2. Summaries for Groups of Cases
Categories of a single variable are summarized.
Bar height is determined by the Bars Represent option.
Example: To see number of males and females from the
Gender variable
3. Bar chart for SES
SES
high
middle
low
Count
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
4. How to?
From the menus, choose: Graphs, Bar
Select the icon for Simple and select Summaries for
groups of cases.
Select Define.
Select a variable for the category axis and move it into
the Category Axis box. This variable may be numeric,
string, or long string.
5. Summaries of groups of variables
Two or more variables are summarized within categories of
another variable.
Two or more Bars Represent variables (Var 1, Var 2).
For example bar chart for gender and SES variables.
6. Clustered Bar chart (a)
SES
high
middle
low
Mean
58
56
54
52
50
48
46
science score
social studies score
For Numeric
variable
7. How to?
From the menus, choose: Graphs and Bar
Select the icon for Clustered and select Summaries of
separate variables.
Select Define.
Select at least two variables and move them into the Bars
Represent box. These variables must be numeric.
Select a category variable and move it into the Category
Axis box. This variable may be numeric, string or long
string.
8. Clustered Bar chart (b)
GENDER
1.00
.00
Count
50
40
30
20
10
SES
low
middle
high
9. How to?
From the menus, choose: Graphs and Bar
Select the icon for Clustered and select Summaries of
groups of cases.
Select Define.
Select at least two variables and move them into the Bars
Represent box.
These variables can be categorical.
10. Pie Diagram
The Pie Chart is an alternative to the Bar Chart for Nominal
and Ordinal data.
The proportion of the Pie represents the category’s
percentage in the population or sample.
Must identify slices.
12. How to make pie diagram?
From the menus, choose: Graphs and Pie
Select Summaries for groups of cases.
Select Define.
Select a variable and move it into the Define Slices by box.
This variable may be numeric, string, or long string.
13. Boxplot
A boxplot consists of box and 2 tails.
The horizontal line inside the box tells the position of the
median and its upper and lower boundaries are its upper
and lower quartiles.
The tails run to the most extreme values.
boxplot in sum shows structure of the data along with its
skewness and spread.
14. Upper
Quartile
= 180
Qu
Lower
Quartile
= 158
QL
Median
= 171
Q2
Question: We have recorded the heights in cm of boys in a
class as shown below. We will draw a boxplot for this data.
Drawing a boxplot.
137, 148, 155, 158, 165, 166, 166, 171, 171, 173, 175, 180, 184, 186, 186
130 140 150 160 170 180 190
cm
16. How to make a boxplot?
From the menus, choose: Graphs and Boxplot
Select the icon for Simple and select Summaries for
groups of cases.
Select Define.
Select the variable for which you want boxplots, and
move it into the Variable box.
Select a variable for the category axis and move it into
the Category Axis box. This variable may be numeric,
string, or long string.
17. Typical Patterns
Positive linear relationship Negative linear relationship
No relationship
Negative nonlinear relationship Nonlinear (concave) relationship
18. How to make scatter plots?
From the menus, choose: Graphs and Scatter
Select the icon for Simple.
Select Define.
You must select a variable for theY-axis and a variable
for the X-axis. These variables must be numeric, but
should not be in date format.
You can select a variable and move it into the Set
Markers by box. This variable may be numeric or string.
19. P-P plots
Plots a variable’s cumulative proportions against the
cumulative proportions of any of a number of test
distributions.
Probability plots are generally used to determine
whether the distribution of a variable matches a given
distribution.
If the selected variable matches the test distribution, the
points cluster around a straight line.
20. Normal Q_Q plot
Normal Q-Q Plot of math score
Observed Value
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
Expected
Normal
Value
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
