

US
ECONOMY-‐WIDE
WEIGHTED
ENVIRONMENTAL

IMPACTS

X XXX X X X
Source: Suh 2011; economymap.org
X X

Input/Output

Ideal

Process

Bo;om
Up
Hybrid
Top
Down
Hybrid

LCA METHODOLOGIES

OUTSIDE-IN HOTSPOT APPROACH:
An Adaptation of Top Down Hybrid
Identify Hotspots: EE-IO
Compare Indicators:
Parameterized P- LCA
Scenario1Scenario2

GEMI SUPPLY CHAIN
SUSTAINABILITY TOOL
Objec.ve:
A
simple,
scalable,
open

and
interac.ve
tool
for

procurement
and
supply
chain

managers
to:
1)
guide
priori.es;
2)

measure
performance
of
sourcing

strategies.

Func.onality:

1. Iden.fy
CO2
and
water
use

“hotspots”
of
procurement/
sourcing
poraolios.

2. Quan.fy
“hotspot”
reduc.on
of

alterna.ve
environmental

acribute
scenarios.

3. Simulate
procurement
strategies

to
compare
environmental

performance
vis-‐à-‐vis
economic

costs/beneﬁts.

Impact'
Category'
Source'
Virgin&fiber&
produc/on&
Power&genera/on&
and&supply&
Paper&and&
paperboard&mills&
Paperboard&container&
manufacturing&
End&of&Life&
Global'
Warming'
Poten7al'
EIO:LCA1' **& 42%& 32%& 5%& *&
PE'Americas'and'Five'Winds'Interna7onal.'(2009).'Life%Cycle%Assessment%of%U.S.%
Industry7Average%Corrugated%Product.' A46%& **& 54%& 17%& 22%&
Ross,'S.,'&'Evans,'D.'(2002).'Use'of'Life'Cycle'Assessment'in'Environmental'
Management.'Environmental%Management,'29,'132:142.'
4%***& 83%&
Water'
Deple7on'
EIO:LCA2' **& 30%& 37%& 0.43%& *&
Kirwan,'M.'J.'(2013).'Handbook%of%Paper%and%Paperboard%Packaging%Technology'
(2nd'Edi7on'ed.).'Chichester,'West'Sussex,'United'Kingdom:'Wiley:Blackwell.'
**& **& Blue&water& Blue&water&
Blue&
water&
Hotspots: the life cycle stages and inputs that have CO2 and H2O impacts larger than 10% of the life cycle impacts
1.  Carnegie Mellon University. (2002). Results for paperboard container manufacturing, global warming potential. Retrieved September 9, 2013, from Economic Input-Output Life Cycle Assessment -
Carnegie Mellon University: http://www.eiolca.net/cgi-bin/dft/use.pl
2.  Carnegie Mellon University. (2002). Results for paperboard container manufacturing, water withdrawals. Retrieved September 9, 2013, from Economic Input-Output Life Cycle Assessment - Carnegie
Mellon University: http://www.eiolca.net/cgi-bin/dft/use.pl
* Not included in the EIO-LCA system boundary
** Not found in the source
*** Net impacts offset by carbon sequestration in virgin fiber production
Sustainable Supply Chain Data Summary– Containerboard Packaging
Baseline Assumptions: U.S. and European average industrial practices
Hotspot system boundary
Raw&material&
extrac/on&
Transporta/on& Manufacturing& Distribu/on& Retail& Use& End&of&Life&
Life&Cycle&Stage& Parameter& Dataset& Unit&
Baseline&Inventory&Amount&
Source&Corrugated'
Board'
Paperboard'
Forest'
Produc7on'
(70%'from'SE,'
30%'from'PNW)'
Diesel' US:'Diesel,'combusted'in'industrial'equipment2' m3/m3'
so^wood'
2.57e:3'
USCLCI'2012;'
Kramer'2009'
Gasoline' US:'Gasoline,'combusted'in'equipment2' 2.26e:5'
Seedlings' US:'Seedlings,'at'greenhouse2'
pcs/m3'
so^wood'
5.27'
Nitrogen' US:'Nitrogen'fer7lizer,'produc7on'mix,'at'plant2'
kg/m3'
so^wood'
4.99e:1'
Phosphorus' US:'Phosphorous'fer7lizer,'produc7on'mix,'at'plant2' 8.58e:2'
Lubricants' US:'Dummy_Lubricants,'unspecified,'at'plant2' 3.69e:2'
Carbon'Dioxide' Carbon'dioxide'[Renewable'resources]2' 9.42e2'
Transport' Transport,'combina7on'truck,'avg.'fuel'mix'
Kgkm/m3'
so^wood'
1.2e5'
Manufacturing:'
Container:board'
Conver7ng'plant'
Kra^liner'
Manufacturing'Containerboard'Mill' Kg/kg'nsp'
4.76e:1' 7.22e:1'
PE'2009;'
EPA'2012'
Testliner' 2.56e:1' 3.89e:1'
Wellenstoff' 1.32e:1' 0'
Semi:Chemical' 2.45e:1' 0'
LPG'
US:'liquefied'petroleum'gas,'combusted'in'industrial'
boiler3' m3/kg'nsp'
1.17e:6'
PE'2009'
Natural'Gas' RNA:'Natural'gas,'combusted'in'industrial'equipment3' 2.87e:2'
Water' RER:'Tap'water,'at'user1.5'
kg/kg'nsp'
3.12e:1'
Starch' US:'Starch'(polyglucose)4' 1.18e:2'
Adhesives' US:'Polyvinyl'alcohol'(from'vinyl'acetate)'(PVAL)4' 7.94e:4'
Ink' RER:'Prin7ng'colour,'offset,'47.5%'solvent,'at'plant1' 8.47e:4'
Borax' US:'Sodium'borates,'at'plant1' 3.11e:4'
Sodium'Carbonate' US:'Soda,'powder,'at'plant3' 7.86e:4'
Coa7ngs' RER:'Coa7ng'powder,'at'plant1' 7.05e:4'
Wax' US:'Wax/Paraffins'at'refinery4' 4.74e:3'
Electricity'
(purchased)'
US:'electricity,'medium'voltage,'at'grid1'
MJ/kg'nsp'
4.24e:1'
Diesel' GLO:'diesel,'burned'in'building'machine1' 3.63e:2'
Heavy'fuel'oil'
RER:'Heavy'fuel'oil,'burned'in'industrial'furnace,'1'MW,'
non:modula7ng1'
4.63e:1'
Light'Fuel'Oil' RER:'heat,'light'fuel'oil,'at'industrial'furnace'1'MW1' 2.81e:1'
Landfill'
CH:'disposal,'municipal'solid'waste,'22.9%'water,'to'
sanitary'landfill1'
kg/kg'nsp'
3.73e:3'
Incinera7on'
CH:'disposal,'municipal'solid'waste,'22%'water,'to'
municipal'incinera7on1'
6.23e:5'
Hazardous'Waste'
Incinera7on'
CH:'disposal,'hazardous'waste,'25%'water,'to'
hazardous'waste'incinera7on1'
1.55e:6'
Baseline assumptions: 65% virgin (kraft and semi-chemical fluting), 35% recycled (testliner and wellenstoff),
1: EcoInvent
1.5: Modified EcoInvent (accounts for US electricity production)
2: USLCI
3: USLCI/PE
4: PE
nsp = net saleable product (including folded box and glue)
DOCUMENTATION: Hotspots, Baselines, Scenarios

COMPARING REDUCTION SCENARIOS
2.  Provide
quan.ta.ve

“hotspot”
reduc.on

indices
for
environmental

acribute
scenarios
-‐

connec.ng
market
signals

to
like
cycle
assessment-‐
based
informa.on;

Results of “hotspot” reduction potential by attribute
scenarios for cereal and fruit juice categories (UMN 2013)
Recycled'
Paperboard'
(Primary)'
100%'
Plastic'
Cereal'Bag'
(no'box)''
100%'
Bioenergy'
(thermal)'
5%'
10%'
15%'
20%'
25%'
30%'
35%'
0%'
5%'
10%'
15%'
20%'
25%'
Grain'
Farming'
Manufacturing'
Packaging'
Life'Cycle'Stage'Hotspots'
30%'!'
Electrical'
EfJiciency'
30%'!'
Thermal''
EfJiciency'
Recycled'
Paperboard'
(primary)'
40%'
PLA'
cereal'
bag'
Recycled'
Cardboard'
(secondary)'
30%'!'
Thermal'
EfJiciency'
Best'Scenario'
~39%'reduction'
Worst'Scenario'
~7%'addition'
End'of'Life'
PLA'
cereal'
bag'
Baseline''
(no'environmental'
attributes'implemented)'
65%'of'total'
impact'
Total'GHG'Hotspot'Reduction'Potential'
'for'Wheat'Cereal'and'Orange'Juice:''
Best'Scenario'vs.'Worst'Scenario'
~21%'
reduction'
30%'
45%'
50%'
55%'
60%'
65%'
Orange'Farming'
Retail'
(Refrigeration)'
Wheat'Cereal' Orange'Juice'
69%'of'total'
impact'
70%'
75%'
80%'
85%'
90%'
100%'Wind'
electricity'
Organic'
5%'
Refrigerant'
Leakage'
Worst'Scenario'
~12%'reduction'
Best'Scenario'
~91%'reduction'
Precision'
Farming'
30%'!'
energy'
efJiciency'
(electricity)'
5%'
Refrigerant'
Leakage'
50%'Wind'
electricity'
~56%'
reduction'
100%'Wind'
electricity'
Organic'
Cumulative'%'reduction'in'total'
hotspot'impact'contribution'
Cumulative'%'addition'in'total''

5%#
10%#
15%#
20%#
25%#
30%#
35%#
0%#
5%#
10%#
15%#
20%#
25%#
Grain#
Farming#
Manufacturing#
Packaging#
Cumulative#%#reduction#in#total#
hotspot#impact#contribution#
Life#Cycle#Stage#Hotspots#
40%#
End#of#Life#
Baseline##
(no#environmental#
attributes#implemented)#
Cumulative#%#addition#in#total##
65%#of#total#
impact#
30%#
45%#
50%#
55%#
60%#
65%#
Orange#Farming#
Retail#
(Refrigeration)#
Wheat#Cereal# Orange#Juice#
69%#of#total#
impact#
70%#
75%#
80%#
85%#
90%#
100%#Wind#
electricity#
Organic#
Best#Scenario#
~91%#reduction#30%#!#
energy#
efViciency#
(electricity)#
5%#
Refrigerant#
Leakage#
GHG

Scenario

Analysis

(Cereal
&
Fruit
Juice)

5%#
10%#
15%#
20%#
25%#
30%#
35%#
0%#
5%#
10%#
15%#
20%#
25%#
Grain#
Farming#
Manufacturing#
Packaging#
40%#
End#of#Life#
Baseline##
(no#environmental#
65%#of#total#
impact#
30%#
45%#
50%#
55%#
60%#
65%#
Orange#Farming#
Retail#
(Refrigeration)#
69%#of#total#
impact#
70%#
75%#
80%#
85%#
90%#
100%#Wind#
electricity#
Organic#
5%#
Refrigerant#
Leakage#
Worst#Scenario#
~12%#reduction#
Best#Scenario#
~91%#reduction#
Precision#
Farming#
30%#!#
energy#
efViciency#
(electricity)#
5%#
Refrigerant#
Leakage#
GHG

Scenario

Analysis

(Cereal
&
Fruit
Juice)

5%#
10%#
15%#
20%#
25%#
30%#
35%#
0%#
5%#
10%#
15%#
20%#
25%#
Grain#
Farming#
Manufacturing#
Packaging#
40%#
End#of#Life#
Baseline##
(no#environmental#
65%#of#total#
impact#
30%#
45%#
50%#
55%#
60%#
65%#
Orange#Farming#
Retail#
(Refrigeration)#
69%#of#total#
impact#
70%#
75%#
80%#
85%#
90%#
100%#Wind#
electricity#
Organic#
5%#
Refrigerant#
Leakage#
Worst#Scenario#
~12%#reduction#
Best#Scenario#
~91%#reduction#
Precision#
Farming#
30%#!#
energy#
efViciency#
(electricity)#
5%#
Refrigerant#
Leakage#
50%#Wind#
electricity#
~56%#
reduction#
GHG

Scenario

Analysis

(Cereal
&
Fruit
Juice)

100%$
Bioenergy$
(thermal)$
5%$
10%$
15%$
20%$
25%$
30%$
35%$
0%$
5%$
10%$
15%$
20%$
25%$
Grain$
Farming$
Manufacturing$
Packaging$
Life$Cycle$Stage$Hotspots$
30%$!$
Electrical$
EfFiciency$
30%$!$
Thermal$$
EfFiciency$
Recycled$
Paperboard$
(primary)$
40%$
PLA$
cereal$
bag$
Recycled$
Cardboard$
(secondary)$ Best$Scenario$
~39%$reduction$
End$of$Life$
PLA$
cereal$
bag$
Baseline$$
(no$environmental$
attributes$implemented)$
65%$of$total$
impact$
30%$
45%$
50%$
55%$
60%$
65%$
Orange$Farming$
Retail$
(Refrigeration)$
Wheat$Cereal$ Orange$Juice$
69%$of$total$
impact$
70%$
75%$
80%$
85%$
90%$
100%$Wind$
electricity$
Organic$
5%$
Refrigerant$
Leakage$
Worst$Scenario$
~12%$reduction$
Best$Scenario$
~91%$reduction$
Precision$
Farming$
30%$!$
energy$
efFiciency$
(electricity)$
5%$
Refrigerant$
Leakage$
50%$Wind$
electricity$
~56%$
reduction$
100%$Wind$
electricity$
Cumulative$%$reduction$in$total$
hotspot$impact$contribution$
Cumulative$%$addition$in$total$$
GHG

Scenario

Analysis

(Cereal
&
Fruit
Juice)

100%$
Plastic$
Cereal$Bag$
(no$box)$$
100%$
Bioenergy$
(thermal)$
5%$
10%$
15%$
20%$
25%$
30%$
35%$
0%$
5%$
10%$
15%$
20%$
25%$
Grain$
Farming$
Manufacturing$
Packaging$
Life$Cycle$Stage$Hotspots$
30%$!$
Electrical$
EfHiciency$
30%$!$
Thermal$$
EfHiciency$
Recycled$
Paperboard$
(primary)$
40%$
PLA$
cereal$
bag$
Recycled$
Cardboard$
(secondary)$
30%$!$
Thermal$
EfHiciency$
Best$Scenario$
~39%$reduction$
Worst$Scenario$
~7%$addition$
End$of$Life$
PLA$
cereal$
bag$
Baseline$$
(no$environmental$
attributes$implemented)$
65%$of$total$
impact$
30%$
45%$
50%$
55%$
60%$
65%$
Orange$Farming$
Retail$
(Refrigeration)$
Wheat$Cereal$ Orange$Juice$
69%$of$total$
impact$
70%$
75%$
80%$
85%$
90%$
100%$Wind$
electricity$
Organic$
5%$
Refrigerant$
Leakage$
Worst$Scenario$
~12%$reduction$
Best$Scenario$
~91%$reduction$
Precision$
Farming$
30%$!$
energy$
efHiciency$
(electricity)$
5%$
Refrigerant$
Leakage$
50%$Wind$
electricity$
~56%$
reduction$
100%$Wind$
electricity$
Organic$
Cumulative$%$reduction$in$total$
Cumulative$%$addition$in$total$$
GHG

Scenario

Analysis

(Cereal
&
Fruit
Juice)

Recycled'
Paperboard'
(Primary)'
100%'
Plastic'
Cereal'Bag'
(no'box)''
100%'
Bioenergy'
(thermal)'
5%'
10%'
15%'
20%'
25%'
30%'
35%'
0%'
5%'
10%'
15%'
20%'
25%'
Grain'
Farming'
Manufacturing'
Packaging'
Life'Cycle'Stage'Hotspots'
30%'!'
Electrical'
EfJiciency'
30%'!'
Thermal''
EfJiciency'
Recycled'
Paperboard'
(primary)'
40%'
PLA'
cereal'
bag'
Recycled'
Cardboard'
(secondary)'
30%'!'
Thermal'
EfJiciency'
Best'Scenario'
~39%'reduction'
Worst'Scenario'
~7%'addition'
End'of'Life'
PLA'
cereal'
bag'
Baseline''
(no'environmental'
attributes'implemented)'
65%'of'total'
impact'
~21%'
reduction'
30%'
45%'
50%'
55%'
60%'
65%'
Orange'Farming'
Retail'
(Refrigeration)'
Wheat'Cereal' Orange'Juice'
69%'of'total'
impact'
70%'
75%'
80%'
85%'
90%'
100%'Wind'
electricity'
Organic'
5%'
Refrigerant'
Leakage'
Worst'Scenario'
~12%'reduction'
Best'Scenario'
~91%'reduction'
Precision'
Farming'
30%'!'
energy'
efJiciency'
(electricity)'
5%'
Refrigerant'
Leakage'
50%'Wind'
electricity'
~56%'
reduction'
100%'Wind'
electricity'
Organic'
Cumulative'%'reduction'in'total'
Cumulative'%'addition'in'total''
GHG

Scenario

Analysis

(Cereal
&
Fruit
Juice)

ASSESS ECONOMIC COSTS OF REDUCTIONS
3.  Allow
managers
to

quickly
simulate

procurement

scenarios
to
compare

environmental

performance
vis-‐à-‐vis

economic
costs/
beneﬁts.

Illustrative example; simulation results will be
dependent upon scenario reduction estimates
and user-specified information (price/kg, volume
purchased, alternative spending strategies, etc.)
Jones&et&al&(2008).&Consumer4Oriented&Life&Cycle&Assessment&of&Food,&Goods,&and&Services&
Variability)
Within)a)
Sector)
Subs3tutability)
between)
Sector)Spend)
•
•
Switching from all-pork to a 50/50
pork/chicken sourced sausage:
• Estimated CO2e reduction of 350-850
gCO2e /$(2007)
• @ $100,000 spend: 35,000-85,000
kgCO2e; ≈ 7-17 cars/year
• @ 6.5% price/kg discount: Switch
saves ≈ $.13/kgCO2e reduction.

PROCUREMENT PORTFOLIO DECISION
PROBLEMS
•  Given
a
targeted
CO2
reduc.on
target,
what

alloca.on
of
purchases
minimizes
total
costs?

•  Given
a
targeted
budget
(increase/decrease),

what
alloca.on
of
purchases
maximizes
total

CO2
reduc.ons?

CONCLUDING THOUGHTS
•  LCA
isn’t
perfect

– Costly,
sensi.ve
to
data
assump.ons
and

boundary
condi.ons,
etc.

•  LCA
doesn’t
solve
problems

– Omen
surfaces
more
ques.ons
than
answers

– Informa.on
provided
is
uncertain

•  LCA
is
necessary
if
decision
requires
a

quan.ﬁca.on
of
impacts
across
process

stages.

•  LCA
is
an
approach
not
an
absolute
truth

THANK YOU!
Contact Info:
Dr. Timothy Smith – timsmith@umn.edu

SPR Slides - LCA - 5.14.2014

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SPR Slides - LCA - 5.14.2014