Steel final
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This document provides information on steel and stainless steel. It discusses the composition of steel as an alloy of iron and carbon, and stainless steel as containing a minimum of 10.5% chromium. It describes the properties and applications of different types and grades of steel and stainless steel, including in construction materials, appliances, transportation, infrastructure, and more. It also discusses the manufacturing process for steel and provides examples of architectural and structural uses of stainless steel.
Steel final
- 1. STEEL & STAINLESS STEEL PRESENTED BY: ABU TAHSIN AKHTER AMIR QURESHI ANIQA SAUD MD ARIF RAZA BHARATI SHAFQUAT AIYUB ZIA ANWER
- 2. INTRODUCTION METAL ALLOYS FERROUS NON- FERROUS CARBON STEEL ALLOY STEEL TOOL STEEL STAINLESS STEEL STEEL Steel Pipes Stainless Steel Pipes
- 3. STEEL An alloy of iron and carbon, often with an admixture of other elements. Other admixtures are manganese, chromium, vanadium and tungsten. Carbon content is between 0.2% and 2.1% APPLICATIONS Widely used in the construction of roads, railways, other infrastructure, appliances, and buildings, transport, Used in a variety of other construction materials, such as bolts, nails, and screws. Screwss Nails Bolts
- 4. Light in weight, but offers great strength. It is durable & malleable. It is ductile, can be moulded easily to form any desired shape. It starts to corrode, on being exposed to moisture and water. It is a good conductor of electricity. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- 5. CARBON STEELS •0.3 – 0.6% carbon containing steel is used for sheeting and structural forms because of its amenability to welding and tooling. •more than 0.6% carbon containing steel is serviceable for dies and cutting tools because of its great hardness and brittleness. ALLOY STEELS •Now most widely used, contain one or more other elements to give them specific qualities. •Aluminium steel is smooth and has a high tensile strength. • Chromium steel finds wide use in automobile and airplane parts on account of its hardness, strength, and elasticity. Fig 1 .carbon steel sheets and dies
- 6. Nickel steel is the most widely used of the alloys; it is nonmagnetic and has the tensile properties of high-carbon steel without the brittleness. • tungsten, molybdenum, and high-manganese steel are other alloys. Fig 2.Alloy Steel motor and power generators Tool Steels: Tool steels contain tungsten, molybdenum, cobalt and vanadium in varying quantities to increase heat resistance and durability, making them ideal for cutting and drilling equipment. Fig 3.Tool steel drilling equipment
- 7. Operations: Steel Manufacturing Iron ore Fluxes Coal LD 2 Sinter Plant Coke Plant Blast Furnace LD 1 Continuous Billet CasterSlab Caster Billets Wire Mills Merchant Mill Slabs Wire RodsReinforced bars Cold Roll Mill Hot Strip Mill Cold Rolled Coils Hot Rolled Coils
- 8. STEEL STAINLESS STEEL Very Less resistance to corrosion High corrosion resistance . Less resistive nature to fire & heat It is resistant to fire and heat Un hygienic in nature Hygienic, non-porous surface coupled with the easy cleaning ability No aesthetic appearance Aesthetic appearance Its not completely recyclable It is 100% recyclable High maintenance is required low maintenance and familiar lustre. Less expensive Highly expensive Easy to fabricate & weld Difficult to fabricate & weld Used in railways, roads, subways, bridges, other huge buildings and modern skyscrapers, ship building, cars, armoured vehicles, and bulldozers Used in facade treatment, surgical instruments, cutlery, home appliances, cookware, storage tanks, food processing plants, etc
- 9. STAINLESS STEEL Stainless steels are family of ferrous alloys of iron containing a minimum of 10.5% chromium and usually at least 50% iron. Upon exposure to air or water, a thin, stable, chromium-rich oxide film forms on the surface of these metals. The layer is too thin to be visible, so the metal stays shiny. It is, however, impervious to water and air, protecting the metal beneath If it is damaged by abrasion, reforms rapidly Generally, corrosion resistance increases with the chromium content of stainless steels Application: in construction, cookware, household hardware, surgical instruments, major appliances, sugar refineries , bridges, sculptures , facade treatment, Storage tanks food processing plants, etc
- 10. Chromium: Forms a protective layer Nickel: content beyond 8-9% further improves both corrosion resistance (especially in acid environments) and workability Molybdenum: is added to improve high temperature strength. Nitrogen: increases strength and enhances resistance to localised corrosion. Copper: increases general corrosion resistance to acids Carbon: enhances hardenablity Silicon: improves resistance to oxidation and is also used in special stainless steels
- 11. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES It is ductile , malleable & durable. Excellent resistance to corrosion Excellent fire resistance with critical temperature above 1500OC. Easy to clean and suitable for hygienic uses. Totally recyclable. High tensile strength. Retention of strength at elevated temperature.
- 12. DIFFERENT FORMS OF STAINLESS STEELS Plate, sheet, strip, pipe and tube Bar, rod, wire and special wire sections. Fasteners, fixings and fittings. Sheet, strip and plate are commonly used for structural and cladding components. SHEET COIL WIRE BAR
- 13. TUBES SCREW & BOLTS RODS FITTINGS
- 14. TYPES FERRITICMARTENSITIC AUSTENTIC DUPLEX Contains very little carbon chromium (typically 12.5% to 17%) and iron. are essentially nickel-free. exhibit s superior corrosion resistance to martensitic stainless steels They are magnetic consist of carbon (0.2-1.0%), chromium (10.5- 12%) and iron. their corrosion performance is poorer than others They are magnetic consists of chromium (17-18%), nickel (8-11%) and iron. exhibits superior corrosion resistance to both ferritic and martensitic stainless steels. Better toughness at all temperatures. They are non- magnetic chromium(22-23%) nickel (4-7%), molybdenum (0.4%), nitrogen and iron. has generally better corrosion resistance than the standard austenitic stainless steels Their thermal expansion lies between that of austentic and ferritic stainless steels They are magnetic
- 15. GRADES 300 SERIES AUSTENTIC chromium NICKEL ALLOYS 200 SERIES AUSTENTIC chromium NICKEL ALLOYS 400 SERIES FERRITIC & MARSTENSTIC chromium ALLOYS 600 SERIES MARSTENSTIC PRECIPITION HARDENING ALLOYS 500 SERIES HEAT RESISTING chromium ALLOYS
- 16. GRADE: 301 Metro Springs Conveyor belt Air crafts ductile and hardens rapidly during mechanical working. Application: Trains, aircraft, conveyors belts, vehicles, bolt, springs
- 17. Type 304- the most common; the classic 18/8 (18% chromium & 8%nickel) stainless steel. It has good corrosion resistance, thermal resistance, low temperature strength and usable temperature range 196 C to 800 C Application: sink, water tank, interior piping, hot water machine, bathtub, boiler, automobile parts, building materials, textile industry, dairy industry, and vessel parts. Pipes Sink Rods Cladding
- 18. Type 316- the second most common Application: for food and surgical stainless steel uses; Also known as "marine grade" stainless steel due to its increased ability to resist saltwater corrosion SS 316 is often used for building nuclear reprocessing plants. Surgical instruments
- 19. Type 408- (11% chromium, 8% nickel) heat-resistant; poor corrosion resistance Type 409-cheapest type; used for automobile exhausts Type 420- "Cutlery Grade" Type 430- decorative Type 440- a higher grade of cutlery steel, with more carbon in it 500 Series-heat resisting chromium alloys cutlery Car Exhaust
- 20. The first major architectural application of stainless steel was probably the cladding on the top of the Chrysler building in New York in 1929 SS cladding Grade used 316
- 21. FRONT FACADE • Grade : 304 • Good visual appearance • Can be used over longer length & complex geometry • minimal maintenance cost and virtually unlimited durability • Form: profiled sheeting, panels, or curtain walling, • minimise the weight with subsequent beneficial effect on structural steelwork and foundation costs Reflection of surrounding give good visual appearance
- 22. UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY ,LILLE • Stainless steel cladding panels 900x500mm. • thickness 1.5mm • Fixed to galvanised steel channel sections
- 23. HORST CORBER SPORTS COMPLEX ,BERLIN ,GERMANY. 1.5 mm electrolytically coloured stainless steel sheets. Colour tone changes according to the incidence of light
- 24. Museum of technology ,saint dennis france Stainless steel convex sheeting on the facade
- 25. LA GEODE, PARIS, FRANCE The cladding is a mosaic of 6433 doubly-curved triangular plates in grade 1.4401 (316) stainless steel. The plates are 1.5 mm thick and 1.2 m along their edges.
- 26. Cross-section through roof construction Triangles created by the primary tubular steel frame View showing aluminium frame Erection of stainless steel skin
- 27. MESH CLADDING Grade: 316 (1.4401) Why? •Aesthetics •Resistance to harsh weather •Maintainance –free Can be used in parking garage
- 28. GLASS FACADE ‘SPIDERS’ Roof Glazing suspended by Sstainless steel casting • Grade 1.4401 (316) stainless steel machined conical collar • Why ? • Good mechanical property • Low maintainance • aesthetic • Grade 1.4401 (316) stainless steel machined conical collar
- 29. SUN SHADE & LOUVERS • sun screen grade 1.4401 (316) pressed stainless steel louvres
- 30. DOOR HANDLE Grade:304 (1.4301) Why ? •Aesthetic •Smooth touch •Feeling of sturdiness
- 31. GUARDRAIL CABLES Grade: 316 (1.4401) and 302 (1.4310 ). Why? • Aesthetics • Good mechanical properties. Fabrication process: Wire rod is drawn into high strength wire, then twisted into cables.
- 33. Doors FEATURES: • Simple installation • High tensile strength • Weather & rust resistance
- 34. STAINLESS STEEL USED IN CANOPY
- 35. SCULPTURES An art deco sculpture on the Niagara Mohawk Power building in Syracuse, New York
- 36. STAINLESS STEEL USED IN ROOFING • Grade : 304 • Surface finish : 2B • Maximum life expectation • Minimum Maintenance • Low weight • Lower cost of the supporting structure
- 37. • Excellent heat reflecting properties • Electric Conductivity - can eliminate the need for extra lightning. - electromagnetic shielding to house sensitive electronic equipment. • Fire resistance The melting point of stainless steel is around 1500°C, which is much higher than for most other roofing materials, e.g. Al 660° C, Zn 419° C, Cu 1083° C.
- 38. GREEN ROOFS
- 39. ROOF DRAINAGE •high durability •asthetic reason •Do not contaminate rain water, hence can be used for flowering ,gardening . •chromium -nickel –molybdenum stainless steel is used •grade 1.4436
- 40. FLOORPLATE AND OPEN GRID FLOORING • Used where corrosion resistance, hygiene, durability and slip resistance are essential. • This flooring is suitable for a wide variety of industries: including chemical, marine engineering, catering and pharmaceutical.
- 41. TUNNEL CLADDING ANCHOR Grade : 316L (1.4404) Why? Fire resistance Maintain support function for 2 hr at 1000degree celcius
- 42. STAINLESS STEEL USED IN STRUCTURE Tension System : available in carbon and stainless steel. The latter is recommended for applications demanding corrosion resistance, a maintenance-free life and where a highly polished finish is required. Roof trusses Stainless steel structure can be erected safely and in less time
- 43. Stainless steel hanger and struts supporting the mezzanine
- 44. STAINLESS STEEL FASTENERS Only stain less steel fasteners must be used on stainless steel panels to avoid galvanic corrosion
- 45. • Water tank • Grade : 304 • stainless steel as a strong, durable and hygienic material • very long lasting material and the tank has an expected service life of about 60 years • Stainless Steel tanks do not bulge or stretch when full APPLICATION OF STAINLESS STEEL
- 46. CARBON STEEL STAINLESS STEEL -Corrode when chloride ion -Do not corrode penetrates the concrete. - Corrosion products are expansionary -No expansion &crack and cause the concrete to crack repair then becomes necessary -Tolerate chloride levels of 0 – 0.4%. - Tolerate chloride levels up to 7 % STAINLESS STEEL IN REINFORCEMENT -Improves the durability of the structure, and reduces ongoing maintenance and repair costs -A reduction in depth of concrete cover to 30 mm. -Carbon steel can be used for the nil corrosion risk elements. -Elimination of concrete sealants such as Silane.
- 47. WHEN TO USE STAINLESS STEEL • When structures are exposed to high chloride environments and/or corrosive industrial environments • In roads and bridges where de-icing salts are applied • When non-magnetic reinforcement is necessary or desirable
- 48. STAINLESS STEEL IN CONSTRUCTION coastal structureshistoric buildings underpasses highway bridgesroadways Bridges piers
- 49. STAINLESS STEEL IN PIERS
- 50. CASE STUDY •High energy-absorption at impact •A greater level of fire-resistance •Less likely than carbon steel to be weakened by corrosion. •To create railcars increases the sustainability lightweight yet durable profile of the rail industry BENEFITS: IN METRO Fig 4 .Delhi Metro railcars of stainless steel Poles seats Escalators & lifts Fig 6. inside railcarFig 5. inside metro station
- 51. PEDESTIAL BRIDGES IN STAINLESS STEEL Stainless steel tube grade 1.4401 (316) Bridge frame ; High strength duplex steel grade 1.4462 (340)
- 52. COST ANALYSIS STAINLESS STEEL COIL Grade 202 Rs 111/kg (min) Rs 118/kg (max) Grade 304 Rs 185/kg (min) Rs 200/kg(max) STEEL Rs 335 per metre (2.77mm thick ) Rs 54735 per metre (35.71mm thick)
- 53. BIBLIOGRAPHY Book:- Engineering materials by Rangwala Internet sources: http://www.lenntech.com/stainless-steel.htm#ixzz2IK1uvqUD http://crimsafe.com.au/304-stainless-steel-vs-316-stainless-steel http://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=965 http://www.falcon-metals.com/stainlessandalloys/stainlesssteel/meta- physical-properties-stainless-steel.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_steel http://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-steel-and- stainless-steel/ http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/compositions-steel-d_1494.html http://www.engineersedge.com/stainless_steel.htm