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- 1. Glossary of Literary Terms اإلنجليزيـــة اللغــة في األدبيــة المصطـــلحات مــعجم وإعداد جمع األستاذ / الشمري حمد بن فايد باألحساء للتعليم العامة اإلدارة
- 2. Glossary of Literary Terms بالعربي الترجمة Allegory Allegory األستعارة The term derives from the Greek word allegoric, meaning ‘speaking otherwise’. In literature, it describes a story whose characters or action can be interpreted to have a hidden meaning. Aphorism Aphorism مأثور قول A pithy observation or definition, often regarding society or morality. Blank verse Blank verse حر شعر Unrhymed verse written in iambic pentameter Calvinism Calvinism كالفينية The variety of Protestant theology associated with French religious reformer John Calvin (1509–64) and his followers. 2
- 3. Glossary of Literary Terms بالعربي الترجمة Canon Canon شريعة A body of literary works deemed to be of the highest quality or significance. Caroline Caroline متصلة قصيدة relating to, the reign of Charles I (1625–49). Catholicism Catholicism الكاثوليكي The branch of Christianity presided over by the Pope in Rome. Catholicism was the dominant form of Christianity in Renaissance Europe. Cavalier poetry Cavalier poetry الشعر فارس Poetry written by supporters of Charles I (1625–49). As well as a tendency to idealize the monarchy, Cavalier poetry is characterized by its prizing of friendship, hospitality, liberty and the classical concept of the ‘Good Life’. 3
- 4. Glossary of Literary Terms بالعربي الترجمة The Civil War The Civil War أهلية حرب The internal English war (1642– 49) between the supporters of Parliament (known as Parliamentariansor Roundheads) and the supporters of the King (known as Royalists or Cavaliers). The war was won by the Parliamentarians and resulted in the overthrow and execution of Charles I (1649). Classical Classical الكالسيكية relating to, ancient Greek or Roman literature, art or culture. Closet drama Closet drama الدراما المقروءة A play written to be read rather than performed. Comedy Comedy -الفكاهي الكوميدي In the Renaissance, comedies were defined by their happy endings and their characteristic focus on non-noble characters, rather than by their use of humour, although visual and verbal comedy is often a feature of them. 4
- 5. Glossary of Literary Terms بالعربي الترجمة Country-house poem Country-house poem الريفية القصيدة The English ‘country- house’ poem was an invention of the early seventeenth century and is defined by its praise of a country-house estate and its (usually male) owner. Counter- Reformation Counter-Reformation اإلصالح مكافحة The late sixteenth-century movement to reform the Catholic Church of Rome from within, stimulated by the Protestant Reformation Eclogue Eclogue الرعاة نشيد A short pastoral poem, often in the form of a dialogue between shepherds, derived from Virgil’s Eclogues. Elegy Elegy رثاء قصيدة A poem of mourning for an individual or a lament for an event. 5
- 6. Glossary of Literary Terms بالعربي الترجمة Elizabethan Elizabethan األليزبيثي الشعر relating to, the reign of Elizabeth I (1558–1603). Encomium Encomium المدح A poem or speech in praise of someone or something. Epic Epic الملحمة Usually a long narrative poem about the heroic deeds of a legendary figure and a nation’s history. Folio Folio مطوية ورقة A book made up of sheets of paper folded once to create two leaves (four pages). In the Renaissance the folio format was expensive and tended to be reserved for learned or prestigious works such as the Bible. 6
- 7. Glossary of Literary Terms بالعربي الترجمة The ‘Golden Age’ The ‘Golden Age’ الذهبي العصر An idyllic time in classical mythology when there was believed to be peace, harmony, and plenty; men and women did not need to work or farm, living instead o nature’s freely provided bounty. History play History play مسرحية تاريخية A play which dramatizes a story about reputedly historical characters and events. Humanism Humanism االنسانية An intellectual movement originating in Renaissance Italy that encouraged the fresh study of classical literature, and which emphasized the importance of learning as a means of improving one’s self. Iambic pentameter Iambic pentameter خماسي التفاعيل Verse in which each line contains five iambic feet; an iambic ‘foot’ consists of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. This is the most common metrical form in English poetry. When used for unrhymed poetry it is known as blank verse 7
- 8. Glossary of Literary Terms بالعربي الترجمة Iconoclasm Iconoclasm )المروق(مارق The destruction of images used in religious worship. Jacobean Jacobean يعقوبي شعر relating to, the reign of James I (1603–25). Lutheranism Lutheranism اللوثريـــة The Protestant theology associated with sixteenth- century church reformer, Martin Luther. Lyric Lyric القصيدة كلمات A short poem, often in the first- person, concerned with expressing the speaker’s thoughts or emotions. 8
- 9. Glossary of Literary Terms بالعربي الترجمة Masque Masque القناع An elaborate form of courtly entertainment, combining music, dance, spectacle and poetry. Metaphysical poetry Metaphysical poetry الشعر الميتافيزيقي A type of seventeenth-century poetry, especially associated with John Donne, characterized by its plain, colloquial style, its metrical and rhythmic variety and its use of original, often surprising, analogies or ‘conceits’. Morality play Morality play المسرحية األخالقية An allegorical moral drama dramatizing the battle between good and evil in the human soul; the protagonist is usually a representative of mankind, while other characters personify abstract qualities such as virtues and vices. Mystery plays Mystery plays المسرحيات الغامضة Short Medieval plays dramatizing episodes from the Bible. 9
- 10. Glossary of Literary Terms بالعربي الترجمة Pastoral Pastoral )الرعاة يخص رعوي(أدب Traditionally a type of poetry dealing with shepherds and country life, but extended to include pastoral drama and prose fiction in the Renaissance. The representation of rural life is typically idealized, rather than realistic. Pathetic fallacy Pathetic fallacy (مثير مغالطة )للشفقة The attribution of human feelings to inanimate objects or animals. Petrarchan Petrarchan (اسم قصيدة )ايطالي شاعر A poetic mode that takes its name from Italian poet Francesco Petrarch (1303–74). As well as establishing a fashion for sonnets, Petrarch’s poems have a number of recurrent features, which were widely imitated. Protestantism Protestantism البروتستانتية The name given to the Christian churches which broke away from the Catholic Church of Rome during the sixteenth- Century Reformation 10
- 11. Glossary of Literary Terms بالعربي الترجمة Satire Satire هجاء Refers to literature which attacks contemporary individuals or social vices. Senecan style Senecan style اغريقي اسلوب A curt prose style, characterized by the terseness and brevity of its clauses, named after Roman author, Seneca (c. 4bc- ad 65), upon whose writing it was modeled. Sonnet Sonnet من قصيدة 14 بيت A lyric poem consisting of fourteen lines, usually written in iambic pentameter. The genre was popularized by Italian poet Francesco Petrarch. There are two main types of sonnet in the Renaissance: Italian (or Petrarchan) sonnets, which are divided into an octave and a sestet, rhyming abbaabba cdecde, and English. Stuart Stuart لعائلة تنسب قصيدة ستاورت relating, to the reign of the Stuart royal family in Scotland (1371 –1714) and Britain (1603– 49, 1660–1714). 11
- 12. Glossary of Literary Terms بالعربي الترجمة Tragedy Tragedy مأساة A serious play about the downfall of a (usually elite) protagonist, often ending with his or her death. Tragicomedy Tragicomedy التراجيدية الدراما الكوميدية A play which combines elements of comedy and tragedy. Renaissance tragicomedies are often serious in tone and Subject matter but generally avoid extreme suffering or death, and end ‘happily’. ‘Unities’ ‘Unities’ مستمدة مسرحية ارسطو من The classical dramatic theory derived from Aristotle which suggested that the action of a play should be unified and should take place in one location, over the course of one day. Prose Prose النثر written or spoken language in its ordinary form, without metrical structure. 12
- 13. Glossary of Literary Terms Drama مسرحيات Poetry شعر Fiction قصة االدب اقسام االنجليزي Literary www.graphicslide.com 13