Steganography: Hiding your secrets with PHP
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The document discusses steganography, the practice of concealing messages within other messages to avoid detection, alongside cryptography, which makes data unreadable. It covers various techniques, applications, and examples of steganography, including network steganography, printer steganography, and digital steganography using images. Additionally, it touches upon the concept of polyglot programming, where a single program can function in multiple programming languages.
![5
l l oh e*val
len
Binary strings
typedef union _zvalue_value {
long lval;
double dval;
struct {
char *val;
int len;
} str;
HashTable *ht;
zend_object_value obj;
} zvalue_value;
6
091 21314 0123 88
$str[5]
Big endian: 14 - 0
Little endian: 0 - 14
strlen()](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/steganography-150131143936-conversion-gate01/85/Steganography-Hiding-your-secrets-with-PHP-41-320.jpg)
![polyglot.pl.php.py.rb.cpp
Polyglot programs
#/*<?php eval('echo "PHP Coden";'); __halt_compiler();?> */
#include <stdio.h> /*
print ((("b" + "0" == 0) and eval('"Perl Coden"')) or (0 and "Ruby
Coden" or "Python Code"));
__DATA__ = 1
"""""
__END__
===== . ===== */
#ifdef __cplusplus
char msg[9] = {'C','+','+',' ','C','o','d','e', 'n'};
#else
char msg[7] = {'C',' ','C','o','d','e', 'n'};
#endif
int main() { int i; for(i = 0; i < 9; ++i) putchar(msg[i]); return 0;}
Source: https://gist.github.com/SaswatPadhi/2872457](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/steganography-150131143936-conversion-gate01/85/Steganography-Hiding-your-secrets-with-PHP-63-320.jpg)
Steganography: Hiding your secrets with PHP
- 1. Raúl Fraile#PHPDS15 Steganography Hiding your secrets with PHP
- 2. E U Q W E X S A O S L Z U L R T Z S R P V I Y E P N H A F H G Z I P L M F I E G U R I C E R T I F I E D B L A A Q N T E T O R T T E K I M A D H S G N O 💩 A P O L Y G L O T A Y E S U A J E W H I T E S P A C E O B R F S A C I L I A P Y S T E G A N O G R A P H Y R A M C Y T I R W C P P A About me
- 5. Steganography is the science of concealing a hidden message in plain sight in order to avoid detection. Introduction
- 7. Terminology Embedding (E) Extracting (D) Cover (C) Message (M) Stego-Object (S) Key (K)
- 8. • Steganography: Hide the data from a third party. • Cryptography: Make data unreadable by a third party. Steganography / Cryptography
- 10. • Esoteric programming language with only three lexical tokens: Space (ASCII 32), Tab (ASCII 9) and Line Feed (ASCII 10). • Stack based language with support for I/O, flow control and arithmetic operations. Motivation Source: http://youtu.be/u_kqM0gn63M
- 12. • Protection of data alteration (digital watermarking). • Secretly communicate information. • Anti-forensics mechanism. Applications
- 13. Techniques
- 15. Bacon’s Bilateral Cipher A AAAAA B AAAAB C AAABA D AAABB E AABAA F AABAB G AABBA H AABBB I/J ABAAA K ABAAB L ABABA M ABABB N ABBAA O ABBAB P ABBBA Q ABBBB R BAAAA S BAAAB T BAABA U/V BAABB W BABAA X BABAB Y BABBA Z BABBB Take the red pill BAABA AAAAA ABAAB AABAA BAABA AABBB AABAA BAAAA AABAA AAABB ABBBA ABAAA ABABA ABABA Steganography is the art or practice of concealing messages within other messages S t e g a n o g r a p h y i s t h e a r t o r p r a c t i c e o f c o n c e a l i n g m e s s a g e s w i t h i n o t h e r m e s s a g e s 70
- 16. • Backmasking is a technique in which a sound or message is recorded backward onto a track that is meant to be played forward. • It is a deliberate process, whereas a message found through phonetic reversal may be unintentional. Backmasking
- 17. Backmasking If there's a bustle in your hedgerow, don't be alarmed now, it's just a spring clean for the May queen. Yes there are two paths you can go by, but in the long run there's still time to change the road you're on. Oh here's to my sweet Satan. The one whose little path would make me sad, whose power is satan. He'll give those with him 666, there was a little toolshed where he made us suffer, sad Satan.
- 18. • Some brand color laser printers add tiny yellow dots to each page, that contain encoded printer serial numbers and timestamps. • Monochrome printers and copiers from major manufacturers also include the markings. • Most printers' codes have not been decoded. Printer steganography
- 20. Morse code
- 21. Morse code T O R T U R E Source: http://youtu.be/BgelmcOdS38
- 23. Digital Steganography LSB IN IMAGES 144 141 81 10010000 10001101 01010001 Hidden message: 101001… 145 140 81 10010001 10001100 01010001 146 142 81 10010010 10001110 01010001
- 24. Piet is a programming language in which programs look like abstract paintings. Piet Composition with Red, Yellow and Blue. 1921, Piet Mondrian Source: http://www.dangermouse.net/esoteric/piet.html
- 25. 525 Piet Darkness change Hue change None 1 2 None push pop 1 step add substract multiply 2 steps divide mod not 3 steps greater pointer switch 4 steps duplicate roll in(number) 5 steps in(char) out(number) out(char) DP right CC left $ npiet example1.png ? 5 25 5
- 26. Piet
- 27. • We already have filesystems with support for encryption, so they only can be read with the password. But… the attacker may obtain it illegally or torture the user to give it up. • The steganographic filesystem goes one step further: it does not even show the existence of sensitive information (even when raw sectors of the hard disc are accessed). Steganographic filesystem
- 28. Steganographic filesystem 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1.txt 2 2.txt 5 3.txt 7 3 4 EOF EOF EOF6 8 Boot FATFilesystem Boot FATFilesystem-level encryption PartitionSteganographic filesystem
- 29. • Network steganography uses communication protocols and are harder to detect. • Techniques: • Steganophony: Delayed or corrupted packets that would normally be ignored by the receiver. • WLAN Steganography: Transmission of steganograms in Wireless Local Area Networks Network Steganography
- 30. • Custom HTTP headers to include geeky messages or as a recruiting tool. • For example, booking.com: • X-Recruiting: Like HTTP headers? C o m e w r i t e o u r s : h t t p s : / / workingatbooking.com HTTP headers
- 31. SkyDe (Skype Hide) Source: http://arxiv.org/pdf/1301.3632.pdf
- 32. • St e ga n o g r a p h i c m e t h o d fo r t h e BitTorrent P2P file transfer service. • It is based on modifying the order of data packets in the peer-peer data exchange protocol. • Steganographic bandwidth of up to 270 b/s while introducing little transmission distortion and providing difficult detectability. StegTorrent
- 33. StegTorrent Source: http://www.computer.org/csdl/proceedings/spw/2013/5017/00/5017a151-abs.html 0 1 … 4 5 2 6 3 7 1100 10
- 34. • Spammimic embeds a message into spam. • There is tons of spam. Also, real spam is usually dumb, so it's sometimes hard to tell if it was written by a human or a machine. Spammimic
- 35. Spammimic Dear Professional , Your email address has been submitted to us indicating your interest in our newsletter ! This is a one time mailing there is no need to request removal if you won't want any more ! This mail is being sent in compliance with Senate bill 2516 , Title 9 , Section 303 . Do NOT confuse us with Internet scam artists . Why work for somebody else when you can become rich in 16 days . Have you ever noticed most everyone has a cellphone and nearly every commercial on television has a .com on in it ! Well, now is your chance to capitalize on this ! We will help you decrease perceived waiting time by 190% and deliver goods right to the customer's doorstep ! The best thing about our system is that it is absolutely risk free for you ! But don't believe us . Mrs Simpson of Maryland tried us and says "I was skeptical but it worked for me" . We assure you that we operate within all applicable laws ! We implore you - act now ! Sign up a friend and you get half off . Thanks . Message: attack Source: http://www.spammimic.com Disappearing Cryptography. Information Hiding: Steganography & Watermarking
- 36. Steganalysis
- 37. • Steganalysis is the study of detecting messages hidden using steganography. • The goal of steganalysis is to identify suspected packages, determine whether or not they have a payload encoded into them, and, if possible, recover that payload. • The problem is generally handled with statistical analysis. Steganalysis
- 38. Steganalysis 144 141 81 10010000 10001101 01010001 Random 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 0 1
- 39. What about PHP?
- 40. Binary strings • In PHP, strings are just a sequence of bytes (C char type). • PHP stores the length of strings explicitly. Unlike C it does not need a zero termination to find the end of a string.
- 41. 5 l l oh e*val len Binary strings typedef union _zvalue_value { long lval; double dval; struct { char *val; int len; } str; HashTable *ht; zend_object_value obj; } zvalue_value; 6 091 21314 0123 88 $str[5] Big endian: 14 - 0 Little endian: 0 - 14 strlen()
- 42. pack()/unpack() • pack() packs data into a binary string according to a given format. • unpack() unpacks from a binary string into an array according to a given format.
- 43. pack()/unpack() $now = new DateTime(); $id1 = 0x1f; $id2 = 0x8b; $cm = 0x08; $flags = 0x00; $mtime = $now->getTimestamp(); //0x54c13374 /* * Format: * - C4: 4 bytes. * - V: Unsigned long, 32 bit, little endian byte order */ $binStr = pack('C4V', $id1, $id2, $cm, $flags, $mtime); file_put_contents(__DIR__ . '/test.gz', $binStr); 74 3308 001f 8b c1 54
- 44. pack()/unpack() $gzip = file_get_contents(__DIR__ . '/test.gz'); /* * Format: * - C2: 2 bytes (id1, id2). * - C1: 1 byte (cm), 1 byte (flags). * - V: Unsigned long, 32 bit, little endian byte order */ list($id1, $id2, $cm, $flags, $mtime) = array_values( unpack('C2id/C1cm/C1flags/Vmtime', $gzip) ); var_dump( dechex($id1), // 1f dechex($id2), // 8b dechex($cm), // 8 dechex($flags), // 0 dechex($mtime) // 54c13374 );
- 45. Bitwise operators • Bitwise operators allow evaluation and manipulation of specific bits within an integer. • PHP provides 6 bitwise operators: &, |, ^, ~, << and >>.
- 46. Bitwise operators 1 0 11 0 00 1 0 0 00 0 11 1 & 0 0 00 0 00 1 101 0x65 0145 0b01100101 200 0xc8 0310 0b11001000 64 0x40 0100 0b01000000
- 47. Bitwise operators 1 0 11 0 00 1 0 0 00 0 11 1 | 1 0 11 0 11 1 101 0x65 0145 0b01100101 200 0xc8 0310 0b11001000 237 0xed 0355 0b11101101
- 48. Bitwise operators 1 0 11 0 00 1 0 0 00 0 11 1 ^ 1 0 11 0 11 0 101 0x65 0145 0b01100101 200 0xc8 0310 0b11001000 173 0xad 0255 0b10101101
- 49. Bitwise operators 1 0 11 0 00 1 2<< 101 0x65 0145 0b01100101 404 0x194 0624 0b1010110100 1 0 11 0 11 0 0 0 x << y == x * pow(2, y)
- 50. Bitwise operators 1 0 11 0 00 1 2>> 101 0x65 0145 0b01100101 25 0x19 031 0b00011001 1 1 00 0 0 0 1 x << y == x / pow(2, y)
- 51. Bitwise operators 1 0 11 0 00 1 ~ 101 0x65 0145 0b01100101 154 0x9a 0232 0b10011010 1 1 01 0 0 1 0
- 52. Bitwise operators 0X14 $flag & 0x04Read flag Set flag Unset flag $flag | 0x04 $flag & ~0x04 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 & 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 | 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 & 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0
- 53. Demo #1: Hiding messages in GZIP file headers
- 54. GZIP file format CM FLGID1 ID2 MTIME XFL OS CRC32 ISIZE COMPRESSED STREAM FTEXT FHCRC FEXTRA FNAME FCOMMENT 0FILE NAME Source: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1952
- 55. Demo #1.1 Embedding messages into GZIP FNAME header /demos/demo1/demo1_1 raulfraile/steganography_talk
- 56. Demo #1: GZIP
- 57. Demo #2: Hiding data into images
- 58. • PHP extension to use the • It provides high level function to deal directly with pixels (they will be used to encode data), such as imagecolorat() and imagesetpixel(). GD extension Source: http://libgd.bitbucket.org/
- 59. Demo #2.1 Embedding text data into images (+ steganalysis) /demos/demo2/demo2_1 raulfraile/steganography_talk
- 60. Demo #2.2 Embedding images into images (+ steganalysis) /demos/demo2/demo2_2 raulfraile/steganography_talk
- 61. Hiding code into code Demo #3
- 62. • A polyglot is a program written in a valid form of multiple programming languages. • Generally are written in a combination of C (which allows redefinition of tokens with a preprocessor) and a scripting language. Polyglot programs
- 63. polyglot.pl.php.py.rb.cpp Polyglot programs #/*<?php eval('echo "PHP Coden";'); __halt_compiler();?> */ #include <stdio.h> /* print ((("b" + "0" == 0) and eval('"Perl Coden"')) or (0 and "Ruby Coden" or "Python Code")); __DATA__ = 1 """"" __END__ ===== . ===== */ #ifdef __cplusplus char msg[9] = {'C','+','+',' ','C','o','d','e', 'n'}; #else char msg[7] = {'C',' ','C','o','d','e', 'n'}; #endif int main() { int i; for(i = 0; i < 9; ++i) putchar(msg[i]); return 0;} Source: https://gist.github.com/SaswatPadhi/2872457
- 64. Demo #3.1 Embedding PHP code using __halt_compiler() /demos/demo3/demo3_1 raulfraile/steganography_talk
- 65. __halt_compiler() • Halts the execution of the compiler. • The byte position of the data start is given by the __COMPILER_HALT_OFFSET__ constant. • PHAR files make use of this function to separate the stub (loader functionality) and the rest of the file (manifest, files and signature).
- 66. __halt_compiler() 23 21 2f 75 73 72 2f 62 69 6e 2f 65 6e 76 20 70 |#!/usr/bin/env p| 68 70 0a 3c 3f 70 68 70 0a 0a 50 68 61 72 3a 3a |hp.<?php..Phar::| 6d 61 70 50 68 61 72 28 27 74 65 73 74 2e 70 68 |mapPhar('test.ph| 61 72 27 29 3b 0a 65 63 68 6f 20 27 68 65 6c 6c |ar');.echo 'hell| 6f 20 77 6f 72 6c 64 21 27 3b 0a 0a 5f 5f 48 41 |o world!';..__HA| 4c 54 5f 43 4f 4d 50 49 4c 45 52 28 29 3b 20 3f |LT_COMPILER(); ?| 3e 0d 0a 33 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 11 00 00 00 01 |>..3............| 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 05 00 00 00 31 2e 74 |.............1.t| 78 74 10 00 00 00 d2 1e 50 53 10 00 00 00 26 fb |xt......PS....&.| a7 61 b6 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 53 6f 6d 65 20 72 |.a........Some r| 61 6e 64 6f 6d 20 74 65 78 74 23 b5 11 ce 2c 41 |andom text#...,A| e0 d4 3a db 21 ee cc ec c2 8c f6 3f 93 e2 02 00 |..:.!……?....| 00 00 47 42 4d 42 |..GBMB| Source: http://www.slideshare.net/raulfraile/kernelinfect-creating-a-cryptovirus-for-symfony2-apps
- 67. Demo #3.2 Hiding messages using whitespace characters /demos/demo3/demo3_2 raulfraile/steganography_talk
- 68. Demo #3.3 Hiding code using whitespace characters /demos/demo3/demo3_3 raulfraile/steganography_talk
- 69. Demo #3.4 Embedding Whitespace code in empty lines of Docblocks /demos/demo3/demo3_4 raulfraile/steganography_talk
- 70. Whitespace • Esoteric programming language with only three lexical tokens: Space (ASCII 32), Tab (ASCII 9) and Line Feed (ASCII 10). • Stack based language with support for I/O, flow control and arithmetic operations.
- 72. nikic/php-parser • A PHP parser written in PHP. • Useful for static code analysis, manipulation and generation. • Converts PHP code into an AST (Abstract Syntax Tree). • Uses a PHP 5.6 compliant grammar (backwards compatible with PHP 5.2+). Also, emulates tokens from different versions of the one running (for example, parse 5.6 code from 5.3). Source: https://github.com/nikic/PHP-Parser
- 73. nikic/php-parser Assignment Variable Lnumber If Equal Statements Echo condition Name: test Value: 1 Lnumber Value: 1 Variable Name: test left right String Value: ok $test = 1; if (1 == $test) { echo 'ok'; }
- 74. hello_world.ws nikic/php-parser $code = <<<CODE <?php $test = 1; if (1 == $test) { echo 'ok'; } CODE; $parser = new PhpParserParser( new PhpParserLexerEmulative ); $ast = $parser->parse($code);
- 75. nikic/php-parser • The parser provides two main components: • NodeTraverser: For traversing and visiting the node tree. • PrettyPrinter: To compile the AST back to PHP code.