Standard Score And The Normal Curve
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Student A's geography score is average (z = 0), spelling is excellent (z = 2), and arithmetic is superior (z = 3).
Standard Score And The Normal Curve
- 1. BUKIDNON STATE UNIVERSITY Graduate External Studies Surigao Study Center Surigao City Standard Scores and the Normal Curve Report Presentation by: Mary Jane C. Lepiten Araya I. Mejorada Johny S. Natad 16 January 2010
- 2. Content for Discussion Standard Scores or Z scores by: Ms. Mary Jane C. Lepiten Uses of Z scores by: Johny S. Natad The Normal Curve by Ms. Araya I. Mejorada
- 3. Ms. Mary Jane C. Lepiten A z score is a raw score expressed What is a in standard deviation units. z-score? z scores are sometimes called standard scores X −X X −µ Here is the formula for a z score: z = or z = S σ
- 4. Computational Formula X −X x X −µ z= = or z= S s σ Where X = any raw score or unit of measurement X , s = mean and standard deviation of the distribution of scores µ ,σ = mean and standard deviation of the distribution of scores Score minus the mean divided by the standard deviation
- 5. Using z scores to compare two raw scores from different distributions You score 80/100 on a statistics test and your friend also scores 80/100 on their test in another section. Hey congratulations you friend says—we are both doing equally well in statistics. What do you need to know if the two scores are equivalent? the mean? What if the mean of both tests was 75? You also need to know the standard deviation What would you say about the two test scores if the S in your class was 5 and the S in your friends class is 10?
- 6. Calculating z scores What is the z score for your test: raw score = 80; mean = 75, S = 5? X −X 80 − 75 z= z= =1 S 5 What is the z score of your friend’s test: raw score = 80; mean = 75, S = 10? X −X 80 − 75 z= z= = 0. 5 S 10 Who do you think did better on their test? Why do you think this?
- 7. Calculating z scores Example: Raw scores are 46, 54, 50, 60, 70. The mean is 60 and a standard deviation of 10. X x z X −X 70 − 60 10 z= = = =1 S 10 10 70 10 1.00 60 − 60 0 60 0 .00 z= = = .0 10 10 50 - 10 - 1.00 50 − 60 − 10 z= = = −1 10 10 54 -6 - 0.60 54 − 60 − 6 z= = = −0.6 46 - 14 - 1.40 10 10 46 − 60 − 14 z= = = −1.4 10 10
- 8. Why z-scores? z- Transforming scores in order to make comparisons, especially when using different scales Gives information about the relative standing of a score in relation to the characteristics of the sample or population Location relative to mean Relative frequency and percentile
- 9. What does it tell us? z-score describes the location of the raw score in terms of distance from the mean, measured in standard deviations Gives us information about the location of that score relative to the “average” deviation of all scores
- 10. Z-score Distribution Mean of zero ◦ Zero distance from the mean Standard deviation of 1 Z-score distribution always has same shape as raw score. If distribution was positively skewed to begin with, z scores made from such a distribution would be positively skewed.
- 11. Distribution of the various types of standard scores z Scores -3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3 Navy Scores 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 ACT 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 CEEB 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
- 12. Transformation Equation Transformations consist of making the scale larger, so that negative scores are eliminated, and of suing a larger standard deviation, so that decimals are done away with. Transformation scores equation: standard score= z(new standard deviation) + the new mean
- 13. Transformation Equation standard score= z(new standard deviation) + the new mean A common form for these transformations is based upon a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. in equation form this becomes: standard score= z(10) + 50 Or starting with the raw score, we have: X−X Standard score = (10) + 50 S
- 14. Fun facts about z scores • Any distribution of raw scores can be converted to a distribution of z scores The mean of a distribution has a z zero score of ____? Positive z scores represent raw scores that are __________ (above or below) above the mean? Negative z scores represent raw scores below that are __________ (above or below) the mean?
- 15. Mr. Johny S. Natad Comparing scores from different distributions Interpreting/desribing individual scores Describing and interpreting sample means
- 16. Comparing Different Variables Standardizes different scores PART A: RAW SCORES Student Geography Spelling Arithmetic A 60 140 40 B 72 100 36 C 46 110 24 etc. Mean Mean 60 100 22 Standard deviation Standard deviation 10 20 6 PART B: STANDARD SCORES Student Geography Spelling Arithmetic Average A 50 70 80 67 B 62 50 73 62 C 36 55 53 48 Using X −X Standard score = (10) + 50 transformation S equation: 60 − 60 SS = (10) + 50 = (0) + 50 = 50 10
- 17. Interpreting Individual Scores PART A: RAW SCORES Student Geography Spelling Arithmetic A 60 140 40 B 72 100 36 C 46 110 24 etc. Mean 60 100 22 Standard deviation 10 20 6 PART B: STANDARD SCORES Student Geography Spelling Arithmetic Average A 50 70 80 67 B 62 50 73 62 C 36 55 53 48 Student A’s performance is average in geography, excellent in spelling, and superior in arithmetic.
- 18. Using standard deviation units to describe individual scores Here is a distribution with a mean of 100 and standard deviation of 10: 80 90 100 110 120 -2 s -1 s 1s 2s What score is one standard deviation below the mean? 90 What score is two standard deviation above the mean? 120
- 19. Using standard deviation units to describe individual scores Here is a distribution with a mean of 100 and standard deviation of 10: 80 90 100 110 120 -2 s -1 s 1s 2s How many standard deviations below the mean is a 1 score of 90? How many standard deviations above the mean is a 2 score of 120?
- 20. Describing Individual Scores PART B: STANDARD SCORES Student Geography Spelling Arithmetic Average A 50 70 80 67 B 62 50 73 62 C 36 55 53 48 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 scores 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Student A 50 67 70 80 X −µ z = 1. What is the standard deviation of 50? 0 ___ σ 2. What is the standard deviation of 70? ___ 2 = 67 − 50 3. What is the standard deviation of 80? ___ 10 3 17 4. What is the standard deviation of 67? 1.7 ___ = = 1 .7 10
- 21. Describing Individual Scores PART B: STANDARD SCORES Student Geography Spelling Arithmetic Average A 50 70 80 67 B 62 50 73 62 C 36 55 53 48 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 scores 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Student A 50 67 70 80 0 1.7 2 3 Student A is at mean in Geography, 2 standard deviation above the mean in Spelling, 3 standard deviation above the mean in Arithmetic and has an average of 67 which is 1.7 standard deviation above the mean.
- 22. Describing Individual Scores PART B: STANDARD SCORES Student Geography Spelling Arithmetic Average A 50 70 80 67 B 62 50 73 62 C 36 55 53 48 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 scores 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Student A 50 67 70 80 0 1.7 2 3 Student B 50 62 73 0 1.2 2.3 Student C 36 48 53 55 -1.4 -0.2 0.3 0.5
- 23. Using the z-Table z- Important when dealing with decimal z- scores Gives information about the area between the mean and the z and the area beyond z in the tail Use z-scores to define psychological attributes
- 24. Using z-scores to Describe Sample z- Means Useful for evaluating the sample and for inferential statistical procedures Evaluate the sample mean’s relative standing Sampling distribution of means could be created by plotting all possible means with that sample size and is always approximately a normal distribution Sometimes the mean will be higher, sometimes lower The mean of the sampling distribution always equals the mean of the underlying raw scores of the population
- 25. Ms. Araya I. Mejorada Random variation conforms to a particular probability distribution known as the normal distribution, which is the most commonly observed probability distribution. Mathematicians de Moivre and Laplace used this distribution in the 1700's de Moivre
- 26. The Standard Normal Curve German mathematician and physicist Karl Friedrich Gauss used it to analyze astronomical data in 1800's, and it consequently became known as the Gaussian distribution among the Karl Friedrich Gauss scientific community. The shape of the normal distribution resembles that of a bell, so it sometimes is referred to as the "bell curve".
- 27. Bell Curve Characteristic Symmetric - the mean coincides with a line that divides the normal curve into parts. It is symmetrical about the mean because the left half of the curve is just equal to the right half. Unimodal - a probability distribution is said to be normal if the mean, median and mode coincide at a single point Extends to +/- infinity - left and right tails are asymptotic with respect to the horizontal lines Area under the curve = 1
- 28. Completely Described by Two Parameters The normal distribution can be completely specified by two parameters: 1.mean 2.standard deviation If the mean and standard deviation are known, then one essentially knows as much as if one had access to every point in the data set.
- 29. Drawing of a Normal curve Normal Curve Standardized Normal Curve
- 30. Areas Under the Normal Curve .3413 of the curve falls between the mean and one standard deviation above the mean, which means that about 34 percent of all the values of a normally distributed variable are between the mean and one standard deviation above it
- 31. The normal curve and the area under the curve between σ units about 95 percent of the values lie within two standard deviations of the mean, and 99.7 percent of the values lie within three standard deviations
- 32. Percentage under the Normal Curve at various standard deviation units from the mean 68.26% 2.15% 13.59% 13.59% 2.15% -3s -2s -1s X +1s +2s +3s In a normal distribution: Approximately 68.26% of scores will fall within one standard deviation of the mean
- 33. Points in the Normal Curve 90% 10% c10 c90 N = 1,000 z = −1.28 z = −1.28 µ = 80 Points in the normal curve above or below σ = 16 which different percentage of the curve lie
- 34. Areas Cut Off Between different Points X−X z= S 110 − 80 = 16 16 cases 30 = 16 X = 80 X = 110 = 1.875 z = 1.875
- 35. Equation of z for a different unknown X −µ Similarly, the raw-score equivalent z= of the point below which 10 percent σ of the case fall is: X − 80 1.28 = X − 80 16 1.28 = 16 X − 80 = 16(1.28) X − 80 = −20.48 X = 80 + 20.48 X = 80 − 20.48 X = 100.5 X = 59.5
- 36. Application of Normal Curve Model Can determine the proportion of scores between the mean and a particular score Can determine the number of people within a particular range of scores by multiplying the proportion by N Can determine percentile rank Can determine raw score given the percentile
- 37. Acknowledgement of References: N.M Downie and R.W Heath. Basic Statistical Methods, 5th Edition. Harper & Row Publisher, 1983 Robert Niles http://www.robertniles.com/stats/stdev.shtml Rosita G. Santos, Phd, et. al. Statistics. Escolar University, 1995. Leslie MacGregor. z Scores & the Normal Curve Model (presentation)