Status and scope of alternate hosts in crop pest management
- 1. STATUS AND SCOPE OF ALTERNATE HOSTS IN CROP PEST MANAGEMENT BY P.MANIKANDAN 1st Ph.D Entomology Chairman Dr.V.Selvanarayanan Professor in Entomology
- 4. IMPORTANCE OF ALTERNATE HOSTS IN CROP PEST MANAGEMENT 1. Alternate hosts as reservoir for crop pests 2. Scope of alternate hosts as trap crops 3. Alternate hosts as natural refugia for B.t. transgenic plants 4. Alternate hosts as food and shelter for natural enemies 5. Alternate hosts as dead end hosts Norris and kogan , 2005 4
- 5. 1.Alternate hosts as reservoir for crop pests • Weed as a hosts for different insect and mite pests • Weeds-primary producers • Weeds-alternative hosts for crop pests when the crop is absent or is not in a phenological state suitable for the pest. • Weed used as alternative hosts are located in the crop field, adjacent noncropped land or even within the ecoregion, distant from the crop field. Norris and kogan , 2005 5
- 6. • weeds can enhance or hinder arthropod fitness within the crop field. • Weed presence or absence may affect arthropod survival- Crop canopy is suboptimal for the arthropods. • Weeds- Faster spreading of pest. Norris and kogan , 2005 6
- 7. Alternate host as reservoir for crop pest Food Oviposition substrate Shelter 7
- 8. Alternate host as food Alternate hosts of field crop pests 8
- 9. Kandu Jigi Hulu,( 2008). Rice Thrips Eichnocloa crusgali Rice water weevil Fimbrisylis tenera 9
- 10. Paspalladium geminatum Rice Gall midge Paspalum scrobiculatum Ischaeum ciliare Panicum spp Cynadon dactylon Eleusine indica 10
- 11. Kandu Jigi Hulu,( 2008). Cynadon dactylon Eichnocloa crusgali Fimbrisylis tenera Rice Whorl maggot 11
- 12. Kandu Jigi Hulu (2008) Rice Blue beetle Ammania sp Imperata spRice Green horned caterpillar 12
- 13. Kandu Jigi Hulu,( 2008). Rice case worm Brachiaria mutica Cyperus rotundusPaspalum scrobiculatum 13
- 14. Razzaque and Karim, 1989 Eichnocloa crusgalli Rice leaf folder Leersia hexandravena sp Leptochloa chinensis Setaria itlalica. 14
- 15. Rice gundhi bugs Paspalum scrobiculatum P. repensEichnocloa crusgalli 15
- 16. Rice Yellow stem borer (Zaheruddeen and Prakasa Rao, 1983) Leptochloa panicoids 16
- 17. (Zaheruddeen and Prakasa Rao, 1983) Rumex dentatusChenopodium album Cyperus difformis Echinochloa colona Rice-root nematode Hirschmanniella oryzae 17
- 18. (Zaheruddeen and Prakasa Rao, 1983) Chilo partellus Pennisetum purpureumm Echinochloa pyramidalis 18
- 19. Spotted pod borer: Maruca testulalis Blue butterfly: Lampides boeticus Gliricidia sepium Sesbania pachycarpa Krutti chyya, 2012 19
- 20. Narrow-leaved vetch, Vicia sativas Cowpea curculio purple cudweed, Gnaphalium purpureum Moss verbena, Verbena tenuisecta. 20
- 21. Red hairy caterpillar Aproaerema modicella Psoralea corylifolia Pennisetum sp Okello et al., 2016 21
- 22. Helicoverpa armigera, Sonchus oleraceus Leaf webber, Antigastra catalaunalis Pedalium murex Sphinx moth-Acherontia styx Clerodendrum phlomidis Gu and Walter, 1999 22
- 23. Tridax procumbensSemilooper, Achaea janata Cotton mealybug Xanthium strumarium Portulaca grandiflora 23
- 24. Cotton stem weevil Abutilon indicum Hibiscus rosa sinensus Corchours olitorius Sida spp 24
- 25. Pink bollworm Pink bollworm Thespesia Hollyhock, Dusky cotton bug Abutilon indicum 25
- 26. Alternate hosts of Horticultural crop pests 26
- 27. Brinjal shoot and fruit borerBrinjal spotted leaf beetle S. Indicum Solanum xanthocarpum Solanum nigrum S.torvum Rai et al., 2014 27
- 28. Cucurbit fruit fly Coccinia Radish flea beetle Gynaudropsis pentaphylla Colorado potato beetle Solanum carolinenese 28
- 29. Thlaspi arvense Cabbage diamond back moth Gynaudropsis pentaphylla Cabbage aphid Capsella bursa-pastoris Gabrys and Pawluk, 1999 29
- 30. Tomato thrips Amaranthus hybridus S. nigrum Tagetes minuta Daturastramonium 30
- 31. Banana aphid Colocasia antiquorum Citrus butterfly Psoralea corylifolia Amomum subulatum 31
- 32. Citrus fruit sucking moth Cocculus pendulus C. hirsutus Tinospora cardifolia 32
- 33. Trianthema portulacastrum Chenopodium albumPortulaca oleracea Beet webworm 33
- 34. Oxalis sp Datura stramonium, Sonchus sp., Tagetes sp Serpentine leaf miner Shepard and Johnson, 2000 34
- 35. Synedrella nodiflora,Erechtites hieraciifolia Deeringia amarantoides Ipomoea aquatica Basella alba Vegetable leaf miner Shepard and Johnson, 2000 35
- 36. Southern beet webworm moth S. indicum Purslane Portulaca oleracea Chenopodium album Solanum nigrum 36
- 37. Alternate hosts as Oviposition Substrates 37
- 38. common chickweed- Stellaria mediaHenbit -Lamium amplexicaule Alfalfa weevil-Hypera postica BenSaad and Bishop,1969 38
- 39. Black cutworms-Agrotis ipsilon Yellow rocket Curly dock-Rumex crispus Busching and Turpin, 1976 39
- 40. Amaranthus retroflexusSpodoptera exigua western corn rootworm-Diabrotica virgifera Setaria spp Greenberg et al., 2002 Kirk and Calkins., 1968 40
- 41. Giant foxtail -Setaria faberii Quackgrass -Elytrigia repens The stalk borer-Papaipema nebris Levine et al., 1975 41
- 42. Alternate host as on Shelter Rice water weevil Dallisgrass -Paspalum dilatatum Blueberry maggot -Rhagoletis mendax Palrang et al.,1994 Geddes et al.,1992 42
- 43. Nematodes (Sunil et al., 2010) weeds-slender amaranth old world diamond flower Tropic ageratum sickle pod balsam apple little ironweed ivy gourd cut leaf ground cherry 43
- 44. (Leo, 1998). Digitaria sanguinalis Cassava infested with Meloidogyne Potato infested with Meloidogyne incognita 44
- 45. Role of weeds in crop ecosystems • Lead to increased pest populations • Japanese beetles (Popillia japonica) in Soybean field(10 fold). • Diabrotica barberi and D. virgifera virgifera in corn • Flower thrips (Megalurothrips sjosdti) populations in cowpeas (Vigna sinensis) Hammond and Stinner., 1987 45
- 46. Scope of weed hosts as trap crops shepherd’s purse Capsella bursa-pastorisTwin cress-Coronopus didymus Hedge mustard- Sisymbrium officinale Cameron et al., 2017 46
- 47. grasshoppers Digitaria ciliaris Coop and Croft .,1993 47
- 48. Army worm Colocasia esculenta Zhou et al., 2010 48
- 49. Army cutworm - Euxoa auxiliaris John, 2014 Tansy mustard - Descurainia pinnata 49
- 50. Sesame webworm, Antigastra catalaunalis Pedalium murex Saravanaraman et al.,2016 50
- 51. western corn rootwormCommon ragweed – Ambrosia artemiisifolia Alternate hosts as natural refugia for B.t crops Losey et al., 2001 51
- 52. Sesbania pachycarpa Maruca vitrata Ibrahim Baoua et al.,2011 52
- 53. Alternate Hosts for Beneficial Arthropods Pollen and nectar provider Host provider 53
- 54. • Weed plants those are growing naturally such as Tridax procumbens, Ageratum sp, Alternanthera sp., etc. which act as nectar source for natural enemies. Tridax procumbens Alternanthera sp Pollen and Nectar provider 54
- 55. • Pollen feeding by the predacious mite Euseius (Amblyseius) finlandicus on poppy (Papaver rhoeas) was reported by Broufas & Koveos (2000) Euseius finlandicus Poppy-Papaver rhoeas 55
- 56. • Weeds differed in their ability to provide additional food for Diadegma insulare, a parasitoid of the Plutella xylostella ; wild mustard (Brassica kaber), yellow rocket (Barbarea vulgaris), and wild carrot (Daucus carota) were as effective as honey-water mixture. Daucus carotaYellow rocket Idrius and graphius, 1995 56
- 57. • Lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) and common sowthistle did not provide nectar, but the parasitoid used honeydew from aphids feeding on the weeds. Norris and kogan, 2005 57 Chenopodium album
- 58. As host provider • Several native parasitoids are developed from host larvae that live on smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus). Tingle et al.,1978 58 Spodoptera spp Amaranthus hybridus
- 59. • Parasitoids of Lygus spp. were found from bugs living on several weeds. Graham et al.,1986 59
- 60. • The mymarid Anagrus epos, which uses the blackberry leafhopper (Dikrella californica) when the grape leafhopper (Erythoneura elegantula) is not present. Doutt and Nakata, 1973. 60 Anagrus epos Dikrella californicablackberry
- 61. Alternate host as Dead-End crops • Yellowrocket, Barbarea vulgaris var. arcuata, works as a dead-end trap crop for the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. Shelton et al., 2004 61
- 62. • Sunn hemp, Crotalaria juncea, has also been suggested as a dead-end trap crop for the bean pod borer, Maruca testulalis . 62 Crotalaria juncea Maruca testulalis
- 63. Constraints 63
- 64. Removal of weeds: Boon or Bane? • Removing spiny amaranth (Amaranthus spinosus)-beans (Phaseolus sp.) by cutworms. Genung.,1959 64 Amaranthus spinosus
- 65. • Reducing London rocket (Sisymbrium irio), and other weeds, drove false chinchbug (Nysius raphanus) to grapes (Vitis vinifera) Barnes.,1970 65 London rocket false chinchbug
- 66. • Burning weeds resulted in the migration of blueberry maggot adults to production blueberry fields. Geddes.,1992 66
- 67. Natural enemies efficiency • Prey eggs present in weed hosts may not be recognised by parasitoids as like primary hosts which results in fewer parasitized eggs. • Percentage parasitization of the rice bug (Leptocorisa oratorius) eggs laid on weeds such as goosegrass (Eleusine indica) and jungle rice (Echinochloa colona) was less than half that of eggs laid on rice (Oryza sativa) plants . Morrils and Almazon, 1990 67
- 68. • Redstem filaree (Erodium cicutarium) and desert plantain (Plantago ovata) are suitable hosts for the beet leafhopper (Circulifer tenellus), but its mymarid egg parasitoid does not function well on these species, with the result that inundative biocontrol releases do not work well when these two species represent much of the vegetation. Al-Wahaibi and Walker, 2000. 68 Redstem filaree Desert plantain
- 69. • Interactions between soybeans and weeds such as showy crotalaria (Crotalaria spectabilis), sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia), and Florida beggarweed (Desmodium tortuosum) resulted in reduced rates of attack on prey by Geocoris punctipes. • Carabid beetles were caught in herbicide- treated than in untreated weedy plots, although there were more carabid and staphylinid larvae in the weedy plots . 69 Norris and Kogan, 2005
- 70. • Problem in using as trap crop over population development leads to field infestation. • Using as dead-end crops is limited because of lack of knowledge on more number of dead end crops. 70
- 71. Conclusion • Destruction of alternate hosts • Trap crops • Refugia • Natural enemies conservation • Dead end crops • Two edged sword 71
- 72. Thank you 72