Stats Data and Models 3rd Edition Richard D. De Veaux
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- 5. Stats Data and Models 3rd Edition Richard D. De Veaux Digital Instant Download Author(s): Richard D. De Veaux, Paul Velleman, David E. Bock ISBN(s): 9780321692559, 0321692551 Edition: 3 File Details: PDF, 50.72 MB Language: english
- 7. Stats Data and Models THIRD EDITION
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- 9. EDITION 3 Richard D. De Veaux Williams College Paul F. Velleman Cornell University David E. Bock Cornell University Stats Data and Models Addison-Wesley Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montréal Toronto Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo
- 10. Editor in Chief Deirdre Lynch Acquisitions Editor Christopher Cummings Senior Content Editor Chere Bemelmans Assistant Editors Dana Jones Bettez and Christina Lepre Senior Managing Editor Karen Wernholm Associate Managing Editor Tamela Ambush Senior Production Project Manager Sheila Spinney Digital Assets Manager Marianne Groth Supplements Production Coordinator Kerri McQueen Senior Media Producer Christine Stavrou Software Development Robert Carroll and Marty Wright Marketing Manager Alex Gay Marketing Coordinator Kathleen DeChavez Senior Author Support/Technology Joe Vetere Specialist Rights and Permissions Advisor Michael Joyce Image Manager Rachel Youdelman Senior Manufacturing Buyer Carol Melville Senior Media Buyer Ginny Michaud Design Manager Andrea Nix Cover Designer Beth Paquin Text Design The Davis Group, Inc. Production Coordination, Composition, and Illustrations PreMediaGlobal Cover Image Internet mapping project Patent(s) Pending & Copyright © Lumeta Corporation 2009–2010. All Rights Reserved. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data De Veaux, Richard D. Stats : data and models / Richard D. De Veaux, Paul F. Velleman, David E. Bock. — 3rd ed. p. cm. ISBN 13: 978-0-321-69260-3 (instructor’s edition) ISBN 13: 978-0-321-69255-9 (student edition) ISBN 10: 0-321-69260-8 (instructor’s edition) ISBN 10: 0-321-69255-1 (student edition) 1. Statistics—Textbooks. 2. Mathematical statistics—Textbooks. I. Velleman, Paul F., 1949- II. Bock, David E. III. Title. QA276.12.D417 2012 519.5—dc22 2010005111 For permission to use copyrighted material, grateful acknowledgment has been made to the copyright holders listed in Appendix D, which is hereby made part of this copyright page. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and Addison-Wesley was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Copyright © 2012, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. For information on obtaining permission for use of material in this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Rights and Contracts Department, 501 Boylston Street, Boston, MA 02116, fax your request to 617-848-7047, or e-mail at http://www.pearsoned.com/legal/ permissions.htm. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10—QGD—12 11 10 ISBN 13: 978-0-321-69255-9 ISBN 10: 0-321-69255-1
- 11. To Sylvia, who has helped me in more ways than she’ll ever know, and to Nicholas, Scyrine, Frederick, and Alexandra, who make me so proud in everything that they are and do —Dick To my sons, David and Zev, from whom I’ve learned so much, and to my wife, Sue, for taking a chance on me —Paul To Greg and Becca, great fun as kids and great friends as adults, and especially to my wife and best friend, Joanna, for her understanding, encouragement, and love —Dave
- 12. Meet the Authors Richard D. De Veaux is an internationally known educator and consultant. He has taught at the Wharton School and the Princeton University School of Engineering, where he won a “Lifetime Award for Dedication and Excellence in Teaching.” Since 1994, he has been Professor of Statistics at Williams College. Dick has won both the Wilcoxon and Shewell awards from the American Society for Quality. He is a fellow of the American Statistical Association. Dick is also well known in industry, where for the past 20 years he has consulted for such companies as Hewlett-Packard, Alcoa, DuPont, Pillsbury, General Electric, and Chemical Bank. He has also sometimes been called the “Official Statistician for the Grateful Dead.” His real- world experiences and anecdotes illustrate many of this book’s chapters. Dick holds degrees from Princeton University in Civil Engineering (B.S.E.) and Mathematics (A.B.) and from Stanford University in Dance Education (M.A.) and Statistics (Ph.D.), where he studied with Persi Diaconis. His research focuses on the analysis of large data sets and data mining in science and industry. In his spare time he is an avid cyclist and swimmer. He also is the founder and bass for the “Diminished Faculty,” an a cappella Doo-Wop quartet at Williams College. Dick is the father of four children. Paul F. Velleman has an international reputation for innovative Statistics education. He is the author and designer of the multimedia statistics CD-ROM ActivStats, for which he was awarded the EDUCOM Medal for innovative uses of computers in teaching Statistics, and the ICTCM Award for Innovation in Using Technology in College Mathematics. He also developed the award-winning statistics program, Data Desk, and the Internet site Data And Story Library (DASL) (http://dasl.datadesk.com), which provides data sets for teaching Statistics. Paul’s understanding of using and teaching with technology informs much of this book’s approach. Paul has taught Statistics at Cornell University since 1975. He holds an A.B. from Dartmouth College in Mathematics and Social Science, and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Statistics from Princeton University, where he studied with John Tukey. His research often deals with statistical graphics and data analysis methods. Paul co-authored (with David Hoaglin) ABCs of Exploratory Data Analysis. Paul is a Fellow of the American Statistical Association and of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Outside of class, Paul sings baritone in a barbershop quartet. He is the father of two boys. David E. Bock taught mathematics at Ithaca High School for 35 years. He has taught Statistics at Ithaca High School, Tompkins-Cortland Community College, Ithaca College, and Cornell University. Dave has won numerous teaching awards, including the MAA’s Edyth May Sliffe Award for Distinguished High School Mathematics Teaching (twice), Cornell University’s Outstanding Educator Award (three times), and has been a finalist for New York State Teacher of the Year. Dave holds degrees from the University at Albany in Mathematics (B.A.) and Statistics/Education (M.S.). Dave has been a reader and table leader for the AP Statistics exam, serves as a Statistics consultant to the College Board, and leads workshops and institutes for AP Statistics teachers. He has recently served as K-12 Education and Outreach Coordinator and as a senior lecturer for the Mathematics Department at Cornell University. His understanding of how students learn informs much of this book’s approach. Dave relaxes by biking and hiking. He and his wife have enjoyed many days camping across Canada and through the Rockies. They have a son, a daughter, and three grandchildren.
- 13. vii PART I PART II PART III PART IV Preface ix Index of Applications xix Exploring and Understanding Data Chapter 1 Stats Starts Here 1 Chapter 2 Data 6 Chapter 3 Displaying and Describing Categorical Data 18 Chapter 4 Displaying and Summarizing Quantitative Data 44 Chapter 5 Understanding and Comparing Distributions 80 Chapter 6 The Standard Deviation as a Ruler and the Normal Model 109 Review of Part I Exploring and Understanding Data 141 Exploring Relationships between Variables Chapter 7 Scatterplots, Association, and Correlation 150 Chapter 8 Linear Regression 178 Chapter 9 Regression Wisdom 213 Chapter 10 Re-expressing Data: Get It Straight! 237 Review of Part II Exploring Relationships between Variables 257 Gathering Data Chapter 11 Understanding Randomness 267 Chapter 12 Sample Surveys 281 Chapter 13 Experiments and Observational Studies 305 Review of Part III Gathering Data 330 Randomness and Probability Chapter 14 From Randomness to Probability 336 Chapter 15 Probability Rules! 355 Chapter 16 Random Variables 381 Chapter 17 Probability Models 404 Review of Part IV Randomness and Probability 425 Contents
- 14. viii C O NTE NTS From the Data at Hand to the World at Large Chapter 18 Sampling Distribution Models 431 Chapter 19 Confidence Intervals for Proportions 457 Chapter 20 Testing Hypotheses about Proportions 477 Chapter 21 More about Tests and Intervals 499 Chapter 22 Comparing Two Proportions 525 Review of Part V From the Data at Hand to the World at Large 544 Learning about the World Chapter 23 Inferences about Means 550 Chapter 24 Comparing Means 580 Chapter 25 Paired Samples and Blocks 611 Chapter 26 Comparing Counts 633 Review of Part VI Learning about the World 664 Inference When Variables Are Related Chapter 27 Inferences for Regression 673 Chapter 28 Analysis of Variance 713 Chapter 29 Multifactor Analysis of Variance 750 Chapter 30 Multiple Regression 784 Chapter 31 Multiple Regression Wisdom 813 Review of Part VII Inference When Variables Are Related 849 Appendixes A Answers A-1 B Photo Acknowledgments A-47 C Index A-49 D Tables A-63 PART V PART VI PART VII
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- 16. All interior floors, such as floors of cellar, barns and stables require no contraction joints. They are made by laying a solid continuous sheet of concrete. All outside floors should have contraction joints forming slabs not over 6 feet square. These are provided the same as in sidewalks. A feeding floor is formed merely by sidewalk pavements set side by side. Instead of using a template for crowning the surface, use a straight edge, each end resting on the extreme outside forms to give a slope to the feeding floor. Contraction joints for exterior floors are formed in the same way as for sidewalks. The concrete is also placed in alternate slabs and finished in the same way as sidewalks. When completed the walk or floor must be continuously protected from the rays of the sun and from the wind for at least three days, so that it will not dry out at any time. This can be easily done by covering the concrete when it is hard with hay, straw, or old carpet. This covering should be thoroughly soaked with water, and kept wet for three or four days or longer if economy will permit.
- 17. While the walk or floor is hardening it should be so protected as to prevent persons or animals from disfiguring the surface by walking on it.
- 18. A Foundation Gutter and Walk Foundation gutters catch the water from off the rain-beaten side of the building, quickly carry it away, and, by preventing “seepage,” keep the cellar, basement, or ground-floor dry. In sloppy, muddy weather, they also serve as convenient walks around the out- buildings. Determine the grading or sloping of the gutter bottom from observation of direction of the flow of surface water during rain storms, or from local conditions, such as location of outlet into underground drain. Excavate a trench 1 foot 6 inches in width, 10 inches deep on each side, and hollowed out to 13 inches deep in the middle. Use a straight edge or a grade cord, together with a spirit level, to give the bottom of the trench the desired slope or “fall.” For each foot of length a slope of one-eighth inch will be sufficient. Clean the dirt off the foundation wall with a stiff broom or brush.
- 19. In the bottom of the trench place a 6-inch foundation of well-“tamped” gravel, brickbats or crushed stone. Make a one-bag batch of concrete in proportions, 1: 2½: 5. Have the mixture just wet enough to tamp well. Place a 4-inch thickness of concrete to form a dish-shaped gutter 3 inches deep in the middle. Every five feet, make an expansion joint ⅛ of an inch wide by inserting a metal strip not less than 7 inches wide and 18 inches long, or by cutting a joint entirely through the concrete with a straight spade. Smooth the surface with a wooden float.
- 20. Materials Required One cubic yard crushed rock or screened gravel; ½ cubic yard sand; 6 bags of Portland cement, for a 50-foot section.
- 21. Repairs to Farm Buildings Since wood always fails first at the ground, the use of concrete on the farm has developed from the ground up. After a farmer has had to replace several sills or blocks of wood, he begins to look about him for a new material which will not rot or will not have to be replaced. Concrete is his natural selection. Support the building by temporary struts, alongside of the post to be removed. Saw off post entirely above rotten part. Dig a hole directly under the post 2 feet deep, and slightly larger than the post itself. Build a box with sides only, with the same inside measurement as the hole already dug. The box must be long enough to reach from the ground to a few inches above the bottom of post.
- 22. Fill hole with concrete, mixed 1: 2: 4. Then place the box in position, and fill it with concrete until the bottom of the sawed- off post is embedded about ½ an inch in the mixture. Leave the forms in place for one week and after two weeks remove the struts which have been used as temporary support for the building. The concrete should be mixed fairly wet, and churned with a stick while being placed. The bottom of the foundation may be made larger than the top, by simply sloping one side of the box form—giving the effect shown in the photograph. Why Concrete Should be Used to Repair Farm Buildings Repairs to foundations of this kind vary greatly in size and shape. Concrete is the only material which can be used for any purpose, whether large or small, without first having to be cut to the shape and size desired. Consequently there is no cheaper known material for this kind of work.
- 23. Replacing an Entire Foundation with Concrete The work can be done by the farmer, with the help of his own farm labor, at times when more important work is not claiming his attention. Foundations of concrete are indestructible. At necessary points, remove a few stones or bricks, as the case may be, inserting short pieces of heavy timber to wedge or jack up the building. Carefully raise the building, by this means, until it stands free of all foundations. Remove all the old stone or brick foundation to be replaced, and set in place the forms for the concrete. Small buildings can usually be raised high enough to allow working room, whereby the form may be filled right up to the top
- 24. with concrete. The mixture should be a wet one. (Proportions, 1: 2: 4.) Where buildings are too cumbersome to be raised by “jacking,” to a sufficient height to give head-room, it will be found necessary to make the foundations 3 inches wider than the sill. Carry the forms to the desired height and utilize this extra 3 inches of width for placing the concrete in the forms. The top board of the forms may also be left off until you are ready to place the last of the concrete. In this case the last batch of the concrete should be very wet. Tamp the concrete until it comes up flush with the bottom of the sill, to the entire width of the wall. Be sure to leave a space in the concrete wall, under and on the sides of the underpinning support, so that the building may later be lowered back onto the new foundation and the timber removed. This opening must be slightly larger than the underpinning support. After the building has been lowered fill these openings with concrete. Lower the building after the foundation has been in two weeks.
- 25. A Concrete Entrance Floor At a point 3 feet from the building, dig a trench 6 inches wide and 18 inches deep—the length of this trench to be 2 feet greater than the width of the doorway of the building. From the edge of the trench nearest to the building, dig away the earth between trench and building to a depth of 1 foot, and place here, to a depth of 6 inches, a fill of either coarse gravel or crushed rock. Do not, however, place any of this gravel fill in the trench. Mix concrete 1:
- 26. 2½: 5, and lay same, first in the trench, and then on top of the gravel fill; sloping the surface so that it just meets the floor level at the doorway. Before the concrete has had time to set, provide a runway slot for the sliding doors—or better, build little guides or humps with the concrete, to hold the doors in position. If the doors happen to be swinging ones, place a gas pipe or iron socket in the soft concrete, for a “shove-fastener.” Note the concrete curb on the right of entrance door. This prevents the gravel that surrounds the building from washing down onto the approach and getting in the way of the doors. To build this curb, use 1-inch planks placed on top of the concrete floor, to serve as forms to hold concrete in place. Materials Required One cubic yard of crushed stone or screened gravel; 2½ cubic yards of sand; 5 bags of Portland cement. This entrance floor was constructed in half a day, by one man.
- 28. Farm Buildings Should be Connected by a Concrete Driveway By using concrete to connect up buildings, this farmer has a solid, substantial roadway that will last for all time—instead of the usual muddy, untidy space that ordinarily separates such buildings. To construct a driveway between the various buildings of a farm, first excavate a trench 12 inches deep, this trench being the exact width that you wish the finished driveway to be. Six feet is a convenient width; but the drive should be made slightly wider than this at the corners to provide for turning of vehicles. Place in the trench a fill of gravel to a depth of 6 inches and tamp it well. On top of the gravel fill, place your concrete mixture, to a depth of 6 inches on the sides, and 7 inches at the center. For this work, concrete should be mixed in proportions 1: 2½: 5, and wet enough to pack well.
- 29. To finish, no mortar is needed. Leave the surface rough, so as to afford a better footing for the horses and cattle. Materials Required 5 bags of Portland cement make a section of roadway 6 by 10 feet ½ cubic yard of sand 1 cubic yard of crushed stone or screened gravel Approximate cost, at current prices of materials, 6 cents per square foot of surface.
- 30. Alleyways Between Buildings The farmer of to-day plans for comfort and convenience. About the home, mud is the greatest of all nuisances. In the spring and winter, the driveways from the public road and the alleyways between buildings become so muddy that they are often impassable. As a result the grassy lawns and lots are driven over, cut to pieces, and the general appearance of the farm is ruined. Moreover, in bad weather the chores cannot be done unless the “hands” wear rubber boots. The women and children are unable to get out to gather the eggs and to see after the poultry. Muddy feet track up the house walks and floors. Alleyways between buildings are built of concrete similar to driveways with this exception—they are made dish-shaped to the same extent that the driveway is crowned. This carries the roof water away from the buildings instead of letting it soak in around the foundation walls.
- 32. Carriage Washing Floors Nothing will take the sticky mud off the wheels and body of a rig except water. People have at times tried to remove this mud by scraping, but have found that after the mud has once dried a large amount of the varnish comes off with it and the “looks” of the carriage is ruined. Convenience in washing means that the wagon is pulled just outside of the barn and quite near the pump or other source of water supply. All of the carriages are washed in exactly this same spot, and, as this is done day after day the washing place very shortly becomes nothing more nor less than a mud hole. To avoid this a concrete floor should be built. This floor should be of the size to take not only the wheels of the rig but the shafts or tongue as well. Unlike feeding and other floors, this floor is built with a slope toward the center, with a catch basin under the middle, from which a drain leads. Thus all of the water, together with the mud coming off the wagon, flows into the basin. This basin should be protected with a grating, with holes in same not less than ¼ of an inch. This grating should be removable so that the mud, which is bound to flow into the basin, can be removed. A pipe less than 6 inches should not be used to connect this basin up with a sewer or ditch outlet. This will prevent the stoppage of the drain for many years. A slope from the edges of the floor to the drain of ⅛ of an inch to the foot should be made. To lay the floor proceed exactly as described in “Sidewalks,” and, as the floor is exposed to the weather, contraction joints must be provided, as in Feeding Floors. After the floor is finished and while the concrete is yet soft, make grooves in it, running from the basin to the edges of the floor. This can be done by taking a V-shaped strip of wood and driving it into
- 33. the concrete at regular intervals by means of a tamper. This strip of wood should be thoroughly greased so that it may be removed without having the concrete stick to its surface.
- 34. Feeding Floors and Barnyard Pavements The saving principle of feeding floors has long been recognized by successful breeders and feeders of live stock. The trouble, heretofore, has been to obtain an entirely satisfactory material for floor construction. Disadvantages of Wooden Floors Wooden floors kept the feed out of the mud and dust and not only saved every particle of grain but also prevented wheezing coughs and otherwise temporarily improved the health of the animal. However, in a short time, the best wooden floors rotted out and became infected with disease germs. Often floors had to be burned to free the farm of hog cholera. Advantages of Concrete In concrete the farmer and ranchman have found an ideal floor material. Such floors not only effect a saving in feed, a shortening in the time of fattening and a decrease in labor, but also afford perfect protection to the health of the animal. Concrete floors do not soak up water and therefore cannot become infected with disease germs. Their surfaces can be easily cleaned and thoroughly disinfected with oils and dips. Rats cannot nest under them. Careful tests have shown that concrete floors, through the saving of grain and manure alone, pay for themselves in the short period of one year. How to Build Feeding Floors
- 35. Feeding floors are merely several sidewalks laid side by side, and the same general rules of construction (given under Sidewalks,page 28) apply to them. Choose a site in the lot where the ground is slightly sloping, well drained and wind protected, and convenient to feed and water. Drainage Foundation Excavate to a depth of 12 inches for the drainage foundation, and around the outside edges of the entire floor dig a trench 12 inches wide and 18 inches deep. (This trench, filled with concrete, prevents hog wallows from undermining the floor and keeps the rats from nesting under it.) Fill all of this space (except the trench) to the natural ground level with well tamped coarse gravel, crushed rock, tile culls or brickbats. This fill forms the drainage foundation as described for sidewalks. Grading the Floor The floor must be graded or sloped so that water will not collect on it in the winter and so that the manure washings may be caught by the gutters and run to the water-tight concrete manure pit. (To shape the gutter, make a mold or template by rounding the corners on the flat side of a 6-foot length of a 4 by 6-inch timber.) A gentle slope, toward the low corner, of ¼ of an inch for each foot of length or width is sufficient. This is secured by the use of a heavy grade stake at each corner of the floor, a straight edge or a grade line, and a spirit level. It is an advantage to have a feeding floor its full thickness above ground. Make light floors 4 inches and floors subject to heavy loads 6 inches thick. For the forms use 2-inch lumber of a width equal to the floor thickness. Begin on a low side of the floor. Mark the grade height on each corner stake and set the forms to a grade cord
- 36. stretched from stake to stake. Use only good materials and mix the concrete 1: 2½: 5 according to direction on page 15. Placing the Concrete Always begin placing the concrete on the low side of the floor, so that the rain from sudden showers will not run from the hard onto the newly placed concrete. Fill the trench and the slab section of the forms with concrete. Bring the surface to grade by drawing over it a straight edge with its ends on the opposite forms or with one end on the form and the other on the finished concrete. Four inches in from the edge, on each of the low sides, temporarily embed the rounded 4 by 6-inch gutter mold and tamp it down until its square top is even with the surface of the slab section of the floor. Remove the mold, finish with a wooden float and cure the floor as described on pages 31-34. Connect the gutters with the manure pit by means of a trough, another gutter, or by large drain tile laid underground. On the next page is given an itemized bill of materials necessary for a 6-inch floor 24 by 36 feet, amply large to accommodate 50 hogs. Materials Required Crushed rock or screened gravel, 20 cubic yards @ $1.10 $22.00 Sand, 10 cubic yards @ $1.00 10.00 Portland cement, 28 barrels @ $2.50 70.00
- 37. Materials Required $102.00 Mixing the concrete by hand, 5 men can usually finish this floor in two days. Depending upon the price of labor and materials and the thickness of the concrete, the floor will cost 6 to 12 cents for each square foot of surface.
- 38. Manure Pits and Cisterns For restoring the fertility of the fields, there is nothing better than barnyard manure. By the ordinary methods of piling it on the ground or storing it in wooden pens, from 30 to 50 per cent. of the manure’s strength is wasted. This loss is brought about in two ways: First—By “leaching” or washing out, due to heavy rains. Second—By heating or “firing,” caused by lack of sufficient moisture. Since concrete pits are waterproof, manure can be kept in them as moist as necessary. Moreover, with concrete pits the supply of manure is increased, as all the liquid manure, from the gutters of the barns, barnyard pavements and feeding floors, is saved. How to Build Locate the manure pit handy to the barn and so as to catch the manure from the outside floors. Two pits may be better than one. Excavate the hole to the desired size and depth. (Manure pits are seldom over 4 feet deep.) Dig a sump hole 3 feet square and 2 feet deep at one corner of the pit. Slope the floor toward this hole, from which a pump will draw the liquid manure. Frame forms of 1-inch siding on 2 by 4-inch studding spaced 2 feet, so as to mold a wall 8 inches thick. If the dirt sides stand firm, they will serve for the outside form and nothing but an inside form will be required. Mix the concrete 1: 2: 4 (see page 11). Lay the floor so that it will be one solid piece 6 inches thick. No contraction joints will be necessary. Without delay, set up the forms, brace them firmly and fill them with concrete as directed under Dipping Vats, pages 76-80. If a very large pit is needed, build it with sloping concrete ends sufficiently wide to
- 39. accommodate a manure spreader. Let the inclines be gentle, and, to give the horses a firm footing, embed iron cleats every 18 inches in the slopes, the same as for dipping tanks. Cisterns for liquid manure only, may be made like ordinary Cisterns, page 68. However, the solid manure rots more quickly and is better for the fields if both solids and liquids are kept in the same pit. An ordinary pump, with a pipe leading to the sump hole, covered with a grating, is a convenient means of removing the liquid. Liquid manure is especially good for the vegetable and flower garden, since it contains no weed seed. Cover the pits or keep the manure well soaked with water, so as to remove the principal breeding places of the house and barn fly. The manure pit shown in the photograph is located in the side of a little hill. It is 21 feet long, 14 feet wide, 10 feet deep on the hillside and 6 feet deep on the low side. The bottom is 6 inches and the walls 8 inches thick. Four men built the pit in two days. Materials Required Screened gravel or crushed rock 17 cubic yards at $1.10 $18.70
- 40. Materials Required Sand 8½ cubic yards at $1.00 8.50 Portland cement 30 barrels at $2.50 75.00 $102.20 The Value of Manure Pits Rotten manure not only enriches the ground, but also increases the water-holding capacity of the soil. One load of well rotted manure from a concrete pit is worth two loads of manure as ordinarily stored.
- 41. Concrete Barnyards The advantages of concrete feeding floors so appealed to the farmers who first built them that they enlarged the floors until their entire barnyards were surfaced with concrete. It is no uncommon sight in the spring and winter to see an earthen barn lot so deep with mud that animals go thirsty rather than attempt a trip to the water trough. The effect is bad on all kinds of livestock, especially on fattening animals and dairy cattle. “Feeders” must have an abundance of water to fatten quickly. Insufficient water cuts down the quantity of milk given by dairy cows. Lack of enough exercise further decreases the yield. An occasional trip through this mud to the trough, so cakes the cows’ udders with dirt that the milker wastes valuable time in washing them—and they must be washed, if one would have clean, wholesome milk. Continual tracking through the mud not only makes more currying, but often produces that irritation on horses’ legs known as “scratches.” Suddenly frozen, such an earthen lot is so rough that it is impassable. Moreover, the old barnyard—with its surface worked up year after year—becomes a storage place, which carries over the disease germs from one season to another. The “droppings” are entirely lost, and, mixed with the earth, tend to make the lot muddier the following year. To keep up the fertility of the soil, all the manure produced on a farm should be saved and returned to the fields. Concrete Floors Increase Profits A concrete barnyard makes a fine exercise lot in all kinds of weather and always affords a dry spot for the animal’s bed. Every shower washes the surface clean and flushes the droppings into the
- 42. manure pits. Concrete yards lighten the work of the housewife, as there is no mud to be tracked on the walks and kitchen floor. The use of rubber boots is unnecessary. On concrete floors not a particle of grain need be wasted. The way to the water trough is always dry, smooth and passable. Concrete floors promote and protect the health of farm animals and increase the profits of farming, stock raising and dairying. Construction The construction of concrete barnyards is exactly like that of Feeding Floors, page 43, except that the work is on a larger scale. Often the entire lot is not paved in one season, but from year to year as the farmer has time. In excavating for the drainage foundation (see Sidewalks, page 29), be careful to remove all manure and straw which may be tramped into the ground and which may be so solid as to resemble earth. In time any kind of manure decays,
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