Labour turnover is defined as the rate of change in staff over a given period. It is caused by personal reasons like higher salaries elsewhere, family issues, or health problems. Avoidable causes include low pay, long work hours, lack of job satisfaction, and disputes. Unavoidable causes are factors like downsizings, national emergencies, or automation. Costs associated with labour turnover are prevention costs to retain employees and replacement costs for training new hires. Indices like separation rate, replacement rate, and flux rate measure turnover. High turnover increases training and delay costs and decreases productivity and efficiency. Measures to control turnover include hiring the right people, orientation, improving work conditions, fair pay, promotion opportunities, and