Statistics in different fields of life
- 1. In today's world we are faced with situations everyday where statistics can be applied. Statistics can be used to determine the potential outcome of thousands of things where the human mind alone wouldn't be able to. Statistics benefits all of us because we are able to predict the future based on data we have previously gathered. Being able to predict the future not only changes our lifestyle but also helps us be more efficient and effective. With statistics we can determine how we will live a year from now, ten years from now, and so on. This is important because if we didn't have data from the past to look upon, we wouldn't be able to prolong our existence by avoiding recurring climate changes like hurricanes and tsunamis and such. Things like these make our lives easier and help us make educated decisions based on what we already know because of statistics. A good example is that based on data we have gathered from the past, we know that it is extremely likely that in specific parts of the world it will snow during winter and because we know this, we can prepare by having warm clothes ready and the proper equipment to deal with the snow. Statistics are used all over the world. They can be applied in almost any situation and can always help. They are used in explaining group behavior of organisms, marketing research, and the list goes on and on. A good example is how scientists observe the behavior of groups of animals. Scientists can record data from a group of elephants and determine that a certain percentage of elephant herds will defend themselves from predators while the other percentage may run
- 2. away. This kind of data can help scientists predict the elephant's lifestyle and culture. Statistics affects our daily life every day. Researchers use statistics to advertise their products which in turn we the consumer purchase. The price of the products we buy are determined upon statistics which show the demand for the product at that point in time and because of these statistics, we the consumers pay a certain amount of money to buy the product. Another example of how statistics affect me is in school. Every year statistics are looked over and the curriculums for the classes I take are based on data collected in the past. The curriculums are modified and help the learning process. With these statistics we are able to modify things to make them more effective. This is why statistics is important in the first place - we can improve our lifestyle with statistics. If we know how people have lived in the past and how we have evolved, we can prepare for the future and live longer and evolve more effectively. We can tell from data gathered in the 90's that cigarette smoking in the 10th grade has been slowly declining over the years (1). From this we can assume that something is being done correctly to bring the statistics down. Another example is that in 1975, the USA started paying more attention to the spousal homicide rates. The USA took the proper precautions to help lower these rates and it worked (2). Since 1975, the yearly spousal homicide rate has gone down from 2300 to 800. Because of statistics, people were able to make predictions and help save lives. In conclusion, statistics are a major staple of our world today. They are used in practically any situation and help improve our overall lifestyle. Statistics change the way we think about tomorrow and the way we live today and without them.
- 3. It is a fact of life that experimental results always show some degree of random variation, and a chemist needs to be able to handle and quantify the resultant uncertainties. For example, if we measure the concentration of a solution to be 23.00 mg dm-3, it is very unlikely that the true value is exactly 23.00 mg dm-3 - so how do we describe the result in a way that conveys the inherent uncertainty? The best that we can do might be to say that we are 95% confident that the true value lies between 22.86 mg dm-3 and 23.14 mg dm-3 - this is an example of a 95% confidence interval. To calculate this ‘confidence interval’ we need some simple mathematics to handle the random variation in experimental data - this is a function of the branch of mathematics called ‘statistics’. Statistics also allows a chemist to make decisions, based on probabilities, in a way that is understood and accepted universally by other scientists. This is the area of statistics called hypothesis testing, which provides a range of tests suitable for different problems. For example, a number of replicate measures of a pollutant in industrial waste water might suggest that a regulatory level has been exceeded - but could the difference be due only to random uncertainty in the measurement itself? A t-test could be used to decide, with a defined level of confidence, whether the regulation has been broken. ------------------------- The sources of experimental variation fall into TWO main categories:
- 4. • Variations in the measurement process itself, e.g. variations in the output from a spectrophotometer when exactly the same measurement is repeated. • Variations in the system being measured, e.g. the emission from a radioactive isotope shows random fluctuations in addition to its long-term exponential decay. 1. Design of Experiments (DOE) uses statistical techniques to test and construct models of engineering components and systems. 2. Quality control and process control use statistics as a tool to manage conformance to specifications of manufacturing processes and their products. 3. Time and methods engineering uses statistics to study repetitive operations in manufacturing in order to set standards and find optimum (in some sense) manufacturing procedures. 4. Reliability engineering uses statistics to measures the ability of a system to perform for its intended function (and time) and has tools for improving performance. 5. Probabilistic design uses statistics in the use of probability in product and system design. The most obvious answer runs as follows: Understanding the physical world, from large scale processes (e.g., the orbit of planets around the sun), to small scale processes (e.g., the behavior of sub-atomic particles) involves experimentation. The experiments physicists carry out produce
- 5. data, and statistics is required to make sense of the data. Usually results are inductive. The physicist can use the observations in the experiment to make general statements about the nature of the universe (this is called "inferential" statistics). Economics largely depends upon statistics. National income accounts are multipurpose indicators for economists and administrators, and statistical methods are used to prepare these accounts. In economics research, statistical methods are used to collect and analyze the data and test hypotheses. The relationship between supply and demand is studied by statistical methods; imports and exports, inflation rates, and per capita income are problems which require a good knowledge of statistics. Statistics plays an important role in banking. Banks make use of statistics for a number of purposes. They work on the principle that everyone who deposits their money with the banks does not withdraw it at the same time. The bank earns profits out of these deposits by lending it to others on interest. Bankers use statistical approaches based on probability to estimate the number of deposits and their claims for a certain day.
- 6. 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 1948 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2005 Exports Exports SIMPLE BAR CHART:- Exports of Pakistan (in US $ million)
- 7. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Pakistan India UK Egypt Japan Birth Rate Death Rate 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 no. of goats no. of sheep MULTIPLE BAR CHART :- Death & Birth Rate In different Countries COMPONENT BAR CHART:- No. Of Sheep & Goats In Different Cities Of Pak.