STAGES AND PRINCIPLES OF DEVELOPMENT.pdf
- 1. STAGES AND PRINCIPLES OF DEVELOPMENT Presented by – Arshmah Hussain
- 2. ➢ Stages of Development :- 1. Prenatal Period – (Conception of 9 months). 2. Infancy – ( Birth to 2yrs) – Sense based. 3. Early childhood – ( 2 to 6yrs) – Toy age / Play age. 4. Later childhood – (6 to 12yrs) – Troublesome age. 5. Adolescence – (13 to 19yrs) – Identity crisis. # A/c to WHO 10 – 19 years is adolescence period.
- 3. PRINCIPLES OF THE DEVELOPMENT 1. Principle of continuity / change :- • Development follows continuity. • From womb to tomb. • It is a never ending process. • Individual starts from tiny cell and develops into proper personality. • Major changes – size & proportion, Acuisition of new mental ability, emotions, behavioural and motor skills.
- 4. 2. Principle of proceeding from general to specific :- • Initially gives general responses. • Learn to show specific and goal oriented responses. • Ex – Newly born uses entire body to cry. 3. Principle of Individual Differences :- • Interaction between heredity and environmental influences leads to individual differences. • Caused by inherit of genes and environmental conditions.
- 5. Ex – Food, medical facilities, psychological conditions. • Learning Oppertunities. • Even twins do have differences. 4. Principle of uniform pattern / sequences :- • Development has uniformity & few individual differences. Ex – Development of language in child. • Physical Development is also in sequences. • Starts from heart, milk teethfalls first, lower portion develops later.
- 6. 5. Principle of direction :- • Different rate of development. • Development of similar species follow similar pattern, sequence or direction. i. Cephalo – caudal sequences – ( Head to toe). ii. Proximaldistal sequences – ( centre to periphery). 6. Principle of Integration :- • Proceed from general to specific. • From whole to parts
- 7. • Later we learn to combine specific responses. • Ex – Cycling. • We integrate. 7. Principle of Interrelation :- • All physical, mental, social, emotional developments are interrelated & inter dependent. • Each area is inter dependent and influences each other. • Ex – Child with poor physical development regress in emotional ,social, and intellectual development.
- 8. 8. Principle of maturation and learning :- • Learning is not possible / complete without maturity. • Maturity is unfolding of potential Ex – Crawling, creeping, walking comes with maturity. • Learning and development becomes limited without proper maturation.
- 9. 9. Principle of joint product of heredity and environment :- • Growth and development is joint product of heredity and environment. • Heredity is foundation of the personality of child. • Both cannot be separated.
- 10. 10. Principle of total development :- • Physical development is as per time and side by side. • Also develop social, emotional, mental etc. • All depends on each other and affect each other. • Similar as interrelation. 11. Principle of spiral vs. linear :- • Don’t proceed in straight line with constant speed. • Make advancement during one period and takes rest in next period. • Happen to consolidate development.
- 11. • Turn back and make forward again. 12. Principle of significance of early development- • Early childhood experiences have more impact on development of child. Ex- Nutritional, Emotional, Social and cultural experiences.
- 12. Summary :- âť– Development involves change. âť– It follows a fixed pattern / sequence. âť– It proceed from general to specific. âť– It is co related. âť– It is predictable. âť– It occurs at different rate for different body parts. âť– It proceed stage by stage. âť– Early development is more important than later development.
- 13. âť– Development is continuous. âť– There are individual differences. âť– It is a product of maturation & learning.