Vanitas themes were common in medieval funerary art and focused on death and decay as a reminder of the transience of life. During the Renaissance, such motifs became more indirect and found expression in still-life paintings, which were meant to remind viewers that pleasure is fleeting and death is certain. Common vanitas symbols include skulls, rotten fruit, bubbles, timepieces, and musical instruments, all of which represent the brevity and ephemeral nature of human existence.