![In many in scientific studies,
And thus inhibit the stevioside and its metabolites were
carcinogenic property of TPA
found to have significant anti-
carcinogenic effect.
Yasukawa et al (2002) has reported
the inhibitory effect of stevia extract,
on inflammatory ear tumour caused
Skin Cell
by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-
acetate (TPA) and 7,12-dimethylbenz
Carcinogenesis
[a] anthracene (DMBA) in animal
models
Stevioside adds protective effect
Yasukawa, K, Kitanaka S, and Seo, S (2002) Inhibitory Effect of Stevioside on Tumour
Promotion by 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate in Two-Stage Carcinogenesis in
Mouse Skin., Biol. Pharm. Bull. 25(11) 1488—1490](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/steviose-121116041246-phpapp01/85/Steviose-33-320.jpg)
Steviose
- 1. PRESENTS
- 2. S Strong T Toned-up E Energetic The Wonder Herb V Vigorous I Immune A Active
- 4. In 1931, two French scientists, M. Bridel and R Lavielle isolated the glycosides that give stevia its sweet taste These glycosides were named stevioside and rebaudioside. R2 O H 3C CH2 H H 3C H CO O R1 These compounds are 250–300 times sweeter than ordinary table sugar.
- 5. In terms of weight fraction, the four major steviol glycosides found in the Stevia plant tissue are: Glc-(2-1)-Glc Glc-(3-1)-Glc-(2-1)-Glc Glc-(3-1)-Glc-(2-1)-Rha Glc-(2-1)-Rha O O O O H3C CH2 H3C CH2 H3C CH2 H3C CH2 H H H H H3C H H3C H H3C H H3C H CO CO CO CO O O O O Glc Glc Glc Glc 5–10% 2–4% 1–2% 0.5–1% Stevioside Rebaudioside A Rebaudioside C Dulcoside A
- 6. R2 O H3C CH2 Steviosides are white to pale H yellow coloured crystals with a H3C CO H faint herbal smell. O It has no calories and does not R1 induce glycemic response. It is completely soluble in water and water solution is clear. Pure stevioside is hygroscopic (absorbs moisture from air)
- 7. Stevioside shows very good thermal stability. Incubation of solid stevioside at elevated temperatures for one hour showed good stability up to 120oC. R2 O H3C CH2 In aqueous solution stevioside was remarkably stable in a pH range of 2-10 under thermal treatment H up to 80oC. H 3C H CO O R1
- 9. Now, commercial cultivation of Stevia is practiced in many countries
- 10. Today, stevia is cultivated and used in China, Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Malaysia and part of South America (Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay)
- 11. By 1977 the Maruzen Kasei Co., Ltd. started extracting Stevioside on a commercial basis in Japan. Japan currently consumes more stevioside than any other country; there, stevioside products accounts for 40% of the sweetener market.
- 12. At present, Diet Coca Cola is sweetened by Stevioside in Japan
- 13. Stevioside is now available in different dilutions (97% to 1%) both in bulk and in retail quantities.
- 15. Pure Stevioside is too intensely sweet to be used directly for sweetening anything. A diluted preparation (1-2%) can be safely used for sweetening hot beverages like tea or coffee
- 16. Since Stevioside is fairly thermostable, it can be used all types of bakery and confectionary products. Use of stevioside lowers the calorie content of these foods and makes it suitable for the diabetics and dieting people
- 17. Stevioside is very much compatible with frozen dairy products. Low calorie natural Ice-cream, mousses and shakes can be prepared with stevioside
- 18. Indian sweets base on dairy, cereal and legume products can be sweetened by Steviosides to make those suitable for diabetics and health conscious persons. Stevioside does not impart any unacceptable taste or smell to such food items. It is also compatible with all types of added flavours and colours
- 19. Stevioside is most suitable for Indian cooking as it is thermostable, compatible with all spices, does not caramelize and does not impart any colour or flavour of its own.
- 20. Stevioside may also be an excellent sweetener for the protein health drinks for sports persons. Apart from sweetening, Steviosides also exerts cardio-tonic and anti- oxidant effects which is an absolute necessity in endurance sports.
- 21. Stevioside Can be used a sweetening agent for many pharmaceutical preparations, to make them suitable for diabetic and dieting patients. It is compatible with most of the ingredients used in OTC medicines. It can be used in oral liquids as well in chewable tablets.
- 22. Research clearly shows that Streptococcus mutans, Pseudomonas aeruginos, Proteus vulgaris and other microbes do not thrive in the presence of the nonnutritive stevia constituents. This fact, combined with the naturally sweet flavor of stevioside, makes it a suitable ingredient for mouthwashes and toothpastes.
- 24. Obesity in the developing world can be viewed as a result of a series of changes in diet, physical activity, health and nutrition. The health, economic and psychosocial consequences of the increasing incidence of obesity are substantial. Obesity is associated with numerous health complications, which range from non-fatal debilitating conditions such as osteoarthritis, to life threatening chronic diseases such as Coronary Heart Disease, diabetes, and certain cancers.
- 25. Use of stevioside may be a very important tool for nutritional management by lowering carbohydrate intake, specially intake of ―Empty Calories‖ through refined sugar. Thus, stevioside offers a ―Natural‖ solution for food intake related obesity. Is equivalent to 1g Stevioside 250g sugar No Calories 1040 Calories
- 26. Extracts of leaves from the plant Stevia rebaudiana have been used in the traditional treatment of diabetes in Paraguay and Brazil. In recent studies, anti-diabetic effect of stevioside is proved beyond doubt. Steviosides Improves glucose tolerance Enhances insulin secretion Reduces glycogen breaking hormones
- 27. In pancreas, there are some specilised cells ( -cells) which secrete Insulin In some type of diabetes, Insulin secretion from these cells is diminished In some research work in Aarhus University Hospital, Stevioside Denmark and elsewhere, it was proved that Stevioside stimulates these -cells to secrate more insulin and exerts antidiabetic effect Jeppesen, P. B., et al. ―Stevioside acts directly on pancreatic beta cells to secrete insulin: actions independent of cyclic adenosine monophosphate and adenosine triphosphate-sensitive K+-channel activity.‖ Metabolism. 2000; 49(2): 208–14.
- 28. Dental caries (tooth decay) is a common consequence of common sugar consumption, because sugar forms a sticky coat on the teeth, which harbours many bacteria responsible tooth decay Stevioside does not help to form such sticky plaque on teeth. It also help to prevent dental cavities by inhibiting the bacteria Streptococcus mutans that stimulates plaque formation. Matsukubo, T., et al. "Sucrose substitutes and their role in caries prevention." Int. Dent. J. 2006 Jun; 56(3): 119-30.
- 29. A two year study undertaken at Department of Medicine, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Hospital and Division of Cardiology, Chi-Mei Foundation Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan It was reported that, oral stevioside significantly decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressure compared with placebo. In that study, quality of life of the patients was improved, and no significant adverse effects of stevioside were noted. Hsieh Ming-Hsiung, Chan Paul, Sue Yuh-Mou, Liu Ju-Chi, Toong Hua Liang, Huang Tsuei-Yuen, Tomlinson Brian, Moses, Sing Sum Chow, Kao Pai-Feng, Chen Yi-Jen (2003) Efficacy and tolerability of oral stevioside in patients with mild essential hypertension: A two-year, randomized, placebo-controlled Study; Clinical therapeutics vol. 25, no11, pp. 2797-2808
- 30. Steviosides was found to have immuno-stimulant and anti inflammatory effects. Steviosides actually blocks pro-inflammatory cytokines and thus directly reduces inflammation. Boonkaewwan, C., et al. ―Anti-Inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities of stevioside and its metabolite steviol on THP-1 cells.‖ J. Agric. Food Chem. 2006 Feb; 54(3): 785-9.
- 31. Stevia contains antiseptic properties which have proven beneficial in speeding the healing process of skin wounds. Tests show that stevia’s antimicrobial properties inhibit the growth of streptococcus and other bacteria. This is especially noteworthy since some forms of streptococcus have become antibiotic resistant.
- 32. Guarani Indians and other people who have become familiar with stevia report that it is effective when applied to acne, seborrhea, dermatitis, eczema, etc. Placed directly in cuts and wounds, more rapid healing, without scarring, is observed. In later researches, it was found that stevioside and its metabolic products isoteviol and steviol, block glucose entry into said sebaceous cells thereby inhibiting production of sebum, which, in turn, diminishes the chance of acne formation.
- 33. In many in scientific studies, And thus inhibit the stevioside and its metabolites were carcinogenic property of TPA found to have significant anti- carcinogenic effect. Yasukawa et al (2002) has reported the inhibitory effect of stevia extract, on inflammatory ear tumour caused Skin Cell by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13- acetate (TPA) and 7,12-dimethylbenz Carcinogenesis [a] anthracene (DMBA) in animal models Stevioside adds protective effect Yasukawa, K, Kitanaka S, and Seo, S (2002) Inhibitory Effect of Stevioside on Tumour Promotion by 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate in Two-Stage Carcinogenesis in Mouse Skin., Biol. Pharm. Bull. 25(11) 1488—1490
- 34. Stevioside or steviol, at 0-200 micromoles, was incubated with human breast (MCF-7), colon (Caco-2), and prostatic (DU 145) cancer cells for 24 h. Results showed that Stevioside and steviol significantly reduced the migration of Caco-2 and MCF-7 cells Steviol caused cancer cell death by apoptosis Steviol reduced HIF-1 alpha protein level and DNA binding (v) Steviol was effective against DU 145 proliferation Stevioside was effective against all cancer cells Colon Cancer Cell Prostate Cancer Cell C. N. MUNENE1, H. A. Bawadi2, R. R. Bansode1, and J. N. Losso1. (1) Dept. of Food Science, Louisiana State Univ. Agricultural Center, 111 Food Science Bldg., Baton Rouge, LA 70803, (2) School of Human Ecology, Louisiana State Univ. Agricultural Center, 125 Human Ecology Bldg., Baton Rouge, LA 70803
- 35. In comparison to other zero calorie sweetener
- 36. Oral stevioside is not taken up by the human body or the uptake is extremely low and none of the digestive enzymes are able to degrade stevioside Bracht, A.M., Kemmelmeier, F.S., Ishii, E.L., Alvarez, M., Bracht, A., 1985. Effect of Stevia rebaudiana natural products on cellular and sub-cellular metabolism. Arq. Biol. Tecnol. 28, 431–455. Koyama, E., Sakai, N., Ohori, Y, Kitazawa, K, Izawa, O., Kakegawa,K., Fujino, A., Ui, M., 2003b. Absorption and metabolism of the glycosidic sweeteners, Stevia related compounds in human and rat. Food Chem. Toxicol. 41, 875–883 Stevioside has no adverse effect on reproductive systems Yamada, A., Ohgaki, S., Noda, T., Shimizu, M., 1985. Chronic toxicity of dietary Stevia Extracts. J. Food Hyg. Soc. Jpn 26, 169–183.
- 37. Stevioside is not carcinogenic. Das, S., Das, A.K., Murphy, R.A., Punwani, I.C., Nasution, M.P.,Kinghorn, A.D., 1992. Evaluation of the Cariogenic Potential of the Intense Natural Sweeteners Stevioside and Rebaudioside A. Caries Res. 26, 363–366. Stevioside is not nephrotoxic or hepatotoxic WHO Food Additives, 1999. Series 42: Safety evaluation of certain food additives ’’Stevioside’’, Genf, pp. 119–143. Stevia products has thousands of years of history of use without any report on its’ adverse effects
- 38. Stevioside, is an absolutely Natural product with No chemical modification after extraction. Its safety has been established by scientific studies as well as its continuous use for thousands of years. Now, let us have a look at the safety records of other popular zero calorie sweeteners – Aspertame and Sucralose – which are synthetic chemicals.
- 39. Aspertame, one of the popular artificial zero calorie sweetener is actually a potentially hazardous substance. Reported Adverse Effects of Aspertame Brain tumors Multiple sclerosis Lymphoma Attention Deficit Disorder Arthritis Chronic faigue syndrome US Air Force acknowledge that ingestion of aspartame make pilots more susceptible to seizures and vertigo and issued a safety alert to its pilots US Air Force 1992. "Aspartame Alert." Flying Safety 48(5): 20-21 (May 1992). Butchko, Harriett H., Frank N. Kotsonis 1994. "Postmarketing Surveillance in the Food Industry: The Aspartame Case Study," in Nutritional Toxicology, edited by Frank N. Kotsonis, Maureen Macky and Jerry Hjelle, Raven Press, Ltd., New York, c1994. DHHS 1993. "Adverse Reactions Associated With Aspartame Consumption," Department of Health & Human Services Memorandum, April 1, 1993, Reprinted in preface of "Bittersweet Aspartame: A Diet Delusion" by Barbara Alexander Mullarkey, NutriVoice, P.O. Box 946, Oak Park, Illinois 60303, (708) 848-0116.
- 40. The other alternative, Sucralose – which is actually a chlorinated hydrocarbon like some pesticides – is also not free from adverse effects. The adverse effects encountered in the pre-approval research include – Shrunken thymus glands (up to 40% shrinkage) Atrophy of lymph follicles in the spleen and thymus Extension of the pregnancy period and aborted pregnancy Decreased foetal body weights and placental weights Diarrhoea Q&A: Is newly FDA approved sweetener sucralose good for you? Executive Health's Good Health Report, Nov 1998, Vol. 35 Issue 2, p6, 1p, 1c. Goldsmith LA (2000) Aute and subchronic toxicity of sucralose: Food Chem Toxicol. 2000;38 Suppl 2:S53-69. Lord GH, Newberne PM (1990) Renal mineralization--a ubiquitous lesion in chronic rat studies: Food Chem Toxicol. 1990 Jun;28(6):449-55 S. W. Manna, *, M. M. Yuschaka, S. J. G. Amyesb, P. Aughtonb and J. P. Finnb (2000) A combined chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity study of sucralose in Sprague–Dawley rats: Food and Chemical Toxicology Volume 38, Supplement 2, Pages 71-89
- 41. Sucralose induced skin irritation
- 43. The Joint Expert Committee of The World Health Organisation and the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations allowed an Average Daily Intake (ADI) of 2mg/Kg body weight in 2004 They prepared the standard specification of Stevioside in 68th JECFA meting which was published in FAO JECFA Monographs 4 (2007) in included in the Codex Alimentarius. In the 69th JECFA held at Rome in June, 2008, the allowable ADI was increased to 4 mg steviol /Kg bodyweight for human consumption Their recommendation was based on long term exposure study with 970mg stevioside/Kg body weight which is equivalent to 383 mg/Kg Steviol and they have considered a safety factor of 100
- 44. Two US companies Merisant and Cargill notified USFDA that Stevioside should have GRAS status and submitted evidence that it is safe to use in food. The USFDA concluded in December 2008 that it has no objection to 95% pure stevioside to have GRAS status for food and drink US Pharmacopeia has developed set of reference standards for stevia based sweetners (written FCC testing standard is expected to be released in August, 2009) for a ―rapid and unbiased decision‖ for quality checks to ensure safety of consumers.
- 45. Coca Cola partnered with Cargill to develop their stevioside brand ―Truvia‖
- 46. Coca cola now sweeten their ―Sprite Green‖ and ―Odwalla‖ Juice Drink with Stevioside
- 47. Pepsico partnered with Whole Earth Sweetener Co. (a subsidiary of Merisant) and Pure Circle to develop their ―Purevia‖ brand
- 48. Pepsico planned to sweeten their ―SoBe Lifewater‖ brand soft drinks with Stevioside