![Energy demand surge and the energy ladder
The Energy Ladder, 1960 - 2006 *
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* UK and USA 1870 - 2006; Non-OECD 1971 - 2006](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/stevenfries-101122091806-phpapp02/85/Steven-fries-s-presentation-slides-from-the-2010-World-National-Oil-Companies-Congress-5-320.jpg)
Steven fries's presentation slides from the 2010 World National Oil Companies Congress
- 1. Copyright:ShellInternationalB.V. Whither World Oil Demand in 2025: Emerging Market Growth and Alternatives to Oil Steven Fries Chief Economist Shell International BV World National Oil Companies Congress London 22 June 2010
- 2. Disclaimer statement This presentation contains forward-looking statements concerning the financial condition, results of operations and businesses of Royal Dutch Shell. All statements other than statements of historical fact are, or may be deemed to be, forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are statements of future expectations that are based on management’s current expectations and assumptions and involve known and unknown risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results, performance or events to differ materially from those expressed or implied in these statements. Forward-looking statements include, among other things, statements concerning the potential exposure of Royal Dutch Shell to market risks and statements expressing management’s expectations, beliefs, estimates, forecasts, projections and assumptions. These forward-looking statements are identified by their use of terms and phrases such as ‘‘anticipate’’, ‘‘believe’’, ‘‘could’’, ‘‘estimate’’, ‘‘expect’’, ‘‘intend’’, ‘‘may’’, ‘‘plan’’, ‘‘objectives’’, ‘‘outlook’’, ‘‘probably’’, ‘‘project’’, ‘‘will’’, ‘‘seek’’, ‘‘target’’, ‘‘risks’’, ‘‘goals’’, ‘‘should’’ and similar terms and phrases. There are a number of factors that could affect the future operations of Royal Dutch Shell and could cause those results to differ materially from those expressed in the forward-looking statements included in this presentations, including (without limitation): (a) price fluctuations in crude oil and natural gas; (b) changes in demand for the Group’s products; (c) currency fluctuations; (d) drilling and production results; (e) reserve estimates; (f) loss of market and industry competition; (g) environmental and physical risks; (h) risks associated with the identification of suitable potential acquisition properties and targets, and successful negotiation and completion of such transactions; (i) the risk of doing business in developing countries and countries subject to international sanctions; (j) legislative, fiscal and regulatory developments including potential litigation and regulatory effects arising from recategorisation of reserves; (k) economic and financial market conditions in various countries and regions; (l) political risks, including the risks of expropriation and renegotiation of the terms of contracts with governmental entities, delays or advancements in the approval of projects and delays in the reimbursement for shared costs; and (m) changes in trading conditions. All forward-looking statements contained in this presentation are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements contained or referred to in this section. Readers should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. Additional factors that may affect future results are contained in Royal Dutch Shell’s 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2008 (available at www.shell.com/investor and www.sec.gov ). These factors also should be considered by the reader. Each forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date of this presentation, 22 June 2010. Neither Royal Dutch Shell nor any of its subsidiaries undertake any obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statement as a result of new information, future events or other information. In light of these risks, results could differ materially from those stated, implied or inferred from the forward-looking statements contained in this presentation.
- 3. Whither World Oil Demand in 2025 • Long-run energy challenges and scenarios • Structure of world energy end-use (oil) demand for transport • Alternatives to oil in road transport – Vehicle efficiency – Biofuels – Vehicle electrification (plug-in hybrids and fuel cells)
- 4. Long-run energy challenges • Surge in energy demand, mostly in emerging markets – By 2050, 50% rise in population from 6 to 9 billion – Increase in global GDP of more that 200% – Primary energy demand set to roughly double • Energy supplies from all sources struggles to keep pace – Continued dependence on cleaner fossil fuels – Rapid growth in renewables and potentially nuclear • Environmental stresses from energy are increasing – CO2 emissions from energy set to double by 2050 Cli t t bli ti i h l i f i i
- 5. Energy demand surge and the energy ladder The Energy Ladder, 1960 - 2006 * USA CHN JPN FRA CAN UK BRA KOR ITA ESP AUS THA MYS EGY VNM SWE FIN GRC CH PRTIND 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 1,000 10,000 100,000 GDP(PPP) / capita (2005 USD) [log scale] Primaryenergy(GJ/capita) * UK and USA 1870 - 2006; Non-OECD 1971 - 2006
- 6. Shell energy scenarios to 2050 • Scramble – energy security and reactive change to stresses – Focus on existing energy infrastructure – Sequential responses to three energy challenges – Flight to coal and then bio-fuel – Late focus on energy efficiency – Knee-jerk reactions to climate events and limited CO2 pricing • Blueprints – energy security and sustainability – Anticipation of energy and climate challenges – Critical mass of early responses to the three energy challenges – Early and effective CO2 pricing and efficiency standards – Energy growth shifts to electrification and CCS emerges after 2020
- 7. Energy end-use (oil) demand for transport • Energy end-use demand per capita depends on – Real income/output per capita (non-linear relationship) – End-use prices of energy – Technological change • Projections for population from United Nations and per capita income by country from Oxford Economics • Country income elasticities of demand depend on per capita income levels • Assumptions for unconstrained projections and two scenarios – Same growth in population and per capita incomes in each case – Constant real oil price in unconstrained fossil fuel supply case – Real oil price consistent with demand structure and Shell projections for world crude oil production in two scenarios
- 8. Non-OECD income elasticity of energy demand Source: International Energy Agency, Rice University and Shell estimates
- 9. OECD income elasticity of energy demand Source: International Energy Agency and Shell estimates
- 10. Energy demand unconstrained by supply 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 EJ/year(Energycarrier) Year World - Transport - passenger - By Energy Carrier Heat Solar – Photovoltaic Hydrogen Electricity Gaseous hydrocarbon fuels Biofuels - 2nd Gen Biofuels - 1st Gen Fuels - Coal derived Fuels - Gas derived Fuels - Oil derived Solid hydrocarbon fuels ShellWEM v1.1.3.3 UFO
- 11. Energy demand unconstrained by supply 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 EJ/year(Energycarrier) Year China - Transport - passenger - By Energy Carrier Heat Solar – Photovoltaic Hydrogen Electricity Gaseous hydrocarbon fuels Biofuels - 2nd Gen Biofuels - 1st Gen Fuels - Coal derived Fuels - Gas derived Fuels - Oil derived Solid hydrocarbon fuels ShellWEM v1.1.3.3 UFO
- 12. Energy demand unconstrained by supply 5 10 15 20 25 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 EJ/year(Energycarrier) Year USA - Transport - passenger - By Energy Carrier Heat Solar – Photovoltaic Hydrogen Electricity Gaseous hydrocarbon fuels Biofuels - 2nd Gen Biofuels - 1st Gen Fuels - Coal derived Fuels - Gas derived Fuels - Oil derived Solid hydrocarbon fuels ShellWEM v1.1.3.3 UFO
- 13. Energy demand unconstrained by supply 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 EJ/year(Energycarrier) Year World - Transport - passenger - By Energy Carrier Heat Solar – Photovoltaic Hydrogen Electricity Gaseous hydrocarbon fuels Biofuels - 2nd Gen Biofuels - 1st Gen Fuels - Coal derived Fuels - Gas derived Fuels - Oil derived Solid hydrocarbon fuels ShellWEM v1.1.3.3 UFO
- 14. Scramble scenario energy demand 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 EJ/year(Energycarrier) Year World - Transport - passenger - By Energy Carrier Heat Solar – Photovoltaic Hydrogen Electricity Gaseous hydrocarbon fuels Biofuels - 2nd Gen Biofuels - 1st Gen Fuels - Coal derived Fuels - Gas derived Fuels - Oil derived Solid hydrocarbon fuels ShellWEM v1.1.3.3 SCR
- 15. Blueprints scenario energy demand 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 EJ/year(Energycarrier) Year World - Transport - passenger - By Energy Carrier Heat Solar – Photovoltaic Hydrogen Electricity Gaseous hydrocarbon fuels Biofuels - 2nd Gen Biofuels - 1st Gen Fuels - Coal derived Fuels - Gas derived Fuels - Oil derived Solid hydrocarbon fuels ShellWEM v1.1.3.3 BLU
- 16. Alternatives to oil in road transport in the Blueprints Scenario HydrogenBiofuels Electricity Natural Gas? Energy Efficiency Emission Concerns Energy Security Concerns Cost Concerns 2025 “Simple Mosaic” 2010 “BAU” 2050 “Full Mosaic” No single alternative energy source Mandates and standards set to be the main policy drivers in the transport sector
- 17. 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Efficiency and biofuels would likely be the main alternatives to oil for next 15 years DisplacedmileageexpressedasEJPercentageofdisplacedEJ Biofuels Electricity Efficiency Oil based Natural Gas Efficiency Road Transport Fuels (2010 to 2050) Efficiency Biofuels Electricity Hydrogen 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 Hydrogen Electricity Biofuels Efficiency Oil based Natural gas Displacement of Oil (2010 to 2050)
- 18. Vehicle technology gains have tended to go into better performance and features • Technology improvements have tended to go into better performance and weight (more features and options) • Also reflects composition of sales between cars and light trucks/SUVs • Higher weight and faster performance tend to lower fuel efficiency and raises CO2 emissions • Significant potential efficiency gains from reducing vehicle weight and improving engine efficiency US light duty vehicles Source: EPA
- 19. Vehicle standards set to drive significant efficiency gains Source: International Council on Clean Transportation
- 20. Two key growth drivers for biofuels will be regulation and advanced technology Global penetration of biofuels volumes 2005 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 1G passenger 2G passenger Rapid Growth Phase 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 1st Gen 1.24 2.74 4.51 4.58 5.45 2nd Gen 0.00 0.01 0.41 0.56 1.62 Total 1.24 2.75 4.93 5.14 7.07 Total biofuels volumes - million barrels per day Development of 2G feedstock production and conversion process technologies Fuel specifications raised in EU to E10 and B7 Development of GHG based legislation, including indirect land use change. Adoption of biofuel mandatesA B C D A B C D Source: Shell International B.V.
- 21. Government biofuels policy • Increasing demand for non-oil liquid fuels for transport and more than 50 countries are developing renewable fuels mandates – The European Union Renewable Energy Directive proposes 10% (energy basis) of road vehicle fuel should come from renewable sources by 2020 – The USA Energy Independence and Security Act 2007 requires 36 billion gallons of renewable road transport fuels by 2022 • Biofuels could grow from just 1% of the world’s transport fuel mix today to as much as 7–10% over the next few decades
- 22. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles will require better batteries and new infrastructure Global Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles % of total vehicle fleet (50:50 gasoline electricity average) 2005 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 PercentageVehicleFleetPenetration A B Smart metering and tariff structuring implemented to balance generation load. Additional electricity capacity (network and generation stock) investment ~ 2025 once transport needs ~5% of additional electricity Limited supply of lithium in geo- politically uncertain regions overcome C D Economic incentives offered to early adopters (not in all markets).2005 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 LDV 900 1001 1138 1301 1517 1624 2/ 3 Wheeler 314 400 709 1185 1680 2110 HDV 55 68 93 120 147 179 Total Vehicle Fleet Size (Million) Rapid Growth Phase A B C D Source: Shell International B.V.
- 23. Conclusions • Emerging market growth is main long-run driver of oil demand – Consistent with their recent macroeconomic performance • At the same time, alternatives to oil in road transport can be expected in the coming decades – Vehicle efficiency improvements set to curb oil demand in OCED – Biofuels have significant potential to reduce road transport CO2 emissions and displace oil demand over the next two decades – Plug-in hybrids and hydrogen fuel cells could be important later, but there are technical barriers and costs still to overcome • Renewable fuel and vehicle efficiency standards, rather than carbon pricing, are set to be the main policy drivers