Statistics Information about Probability

Section 6.2-1
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc.
Lecture Slides
Essentials of
Statistics
5th Edition
and the Triola Statistics Series
by Mario F. Triola

Section 6.2-2
Chapter 6
Normal Probability Distributions
6-1 Review and Preview
6-2 The Standard Normal Distribution
6-3 Applications of Normal Distributions
6-4 Sampling Distributions and Estimators
6-5 The Central Limit Theorem
6-6 Assessing Normality
6-7 Normal as Approximation to Binomial

Section 6.2-3
Key Concept
This section presents the standard normal
distribution which has three properties:
1. Its graph is bell-shaped.
2. Its mean is equal to 0 (μ = 0).
3. Its standard deviation is equal to 1 (σ = 1).
Develop the skill to find areas (or probabilities or
relative frequencies) corresponding to various
regions under the graph of the standard normal
distribution. Find z scores that correspond to area
under the graph.

Section 6.2-4
Uniform Distribution
A continuous random variable has a uniform
distribution if its values are spread evenly
over the range of probabilities. The graph of
a uniform distribution results in a rectangular
shape.

Section 6.2-5
A density curve is the graph of a continuous
probability distribution. It must satisfy the
following properties:
Density Curve
1. The total area under the curve must equal 1.
2. Every point on the curve must have a vertical
height that is 0 or greater. (That is, the curve
cannot fall below the x-axis.)

Section 6.2-6
Because the total area under the
density curve is equal to 1, there is a
correspondence between area and
probability.
Area and Probability

Section 6.2-7
Using Area to Find Probability
Given the uniform distribution illustrated, find the
probability that a randomly selected voltage level is
greater than 124.5 volts.
Shaded area
represents
voltage levels
greater than
124.5 volts.

Section 6.2-8
Standard Normal Distribution
The standard normal distribution is a normal
probability distribution with μ = 0 and σ = 1.
The total area under its density curve is equal
to 1.

Section 6.2-9
Finding Probabilities When
Given z Scores
• We can find areas (probabilities) for different
regions under a normal model using
technology or Table A-2.
• Technology is strongly recommended.

Section 6.2-10
Methods for Finding Normal
Distribution Areas

Section 6.2-11
Methods for Finding Normal
Distribution Areas

Section 6.2-12
Table A-2

Section 6.2-13
1. It is designed only for the standard normal distribution,
which has a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1.
2. It is on two pages, with one page for negative z scores
and the other page for positive z scores.
3. Each value in the body of the table is a cumulative area
from the left up to a vertical boundary above a specific z
score.
Using Table A-2

Section 6.2-14
4. When working with a graph, avoid confusion between z
scores and areas.
z score: Distance along horizontal scale of the standard
normal distribution; refer to the leftmost column and top
row of Table A-2.
Area: Region under the curve; refer to the values in the
body of Table A-2.
5. The part of the z score denoting hundredths is found
across the top.
Using Table A-2

Section 6.2-15
A bone mineral density test can be helpful in identifying the
presence of osteoporosis.
The result of the test is commonly measured as a z score,
which has a normal distribution with a mean of 0 and a
standard deviation of 1.
A randomly selected adult undergoes a bone density test.
Find the probability that the result is a reading less than 1.27.
Example – Bone Density Test

Section 6.2-16
Example – continued
( 1.27)
P z  

Section 6.2-17
Look at Table A-2

Section 6.2-18
The probability of random adult having a bone
density less than 1.27 is 0.8980.
( 1.27) 0.8980
P z  

Section 6.2-19
Using the same bone density test, find the probability that a
randomly selected person has a result above –1.00 (which is
considered to be in the “normal” range of bone density
readings.
The probability of a randomly selected adult having a bone
density above –1 is 0.8413.

Section 6.2-20
A bone density reading between –1.00 and –2.50 indicates
the subject has osteopenia. Find this probability.
1. The area to the left of z = –2.50 is 0.0062.
2. The area to the left of z = –1.00 is 0.1587.
3. The area between z = –2.50 and z = –1.00 is the difference
between the areas found above.

Section 6.2-21
denotes the probability that the z score is between a and b.
denotes the probability that the z score is greater than a.
denotes the probability that the z score is less than a.
Notation
( )
P a z b
 
( )
P z a

( )
P z a


Section 6.2-22
Finding z Scores from Known Areas
1. Draw a bell-shaped curve and identify the region
under the curve that corresponds to the given
probability. If that region is not a cumulative region
from the left, work instead with a known region that is
a cumulative region from the left.
2.Using the cumulative area from the left, locate the
closest probability in the body of Table A-2 and
identify the corresponding z score.

Section 6.2-23
Finding z Scores
When Given Probabilities
5% or 0.05
(z score will be positive)
Finding the 95th Percentile

Section 6.2-24
Finding z Scores
When Given Probabilities
Finding the 95th Percentile
1.645
5% or 0.05
(z score will be positive)

Section 6.2-25
Using the same bone density test, find the bone density scores
that separates the bottom 2.5% and find the score that
separates the top 2.5%.

Section 6.2-26
Definition
For the standard normal distribution, a critical value is a
z score separating unlikely values from those that are
likely to occur.
Notation: The expression zα denotes the z score withan
area of α to its right.

Section 6.2-27
Example
Find the value of z0.025.
The notation z0.025 is used to represent the z score with
an area of 0.025 to its right.
Referring back to the bone density example,
z0.025 = 1.96.

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