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structural_elements

Chris Moorehead, profile picture
Chris Moorehead

The document describes different types of grids used in page layout. It defines key structural elements that make up grids like margins, columns, and flow lines. It then describes the manuscript grid as the simplest type of grid, with a large central text area surrounded by margins for headers, footers, and chapter titles. The purpose of the manuscript grid is to accommodate large amounts of continuous text.

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STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS THE GRID
COMPONENTS GRID
margin column flowline module spatial zone marker individual unit of space separated by regular intervals horizontal divisions between margins alignments that break the space into horizonal bands placement indicators for running heads, folios, etc groups of modules that form distinct fields area between format edge and content
margins page / live area
margins horizontal anchor / horizon line page / live area
margins horizontal anchor / horizon line column
gutter margins horizontal anchor / horizon line column
gutter margins horizontal anchor / horizon line 0.5 inch margins (3 picas) / 3 inch (18 pica) horizon line / 6 column grid column
TYPES OF GRID
Structurally the simplest type of grid Base structure is a large rectangular area taking up most of the page Its purpose is to accomodate large quantities of continuous text, such as novels or essays Structure designed around margins, chapter titles, headers, footers, and folios MANUSCRIPT GRID T Y P E S O F G R I D
Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conullummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi.Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim inger irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conullummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi.Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim inger irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conullummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conullummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. NO SECOND TROY 34 35 william butler yeats
Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conullummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi.Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim inger irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conullummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi.Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim inger irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conullummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conullummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. NO SECOND TROY 34 35 william butler yeats symmetrical manuscript grid
NO SECOND TROY 3534 no second troy william butler yeats Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conul- landre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conullummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conul- landre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim inger irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conul- landre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conullummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conul- landre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim inger irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut ali- quam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullan- dre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conullummy con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim
Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conul- landre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conullummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conul- landre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim inger irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conul- landre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conullummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conul- landre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim inger irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut ali- quam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullan- dre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conullummy con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim NO SECOND TROY 3534 no second troy william butler yeats asymmetrical manuscript grid
Structure arranged into a series of vertical columns Very flexible—can be used to separate different levels of information Secondary structure—establishes positions for flowlines, hanglines, running headers, folios, or section dividers COLUMN GRID T Y P E S O F G R I D
Lesto odolore tat irit venim eseq- uis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wis- sim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er sum- molor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam am- commy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conullummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi.Giam, volo- bor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim inger irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolor- perci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er sum- molor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam am- commy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conullummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. notes from underground 34 35 fyodor dostoevsky Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi.Giam, volo- bor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim inger irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolor- perci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat.
Lesto odolore tat irit venim eseq- uis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wis- sim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er sum- molor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam am- commy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conullummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi.Giam, volo- bor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim inger irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolor- perci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er sum- molor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam am- commy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conullummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. notes from underground 34 35 fyodor dostoevsky symmetrical 2-column grid Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi.Giam, volo- bor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim inger irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolor- perci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat.
fyodor dostoevsky 3534 Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, volo- borero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, volo- borero doleniat utem zzrillutat. Notes from Underground Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel do- lenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conullummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi.Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim inger irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat xero sim quipit nullutatie eriusci.
Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel do- lenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conullummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi.Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim inger irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat fyodor dostoevsky asymmetrical 2-column grid utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat xero sim quipit nullutatie eriusci. 3534 Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, volo- borero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, volo- borero doleniat utem zzrillutat. Notes from Underground
Column grid with a large number of horizontal flowlines that subdivide the columns into rows Groups of modules are called spatial zones Generally used with complex layouts requiring levels of control beyond what column grids can provide Often used with tabular information such as charts, forms, schedules, or navigation systems MODULAR GRID T Y P E S O F G R I D
Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er sum- molor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim inger irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolor- perci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero do- leniat volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod doleni- sim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conullummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam am- commy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conullummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ul- luptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi.Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos 34 35 Notes from Underground Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. fyodor dostoevsky
nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam am- commy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conullummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ul- luptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi.Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos 34 35 symmetrical modular grid Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er sum- molor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim inger irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolor- perci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero do- leniat volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit Notes from Underground Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. fyodor dostoevsky wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod doleni- sim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conullummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon.
CONTENT GRID
gutter margins horizontal anchor / horizon line column
gutter header horizontal anchor / horizon line column footer margins william butler yeats no second troy
gutter 12/13 header horizontal anchor / horizon line column footer margins folio william butler yeats no second troy
Lesto odolore tat irit venim eseq- uis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero com- mod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dole- nisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conul- lummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim non- sed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conul- lummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim non- sed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volo- bor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim inger irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat. 12/13 body copy / body text fedra sans light sc 10 pt, leading 12 pt aligned left, rag right or left justified, rag right (uk ranged left) 1 full hard return space between each paragraph william butler yeats no second troy
utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dole- nim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er sum- molor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dole- nibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero com- mod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dole- nisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcom- my nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conullummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim non- sed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conul- lummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim ese- quis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim non- sed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volo- bor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim inger irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis num- san vullam, voloborero doleniat 12/13 body copy / body text fedra sans light sc 10 pt, leading 12 pt aligned left, rag right or left justified, rag right (uk ranged left) 9 pt indent with no space between paragraphs first paragraph is never indented william butler yeats no second troy
inger irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat. Lesto odolore tat irit venim eseq- uis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero com- mod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dole- nisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conul- lummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. WHAT COULD SHE HAVE DONE? Yeats & Maud Gonne Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim non- sed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conul- lummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim non- sed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volo- bor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim 12/13 body copy / body text headline (head) subheadline (subhead) fedra sans light sc 10 pt, leading 12 pt aligned left, rag right or left justified, rag right (uk ranged left) 1 full hard return space between each paragraph fedra sans bold tf all caps 10 pt, leading 12 pt fedra sans bold tf upper + lower case 10 pt, leading 12 pt william butler yeats no second troy
Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre com- molobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. inger irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat. Lesto odolore tat irit venim eseq- uis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero com- mod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dole- nisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conul- lummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. WHAT COULD SHE HAVE DONE? Yeats & Maud Gonne Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim non- sed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conul- lummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim non- sed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volo- bor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim 12/13 body copy / body text headline (head) subheadline (subhead) sidebar (1 column) fedra sans light sc 10 pt, leading 12 pt aligned left, rag right or left justified, rag right (uk ranged left) 1 full hard return space between each paragraph fedra sans bold tf all caps 10 pt, leading 12 pt fedra sans bold tf upper + lower case 10 pt, leading 12 pt fedra sans medium tf upper + lower case 8 pt, leading 9.5 pt william butler yeats no second troy
Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre com- molobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. inger irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat. Lesto odolore tat irit venim eseq- uis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero com- mod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dole- nisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conul- lummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. WHAT COULD SHE HAVE DONE? Yeats & Maud Gonne Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim non- sed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conul- lummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim non- sed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volo- bor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim 12/13 Why, what could she have done, being what she is? Was there another Troy for her to burn? pullquote william butler yeats no second troy
Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vul- lam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre com- molobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. inger irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat. Lesto odolore tat irit venim eseq- uis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim non- sed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero com- mod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dole- nisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conul- lummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. WHAT COULD SHE HAVE DONE? Yeats & Maud Gonne Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conul- lummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volo- bor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim 12/13 Why, what could she have done, being what she is? Was there another Troy for her to burn? william butler yeats no second troy
Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vul- lam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre com- molobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. inger irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat. Lesto odolore tat irit venim eseq- uis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim non- sed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero com- mod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dole- nisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conul- lummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. WHAT COULD SHE HAVE DONE? Yeats & Maud Gonne Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conul- lummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volo- bor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim 12/13 Why, what could she have done, being what she is? Was there another Troy for her to burn? headline (head) subheadline (subhead) sidebar (1 column) fedra sans bold tf all caps 10 pt, leading 12 pt fedra sans bold tf upper + lower case 10 pt, leading 12 pt fedra sans medium tf upper + lower case 8 pt, leading 9.5 pt pullquote body copy / body text fedra sans light sc 10 pt, leading 12 pt aligned left, rag right or left justified, rag right (uk ranged left) 1 full hard return space between each paragraph gutter header folio horizontal anchor / horizon line column footer margins william butler yeats no second troy
Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vul- lam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre com- molobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. inger irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat. Lesto odolore tat irit venim eseq- uis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim non- sed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero com- mod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dole- nisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conul- lummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. WHAT COULD SHE HAVE DONE? Yeats & Maud Gonne Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conul- lummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volo- bor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim william butler yeats12/13 no second troy Why, what could she have done, being what she is? Was there another Troy for her to burn? body copy / body text fedra sans light sc 10 pt, leading 12 pt aligned left, rag right or left justified, rag right (uk ranged left) 1 full hard return space between each paragraph aligned on a baseline grid setting of 12 pt with no top inset
Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vul- lam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre com- molobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. inger irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat. Lesto odolore tat irit venim eseq- uis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim non- sed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero com- mod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dole- nisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conul- lummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. WHAT COULD SHE HAVE DONE? Yeats & Maud Gonne Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conul- lummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volo- bor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim 12/13 No Second Troy william butler yeats no second troy
Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vul- lam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre com- molobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. inger irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat. Lesto odolore tat irit venim eseq- uis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim non- sed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero com- mod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dole- nisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conul- lummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. WHAT COULD SHE HAVE DONE? Yeats & Maud Gonne Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conul- lummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volo- bor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim 12/13 No Second Troy 12 william butler yeats no second troy
Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vul- lam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre com- molobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim non- sed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volo- bor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim inger irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat. Lesto odolore tat irit venim eseq- uis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim non- sed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero com- mod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dole- nisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conul- lummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conul- lummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem 12/13 No Second Troy 12 william butler yeats no second troy Why, what could she have done, being what she is? Was there another Troy for her to burn? The Green Helmet + Other Poems (1910) head deck fedra sans medium tf 48 pt, upper + lower case fedra sans book 18 pt, upper + lower case
WHAT COULD SHE HAVE DONE? Yeats & Maud Gonne Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim non- sed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conul- lummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim non- sed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volo- bor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim inger irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim non- sed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. No Second Troy williambutleryeatsnosecondtroy page 12 Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi.
EXAMPLES GRID
fracture / summer 2009 BLACK DOWN ANINVESTIGATIONINTO BLACKWATERUSA REVEALSAFRIGHTENING PICTUREOFAPOLITICALLY- CONNECTEDPRIVATEARMY THATFUNCTIONSASTHE BUSHADMINISTRATION’S PRAETORIANGUARD. STORY BY JEREMY SCAHILL WATER LANDING ZONE, BAGHDAD. (TECH SGT RUSSELL E. COOLEY IV, USAF) 33 S P R I N G 2 0 0 8
REPUBLICAN ONPRIVATIZATIONOUTSOURCING ON. SUBPLOT OF THE WARS OF THE POST-9/11 OUTSOURCING AND PRIVATIZATI PERIOD IS THEIR UNPRECEDENTED SCALE OF While the past years of Republican monopoly on government have marked a golden era for the industry, those days appear to be ending. Just a month into the new Congressional term, leading Democrats were an- nouncing investigations of runaway war contractors. Representative John Murtha, chair of the Appropriations Committee’s Subcommittee on Defense, after returning from a trip to Iraq in late January, said, “We’re going to have extensive hearings to find out exactly what’s going on with contractors. They don’t have a clear mission and they’re falling all over each other.” Two days later, during confirmation hearings for Gen. George Casey as Army chief of staff, Senator Jim Webb declared, “This is a rent-an-army out there.” Webb asked Casey, “Wouldn’t it be better for this country if those tasks, particularly the quasi-military gunfighting tasks, were being CAMPAIGNCOFFERS, SUPPORTINGTHEPARTY’STAKEOVEROFCONGRESSANDTHEASCENSION REPUBLICAN TOTHEPRESIDENCY. From the moment the US troop buildup began in advance of the invasion of Iraq, the Pentagon made private contractors an integral part of the operations. Even as the government gave the public ap- pearance of attempting diplomacy, Halliburton was prepping for a massive operation. When US tanks rolled into Baghdad in March 2003, they brought with them the largest army of private contractors ever deployed in modern war. By the end of Rumsfeld’s tenure in late 2006, there were an estimated 100,000 private contractors on the ground in Iraq—an almost one-to-one ratio with active-duty American soldiers. To the great satisfaction of the war industry, before Rumsfeld resigned he took the extraordinary step of classifying private contractors as an official part of the US war machine. In the Pentagon’s 2006 Quadrenni- al Review, Rumsfeld outlined what he called a “road map for change” at the DoD, which he said had begun to be implemented in 2001. It defined the “Department’s Total Force” as “its active and reserve military components, its civil servants, and its contractors—constitut[ing] its warfighting capability and capacity. Members of the Total Force serve in thousands of locations around the world, performing a vast array of duties to accomplish critical missions.” This formal designation represented a major triumph for war contractors—conferring on them a legitimacy they had never before enjoyed. Contractors have provided the Bush Administra- tion with political cover, allowing the government to deploy private forces in a war zone free of public scrutiny, with the deaths, injuries and crimes of those forces shrouded in secrecy. The Administration and the GOP-controlled Congress in turn have shielded the contractors from accountability, oversight and legal constraints. Despite the presence of more than 100,000 private contractors on the ground in Iraq, only one has been indicted for crimes or violations. “We have over 200,000 troops in Iraq and half of them aren’t being counted, and the danger is that there’s zero accountabil- ity,” says Democrat Dennis Kucinich, one of the leading Congressional critics of war contracting. RIGHT: AH-64 APACHE ADVANCED ATTACK HELICOPTER IN ACTION OVER IRAQ. (TECH SGT RUSSELL E. COOLEY IV, USAF) INSET: BLACKWATER CEO ERIK PRINCE TESTIFIES BEFORE CONGRESS. (MARK WILSON, GETTY IMAGES) OVERLOOKEDTHE OFTEN OVERLOOKED PRINCE,HISFAMILY, ANDHISPOLITICALALLIES of the Bush Administration’s war team, for whom radical privatization has long been a cherished ideological mission. Blackwater has repeatedly cited Rumsfeld’s statement that contractors are part of the “Total Force” as evidence that it is a legitimate part of the nation’s “warfighting capability and capacity.” Invoking Rumsfeld’s designation, the company has in effect declared its forces above the law—entitled to the immunity from civilian lawsuits enjoyed by the military, but also not bound by the military’s court martial system. While the initial inquiries into Blackwater have focused on the complex labyrinth of secretive subcontracts under which it operates in Iraq, a thorough investigation into the company re- veals a frightening picture of a politically connected private army that has become the Bush Administration’s Praetorian Guard. GEORGE OF GEORGEW.BUSH POUREDMONEYINTO performed by active-duty military sol- diers in terms of cost and accountability?” Casey defended the contracting system but said armed contractors “are the ones that we have to watch very carefully.” Senator Joe Biden, chair of the Foreign Re- lations Committee, has also indicated he will hold hearings on contractors. Parallel to the ongoing investigations, there are several bills gaining steam in Congress aimed at contractor oversight. Occupying the hot seat through these deliberations is the shadowy mercenary company Blackwater USA. Unbeknownst to many Americans and largely off the Congressional radar, Blackwater has secured a position of remarkable power and protection within the US war appa- ratus. This company’s success represents the realization of the life’s work of the conservative officials who formed the core 34 F R A C T U R E 0 2 35 S P R I N G 2 0 0 8 fracture / summer 2009
REPUBLICAN ONPRIVATIZATIONOUTSOURCING ON. SUBPLOT OF THE WARS OF THE POST-9/11 OUTSOURCING AND PRIVATIZATI PERIOD IS THEIR UNPRECEDENTED SCALE OF While the past years of Republican monopoly on government have marked a golden era for the industry, those days appear to be ending. Just a month into the new Congressional term, leading Democrats were an- nouncing investigations of runaway war contractors. Representative John Murtha, chair of the Appropriations Committee’s Subcommittee on Defense, after returning from a trip to Iraq in late January, said, “We’re going to have extensive hearings to find out exactly what’s going on with contractors. They don’t have a clear mission and they’re falling all over each other.” Two days later, during confirmation hearings for Gen. George Casey as Army chief of staff, Senator Jim Webb declared, “This is a rent-an-army out there.” Webb asked Casey, “Wouldn’t it be better for this country if those tasks, particularly the quasi-military gunfighting tasks, were being CAMPAIGNCOFFERS, SUPPORTINGTHEPARTY’STAKEOVEROFCONGRESSANDTHEASCENSION REPUBLICAN TOTHEPRESIDENCY. From the moment the US troop buildup began in advance of the invasion of Iraq, the Pentagon made private contractors an integral part of the operations. Even as the government gave the public ap- pearance of attempting diplomacy, Halliburton was prepping for a massive operation. When US tanks rolled into Baghdad in March 2003, they brought with them the largest army of private contractors ever deployed in modern war. By the end of Rumsfeld’s tenure in late 2006, there were an estimated 100,000 private contractors on the ground in Iraq—an almost one-to-one ratio with active-duty American soldiers. To the great satisfaction of the war industry, before Rumsfeld resigned he took the extraordinary step of classifying private contractors as an official part of the US war machine. In the Pentagon’s 2006 Quadrenni- al Review, Rumsfeld outlined what he called a “road map for change” at the DoD, which he said had begun to be implemented in 2001. It defined the “Department’s Total Force” as “its active and reserve military components, its civil servants, and its contractors—constitut[ing] its warfighting capability and capacity. Members of the Total Force serve in thousands of locations around the world, performing a vast array of duties to accomplish critical missions.” This formal designation represented a major triumph for war contractors—conferring on them a legitimacy they had never before enjoyed. Contractors have provided the Bush Administra- tion with political cover, allowing the government to deploy private forces in a war zone free of public scrutiny, with the deaths, injuries and crimes of those forces shrouded in secrecy. The Administration and the GOP-controlled Congress in turn have shielded the contractors from accountability, oversight and legal constraints. Despite the presence of more than 100,000 private contractors on the ground in Iraq, only one has been indicted for crimes or violations. “We have over 200,000 troops in Iraq and half of them aren’t being counted, and the danger is that there’s zero accountabil- ity,” says Democrat Dennis Kucinich, one of the leading Congressional critics of war contracting. RIGHT: AH-64 APACHE ADVANCED ATTACK HELICOPTER IN ACTION OVER IRAQ. (TECH SGT RUSSELL E. COOLEY IV, USAF) INSET: BLACKWATER CEO ERIK PRINCE TESTIFIES BEFORE CONGRESS. (MARK WILSON, GETTY IMAGES) OVERLOOKEDTHE OFTEN OVERLOOKED PRINCE,HISFAMILY, ANDHISPOLITICALALLIES of the Bush Administration’s war team, for whom radical privatization has long been a cherished ideological mission. Blackwater has repeatedly cited Rumsfeld’s statement that contractors are part of the “Total Force” as evidence that it is a legitimate part of the nation’s “warfighting capability and capacity.” Invoking Rumsfeld’s designation, the company has in effect declared its forces above the law—entitled to the immunity from civilian lawsuits enjoyed by the military, but also not bound by the military’s court martial system. While the initial inquiries into Blackwater have focused on the complex labyrinth of secretive subcontracts under which it operates in Iraq, a thorough investigation into the company re- veals a frightening picture of a politically connected private army that has become the Bush Administration’s Praetorian Guard. GEORGE OF GEORGEW.BUSH POUREDMONEYINTO performed by active-duty military sol- diers in terms of cost and accountability?” Casey defended the contracting system but said armed contractors “are the ones that we have to watch very carefully.” Senator Joe Biden, chair of the Foreign Re- lations Committee, has also indicated he will hold hearings on contractors. Parallel to the ongoing investigations, there are several bills gaining steam in Congress aimed at contractor oversight. Occupying the hot seat through these deliberations is the shadowy mercenary company Blackwater USA. Unbeknownst to many Americans and largely off the Congressional radar, Blackwater has secured a position of remarkable power and protection within the US war appa- ratus. This company’s success represents the realization of the life’s work of the conservative officials who formed the core 34 F R A C T U R E 0 2 35 S P R I N G 2 0 0 8 4-column symmetrical grid body text dtl documenta st regular, 9 pt left justified ff din 26, 13, + 18 pt pullquote gutter folio horizon line columnfooter margins
LOBBYI SYSTEM. says Representative David Price, a North Carolina Democrat, who said he began monitoring the use of private contractors after Falluja. “I’m probably like most Congress members in kind of coming to this awareness and developing an interest in it” after the incident. What is not so well-known is that in Washington af- ter Falluja, Blackwater executives kicked into high gear, capitalizing on the company’s newfound recognition. The day after the ambush, it hired the Alexander Strate- gy Group, a K Street lobbying firm run by former senior staffers of then-majority leader Tom DeLay before the firm’s meltdown in the wake of the Jack Abramoff scan- dal. A week to the day after the ambush, Erik Prince was sitting down with at least four senior members of the Senate Armed Services Committee, including its chair, John Warner. Senator Rick Santorum arranged the meeting, which included Warner and two other key Republican senators—Appropriations Committee chair Ted Stevens of Alaska and George Allen of Virginia. This meeting followed an earlier series of face-to-faces Prince had had with powerful House Republicans who oversaw military contracts. Among them: DeLay; Porter Goss, chair of the House Intelligence Committee (and future CIA director); Duncan Hunter, chair of the House Armed Services Committee; and Representative Bill Young, chair of the House Appropriations Com- mittee. What was discussed at these meetings remains a secret. But Blackwater was clearly positioning itself to make the most of its new fame. Indeed, two months later, Blackwater was handed one of the government’s most valuable international security contracts, worth more than $300 million. The firm was also eager to stake out a role in craft- ing the rules that would govern mercenaries under US contract. “Because of the public events of March 31, [Blackwater’s] visibility and need to communicate a consistent message has elevated here in Washington,” said Blackwater’s new lobbyist Chris Bertelli. “There are now several federal regulations that apply to their activities, but they are generally broad in nature. One thing that’s lacking is an industry standard. That’s BLACKWATER WAS LEADING A TO TRY TO BLOCK CONGRESSIONAL OR P SYSTEM. something we definitely want to be engaged in.” By May Blackwater was leading a lobbying effort by the private military industry to try to block Congressional or Pentagon efforts to place their forces under the mili- tary court martial system. But while Blackwater enjoyed its new status as a hero in the “war on terror” within the Administration and the GOP-controlled Congress, the families of the four men killed at Falluja say they were being stonewalled by Blackwater as they attempted to understand the cir- cumstances of how their loved ones were killed. After what they allege was months of effort to get straight answers from the company, the families filed a ground- breaking wrongful death lawsuit against Blackwater in January 2005, accusing the company of not providing the men with what they say were contractually guaran- teed safeguards. Among the allegations: The company sent them on the Falluja mission that day short two men, with less powerful weapons than they should have had and in Pajero jeeps instead of armored vehicles. This case could have far-reaching reverberations and is being monitored closely by the war-contractor indus- try—former Halliburton subsidiary KBR has even filed an amicus brief supporting Blackwater. If the lawsuit is successful, it could pave the way for a tobacco litigation- type scenario, where war contractors find themselves besieged by legal claims of workers killed or injured in war zones. MURDER ON CHRISTMAS EVE While much of the publicity Black- water has received stems from Fal- luja, another, more recent incident is attracting new scrutiny. On Christmas Eve inside Baghdad’s heavily fortified Green Zone, an American Blackwater contractor allegedly shot and killed an Iraqi bodyguard protecting a senior Iraqi official. For weeks after the shoot- ing, unconfirmed reports circulated around the Internet that alcohol may have been involved and that the Iraqi was shot ten times in the chest. The story then went that the contractor was spirited out of Iraq before he could be prosecuted. Media inquiries got nowhere—the US Embassy refused to confirm that it was a Blackwater contractor, and the company refused to comment. Then the incident came up at the February 7 Congressional hearing. As the session was drawing to a close, Representative Kucinich raced back into the room with what he said was a final question. He entered a news report on the incident into the record and asked Blackwater counsel Howell if Blackwater had flown the contractor out of Iraq after the alleged shooting. “That gentleman, on the day the incident occurred, he was off duty,” Howell said, in what was the first official confirmation of the incident from Blackwater. “Blackwater did bring him back to the United States.” “Is he going to be extradited back to Iraq for murder, and if not, why not?” Kucinich asked. “Sir, I am not law enforcement. All I can say is that there’s cur- rently an investigation,” Howell replied. “We are fully cooper- ating and supporting that investigation.” Kucinich then said, “I just want to point out that there’s a question that could actually make [Blackwater’s] corporate officers accessories here in helping to create a flight from justice for someone who’s committed a murder.” BLACKWATER CONTRACTORS DEPLOY IN NEW ORLEANS FOLLOWING HURRICANE KATRINA. (GERVASIO SANCHEZ, AP) ENTAGON NG EFFORT COURT MARTIAL EFFORTS TO PLACE THEIR FORCES UNDER THE MILITARY COURT MARTIAL LOBBYING EFFORTBY THE PRIVATE MILITARY INDUSTRY 38 F R A C T U R E 0 2 39 S P R I N G 2 0 0 8 fracture / summer 2009
LOBBYI SYSTEM. says Representative David Price, a North Carolina Democrat, who said he began monitoring the use of private contractors after Falluja. “I’m probably like most Congress members in kind of coming to this awareness and developing an interest in it” after the incident. What is not so well-known is that in Washington af- ter Falluja, Blackwater executives kicked into high gear, capitalizing on the company’s newfound recognition. The day after the ambush, it hired the Alexander Strate- gy Group, a K Street lobbying firm run by former senior staffers of then-majority leader Tom DeLay before the firm’s meltdown in the wake of the Jack Abramoff scan- dal. A week to the day after the ambush, Erik Prince was sitting down with at least four senior members of the Senate Armed Services Committee, including its chair, John Warner. Senator Rick Santorum arranged the meeting, which included Warner and two other key Republican senators—Appropriations Committee chair Ted Stevens of Alaska and George Allen of Virginia. This meeting followed an earlier series of face-to-faces Prince had had with powerful House Republicans who oversaw military contracts. Among them: DeLay; Porter Goss, chair of the House Intelligence Committee (and future CIA director); Duncan Hunter, chair of the House Armed Services Committee; and Representative Bill Young, chair of the House Appropriations Com- mittee. What was discussed at these meetings remains a secret. But Blackwater was clearly positioning itself to make the most of its new fame. Indeed, two months later, Blackwater was handed one of the government’s most valuable international security contracts, worth more than $300 million. The firm was also eager to stake out a role in craft- ing the rules that would govern mercenaries under US contract. “Because of the public events of March 31, [Blackwater’s] visibility and need to communicate a consistent message has elevated here in Washington,” said Blackwater’s new lobbyist Chris Bertelli. “There are now several federal regulations that apply to their activities, but they are generally broad in nature. One thing that’s lacking is an industry standard. That’s BLACKWATER WAS LEADING A TO TRY TO BLOCK CONGRESSIONAL OR P SYSTEM. something we definitely want to be engaged in.” By May Blackwater was leading a lobbying effort by the private military industry to try to block Congressional or Pentagon efforts to place their forces under the mili- tary court martial system. But while Blackwater enjoyed its new status as a hero in the “war on terror” within the Administration and the GOP-controlled Congress, the families of the four men killed at Falluja say they were being stonewalled by Blackwater as they attempted to understand the cir- cumstances of how their loved ones were killed. After what they allege was months of effort to get straight answers from the company, the families filed a ground- breaking wrongful death lawsuit against Blackwater in January 2005, accusing the company of not providing the men with what they say were contractually guaran- teed safeguards. Among the allegations: The company sent them on the Falluja mission that day short two men, with less powerful weapons than they should have had and in Pajero jeeps instead of armored vehicles. This case could have far-reaching reverberations and is being monitored closely by the war-contractor indus- try—former Halliburton subsidiary KBR has even filed an amicus brief supporting Blackwater. If the lawsuit is successful, it could pave the way for a tobacco litigation- type scenario, where war contractors find themselves besieged by legal claims of workers killed or injured in war zones. MURDER ON CHRISTMAS EVE While much of the publicity Black- water has received stems from Fal- luja, another, more recent incident is attracting new scrutiny. On Christmas Eve inside Baghdad’s heavily fortified Green Zone, an American Blackwater contractor allegedly shot and killed an Iraqi bodyguard protecting a senior Iraqi official. For weeks after the shoot- ing, unconfirmed reports circulated around the Internet that alcohol may have been involved and that the Iraqi was shot ten times in the chest. The story then went that the contractor was spirited out of Iraq before he could be prosecuted. Media inquiries got nowhere—the US Embassy refused to confirm that it was a Blackwater contractor, and the company refused to comment. Then the incident came up at the February 7 Congressional hearing. As the session was drawing to a close, Representative Kucinich raced back into the room with what he said was a final question. He entered a news report on the incident into the record and asked Blackwater counsel Howell if Blackwater had flown the contractor out of Iraq after the alleged shooting. “That gentleman, on the day the incident occurred, he was off duty,” Howell said, in what was the first official confirmation of the incident from Blackwater. “Blackwater did bring him back to the United States.” “Is he going to be extradited back to Iraq for murder, and if not, why not?” Kucinich asked. “Sir, I am not law enforcement. All I can say is that there’s cur- rently an investigation,” Howell replied. “We are fully cooper- ating and supporting that investigation.” Kucinich then said, “I just want to point out that there’s a question that could actually make [Blackwater’s] corporate officers accessories here in helping to create a flight from justice for someone who’s committed a murder.” BLACKWATER CONTRACTORS DEPLOY IN NEW ORLEANS FOLLOWING HURRICANE KATRINA. (GERVASIO SANCHEZ, AP) ENTAGON NG EFFORT COURT MARTIAL EFFORTS TO PLACE THEIR FORCES UNDER THE MILITARY COURT MARTIAL LOBBYING EFFORTBY THE PRIVATE MILITARY INDUSTRY 38 F R A C T U R E 0 2 39 S P R I N G 2 0 0 8 4-column symmetrical grid body text dtl documenta st regular, 9 pt left justified ff din 26, 13, + 18 pt pullquotegutter folio horizon line columnfooter margins
YOU THERAPTHER PIST A said MY NOT TO no more 03 SEE YOU For some reason, I’ve always been a magnet for intense and disturbed women. In some ways, this has been a good thing—such women tend to be exceptionally exciting and uninhibited lovers— I must admit, however, that even within but I always end up paying an emotional price far in excess of any benefit I may have obtained from J A M E S , “ L A I D ” F R O M T H E A L B U M L A I D R E L E A S E D O C T O B E R 5 , 1 9 9 3 M E R C U R Y R E C O R D S the situation. this rarified group, one particularly unusual woman has burned herself into my consciousness forever. Given the circumstances of our first meeting, I probably should have known that my relationship with Julie would be memorable, to say the least. I first met her at a party hosted by a demented brother and sister who I had befriended several years earlier. Eric and Lisa were as known for their unusual and spec- tacular gatherings as they were for their remarkable, and apparently insatiable, appetites for intoxicants and controlled substances. Their east-end house always seemed to be some unwholesome com- bination of Jay Gatsby’s mansion, the Moulin Rouge, and a late-1980s Ibiza nightclub. More often than not, I would arrive at one of their social events—and leave three days later. work in progress / summer 2012
YOU THERAPTHER PIST A said MY NOT TO no more 03 SEE YOU For some reason, I’ve always been a magnet for intense and disturbed women. In some ways, this has been a good thing—such women tend to be exceptionally exciting and uninhibited lovers— I must admit, however, that even within but I always end up paying an emotional price far in excess of any benefit I may have obtained from J A M E S , “ L A I D ” F R O M T H E A L B U M L A I D R E L E A S E D O C T O B E R 5 , 1 9 9 3 M E R C U R Y R E C O R D S the situation. this rarified group, one particularly unusual woman has burned herself into my consciousness forever. Given the circumstances of our first meeting, I probably should have known that my relationship with Julie would be memorable, to say the least. I first met her at a party hosted by a demented brother and sister who I had befriended several years earlier. Eric and Lisa were as known for their unusual and spec- tacular gatherings as they were for their remarkable, and apparently insatiable, appetites for intoxicants and controlled substances. Their east-end house always seemed to be some unwholesome com- bination of Jay Gatsby’s mansion, the Moulin Rouge, and a late-1980s Ibiza nightclub. More often than not, I would arrive at one of their social events—and leave three days later. 4-column symmetrical grid head clarendon lt bold 72, 96, + 180 pt horizon line margins dtl documenta st regular 12 pt, left justified body text caption univers 47 8 pt, left justified
16 YOU CAN’T TAKE THREE STEPS WITHOUT ENCOUNTERING GHOSTS BEARING ALL THE PRES- TIGE OF THEIR LEGENDS. [17] u r b a n i s m A l l c i t i e s a r e g e o l o g i c a l . spring2008 d e r e l i c t a p a r t m e n t c o m p l e x i n p a r i s s u b u r b o f c l i c h y - s o u s - b o i s , 2 0 0 5 . i v a n c h t c h e g l o v f o r m u l a r y n e w We move within a closed landscape whose landmarks constantly draw us toward the past. Certain shifting angles, certain receding perspec- tives, allow us to glimpse original conceptions of space, b u t t h i s v i s i o n r e m a i n s f r a g m e n - t a r y . It must be sought in the magical locales of fairy tales and surrealist writings: castles, endless walls, little forgotten bars, mammoth caverns, casino mirrors. These dated images retain a small catalyzing power, but it is almost impossible to use them in a sym- bolic urbanism without rejuvenating them by giving them a new mean- ing. There was a certain charm in horses born from the sea or magi- cal dwarves dressed in gold, b u t f o r a t h e y a r e i n n o w a y a d a p t e d t o t h e d e m a n d s o f m o d e r n l i f e . For we are in the twentieth century, even if few people are aware of it. Our imaginations, haunted by the old archetypes, have remained far behind the sophistication of the machines. The various attempts to integrate modern science into new myths remain inadequate. M e a n - w h i l e a b s t r a c t i o n h a s i n - v a d e d a l l t h e a r t s , c o n - t e m p o r a r y a r c h i t e c t u r e i n p a r t i c u l a r . Pure plasticity, inanimate and storyless, soothes the eye. Elsewhere other fragmentary beauties can be found−while the promised land of new syntheses continually recedes into the distance. Everyone wavers between the emo- tionally still-alive past and the already dead future. drift / spring 2008
16 YOU CAN’T TAKE THREE STEPS WITHOUT ENCOUNTERING GHOSTS BEARING ALL THE PRES- TIGE OF THEIR LEGENDS. [17] u r b a n i s m A l l c i t i e s a r e g e o l o g i c a l . spring2008 d e r e l i c t a p a r t m e n t c o m p l e x i n p a r i s s u b u r b o f c l i c h y - s o u s - b o i s , 2 0 0 5 . i v a n c h t c h e g l o v f o r m u l a r y n e w We move within a closed landscape whose landmarks constantly draw us toward the past. Certain shifting angles, certain receding perspec- tives, allow us to glimpse original conceptions of space, b u t t h i s v i s i o n r e m a i n s f r a g m e n - t a r y . It must be sought in the magical locales of fairy tales and surrealist writings: castles, endless walls, little forgotten bars, mammoth caverns, casino mirrors. These dated images retain a small catalyzing power, but it is almost impossible to use them in a sym- bolic urbanism without rejuvenating them by giving them a new mean- ing. There was a certain charm in horses born from the sea or magi- cal dwarves dressed in gold, b u t f o r a t h e y a r e i n n o w a y a d a p t e d t o t h e d e m a n d s o f m o d e r n l i f e . For we are in the twentieth century, even if few people are aware of it. Our imaginations, haunted by the old archetypes, have remained far behind the sophistication of the machines. The various attempts to integrate modern science into new myths remain inadequate. M e a n - w h i l e a b s t r a c t i o n h a s i n - v a d e d a l l t h e a r t s , c o n - t e m p o r a r y a r c h i t e c t u r e i n p a r t i c u l a r . Pure plasticity, inanimate and storyless, soothes the eye. Elsewhere other fragmentary beauties can be found−while the promised land of new syntheses continually recedes into the distance. Everyone wavers between the emo- tionally still-alive past and the already dead future. head berthold akzidenz grotesk bold, lowercase 22 pt + 48 pt pullquote gutter 7-column symmetrical grid folio (large) footer/ folio (small) horizon line 12p from top column footer (large) margins body text berthold akzidenz grotesk medium, 9 pt left justified
S E R R I F F E , WA S , A S U S U A L , L A S T N I G H T A S I T P R E PA R E D T O T H E C E N T R E O F B O D O N I , T H E C A P I TA L O F S A N celebrate the 22nd anniversary of its discovery, the most C O N F U S E D D R A M AT I C IT IS ESTIMATED THAT UP TO 25% OF SAN SERRIFFE’S POPULATION ARRIVED BY SHIPWRECK. return to san seriffe / up! magazine, november 2007 R E T U R N T O S A N S E R R I F F E 3 9 F I R S T H E A R D O F I N A P R I L 1 9 7 7,S A N S E R R I F F E t h e t i n y s t a t e w a s a s l e e p y i s l a n d p a r a d i s e W H E N T H E W O R L D u n d e r t h e A U T H O R I TA R I A N L E A D E R S H I P o f a n u n p o p u l a r g e n e r a l . V I S I T I N G T H E A R C H I P E L A G O 2 2 Y E A R S O N , B E R L I N S A N S d i s c o v e r s a v i b r a n t n a t i o n T R A N S F O R M E D b y a V I S I O N A R Y L E A D E R .
Previous anniversaries had been celebrated with little ceremony. Indeed under the stern military rule of the strongman, General Pica, and his obscure successor (note to subs: have forgotten his name, please check) few Serriffeans felt they had much to celebrate. However, since free elections were held and the handsome, popular, charismatic, boyish, charming, dynamic, modest, new leader Antonio Bourgeois was catapulted into office, the atmosphere in San Serriffe has been transformed. Nothing has actu- ally happened, but the atmosphere has been transformed. Regular followers of politics in this region will recall that San Serriffe comprises two islands, Upper Caisse and Lower Caisse, shaped curiously like a semi-colon, sited (usually) in the Indian Ocean. Since the country briefly hit global headlines in 1977, Western journalists have steered clear, in the belief that little was to be gained from visiting these shores, particularly in the matter of expenses. SAN SERRIFFE’S OFFSHORE OIL RESOURCES ARE THE KEY TO ITS NEWFOUND PROSPERITY. However, the figure 22 has a peculiar symbolic power in the mystic tradition of the Flong people, San Serriffe’s indigenous tribe. There are, for instance, (approxi- mately) 22 people in a Serriffean cabinet, 22 verses in the national anthem and 22 miles between the Upper Caisse port of Adze and Cap Em on the southern island. Accord- ingly, traditionalists have this year secured funding from the San Serriffean National Lottery for a full programme of cultural celebratory events. A mysterious large object is being erected for the occasion by the banks of the Tempo River as a monument to Mr Bourgois’s mar- tyred compadre, Pierre Myriad. Mr Myriad had planned to live there (despite concerns that its 14 acres would be a little cramped) Now it will stand as the political memorial to a man whose fight for an end to social inequality won him the undying love and ad- miration of several of his political associates. The monument is to be decorated with special wallpaper supplied by the Government’s legal adviser, Lord Grot. Much has changed since the long years of Pica-ist rule. General Pica maintained an iron grip on power until being forced out in a palace coup in 1990 by General Melior—known as The Obscure One—who tricked his way into the General’s Office under the 4 34 2 SAN SERRIFFE WILL BENEFIT GREATLY FROM WESTJET’S NEW DAILY ‘SELF-SERVE CLASS’ FLIGHTS. e v e n t i n t h e p a t c h y — e v e n b l o t c h y — h i s t o r y o f t h i s R E M O T E S E A - G I R T N AT I O N . s t r u c k a f a t a l b l o w u n t i l h e w a s T R A G I C A L LY o n t h e h e a d b y a v e r y l a r g e S U M O F M O N E Y. return to san seriffe / up! magazine, november 2007
Previous anniversaries had been celebrated with little ceremony. Indeed under the stern military rule of the strongman, General Pica, and his obscure successor (note to subs: have forgotten his name, please check) few Serriffeans felt they had much to celebrate. However, since free elections were held and the handsome, popular, charismatic, boyish, charming, dynamic, modest, new leader Antonio Bourgeois was catapulted into office, the atmosphere in San Serriffe has been transformed. Nothing has actu- ally happened, but the atmosphere has been transformed. Regular followers of politics in this region will recall that San Serriffe comprises two islands, Upper Caisse and Lower Caisse, shaped curiously like a semi-colon, sited (usually) in the Indian Ocean. Since the country briefly hit global headlines in 1977, Western journalists have steered clear, in the belief that little was to be gained from visiting these shores, particularly in the matter of expenses. SAN SERRIFFE’S OFFSHORE OIL RESOURCES ARE THE KEY TO ITS NEWFOUND PROSPERITY. However, the figure 22 has a peculiar symbolic power in the mystic tradition of the Flong people, San Serriffe’s indigenous tribe. There are, for instance, (approxi- mately) 22 people in a Serriffean cabinet, 22 verses in the national anthem and 22 miles between the Upper Caisse port of Adze and Cap Em on the southern island. Accord- ingly, traditionalists have this year secured funding from the San Serriffean National Lottery for a full programme of cultural celebratory events. A mysterious large object is being erected for the occasion by the banks of the Tempo River as a monument to Mr Bourgois’s mar- tyred compadre, Pierre Myriad. Mr Myriad had planned to live there (despite concerns that its 14 acres would be a little cramped) Now it will stand as the political memorial to a man whose fight for an end to social inequality won him the undying love and ad- miration of several of his political associates. The monument is to be decorated with special wallpaper supplied by the Government’s legal adviser, Lord Grot. Much has changed since the long years of Pica-ist rule. General Pica maintained an iron grip on power until being forced out in a palace coup in 1990 by General Melior—known as The Obscure One—who tricked his way into the General’s Office under the 4 34 2 SAN SERRIFFE WILL BENEFIT GREATLY FROM WESTJET’S NEW DAILY ‘SELF-SERVE CLASS’ FLIGHTS. e v e n t i n t h e p a t c h y — e v e n b l o t c h y — h i s t o r y o f t h i s R E M O T E S E A - G I R T N AT I O N . s t r u c k a f a t a l b l o w u n t i l h e w a s T R A G I C A L LY o n t h e h e a d b y a v e r y l a r g e S U M O F M O N E Y. 5-column symmetrical grid body text caption pullquote folio clarendon light 9.5 pt, leading 11 pt left justified htf gotham book, 8.5 pt htf gotham book + bold 18 pt, leading 16 pt htf gotham bold, 14 pt
torontotransitcommission1900yongestreet,toronto,ontariom4s1z24163934000fax4163934010 corporate services division www.ttc.ca Your ref: B/001 Our ref: A/003 Date Contact name Company name Address line 1 Address line 2 City, Province P05TAL C0D3 Dear Name: Corporate identity guidelines The first direct contact most outsiders have with the Toronto Transit Commis- sion other than by telephone, is when they receive a letter. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exerci tation ullamcorper suscipit lobortis nisl ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis autem vel eum iriure dolor in hendrerit in vulputate velit esse molestie consequat, vel illum dolore eu feugiat nulla facilisis at vero eros et accumsan et iusto odio dignissim qui blandit praesent luptatum zzril delenit augue duis dolore te feugait. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exerci tation ullamcorper suscipit lobortis nisl ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis autem vel eum iriure dolor in hendrerit in vulputate velit esse molestie consequat, vel illum dolore eu feugiat nulla facilisis at vero eros et accumsan et iusto odio dignissim qui blandit praesent luptatum zzril delenit augue duis dolore te feugait nulla facilisi. Yours truly, Firstname Lastname Job Title Email: name@ttc.ca Direct line: 416 393 0000 Copy to: One Other ttc corporate letterhead redesign 2oo7
torontotransitcommission1900yongestreet,toronto,ontariom4s1z24163934000fax4163934010 corporate services division www.ttc.ca Your ref: B/001 Our ref: A/003 Date Contact name Company name Address line 1 Address line 2 City, Province P05TAL C0D3 Dear Name: Corporate identity guidelines The first direct contact most outsiders have with the Toronto Transit Commis- sion other than by telephone, is when they receive a letter. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exerci tation ullamcorper suscipit lobortis nisl ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis autem vel eum iriure dolor in hendrerit in vulputate velit esse molestie consequat, vel illum dolore eu feugiat nulla facilisis at vero eros et accumsan et iusto odio dignissim qui blandit praesent luptatum zzril delenit augue duis dolore te feugait. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exerci tation ullamcorper suscipit lobortis nisl ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis autem vel eum iriure dolor in hendrerit in vulputate velit esse molestie consequat, vel illum dolore eu feugiat nulla facilisis at vero eros et accumsan et iusto odio dignissim qui blandit praesent luptatum zzril delenit augue duis dolore te feugait nulla facilisi. Yours truly, Firstname Lastname Job Title Email: name@ttc.ca Direct line: 416 393 0000 Copy to: One Other format-dependent modular grid identity mark name/address dictates width of grid apex sans medium c + book c, 8 pt
1 “Fuller Image” The Iranian, Iranian.com, March 1st 2007. <http://www. iranian.com/ Books/2003/ September/ Persepolis/> innocence, curiosity, honesty, and a self-awareness that is undeniably human and real. Marji provides insight through her untainted quest for knowledge and understanding. We see an ordinary family expe- rience a revolution, regime change, and propaganda. We see the defeat of the Shah regime and the victory of the Islamic Revolution, both carrying devastating acts and results of war. Through Marji’s learning, we are exposed to the history of Iran as well as her fam- ily. With all that said, is it enough to accept the infor- mation we are given without question? Is the historic information told through graphics and text factual or accurate? How valid is Marji’s perspective and telling of life through the Islamic Revolution? The unique perspective given in Persepolis must be considered when estimating the validity of its tale. Remember that Marji is telling the story, that she is a young girl, innocent and curious. Her reflections are personal. Not everyone in Iran felt the same or had the same experiences. Feelings and experiences are relative. It is her reflection of specific events that are mostatriskoferroranddiscrepancies.However,con- sider again that the graphic novel is autobiographical, which means we are receiving true, real-life informa- tion. Information filled with personal experience. THE QUESTION OF ACCURACY IN ALL WRITING is one that is weighed with great importance. Freedom of speech and the ability to voice one’s opinion is an important element of our society. It al- lows for anyone, despite their knowledge, education, expertise, or lack there-of, to make their ideas accessible to the world. However, one must consider the possibility of things being lost in translation or lost in a broken telephone type of situation. It is not realistic to assume that just because something is published, it is the truth. We must ask questions. In historic literature, we must acknowledge the possibility of biases, misinterpretations, and even missing information, all of which contribute to the degree of accuracy in a writing. It is only then, after much consideration, that we are able to determine the validity of the piece. Any discrepancies in informa- tion are to be recognized as untrue, in order to avoid misleading or cor- rupt ideas. In historical works such as Marjane Satrapi’s Persepolis and FranciscoGoya’sTheDisastersofWar,ishistoricalaccuracyessentialto the validity of the works? Marjane Satrapi tells a story of what it’s like growing up in Iran during the Islamic Revolution. Persepolis is very much an autobiog- raphy, telling of the realities of Satrapi’s childhood. The book is writ- ten from the perspective of a ten-year-old girl, Marji, who delivers EMILY PENNACCHIO GEORGE A. REID AWARD 2006/07 (100 LEVEL) HISTORICAL ACCURACY + VALIDITY IN LITERATURE Marji’s experiences during pre-revolu- tion and post-revolution Iran are what make her observations so important and valid. She portrays the confusion, obstacles, and frequent contradictions that she worked through every day. Marji humanizes our perception of Iranians, pointing out that not all of Iran supports the Islamic fundamen- talists. “Just like in Canada, or anywhere else, you have people who are very reli- gious, people who aren’t, people who drink, people who don’t, hypocrites, intellectuals, leftists, conservatives and so on. In fact, the personalities in Persepolis are very open, very intellectual and are not in agreement with the Islamic regime.”1 Historicalaccuracycanagainbeexamined through events and groups. Marji’s reflec- tion of Black Friday and The Committee are innocent reflections that offer insight into contradictions, fear, confusion, etc. Satrapi’s reiteration of her protest on Black Friday presents a simplified and innocent descrip- tion of what went on. She says, “We had demonstrated on the very day we shouldn’t have: on Black Friday. That day there were so many killed in one of the neighbour- hoods that a rumour was spread that Israeli soldiers were responsible for the slaughter. But in fact it was really our own who had at- tacked us.”2 Also, after being confronted by MARJI’S EXPERIENCES DURING PRE-REVOLUTION AND POST- REVOLUTION IRAN ARE WHAT MAKE HER OBSERVATIONS SO IMPORTANT AND VALID. 2 Marjane Satrapi, Persepolis, (New York: Pantheon 2003) 38–39 01 HISTORICAL ACCURACY + VALIDITY IN LITERATURE LINE BREAK 8 9 line break / ocad writing + learning centre, 2009
1 “Fuller Image” The Iranian, Iranian.com, March 1st 2007. <http://www. iranian.com/ Books/2003/ September/ Persepolis/> innocence, curiosity, honesty, and a self-awareness that is undeniably human and real. Marji provides insight through her untainted quest for knowledge and understanding. We see an ordinary family expe- rience a revolution, regime change, and propaganda. We see the defeat of the Shah regime and the victory of the Islamic Revolution, both carrying devastating acts and results of war. Through Marji’s learning, we are exposed to the history of Iran as well as her fam- ily. With all that said, is it enough to accept the infor- mation we are given without question? Is the historic information told through graphics and text factual or accurate? How valid is Marji’s perspective and telling of life through the Islamic Revolution? The unique perspective given in Persepolis must be considered when estimating the validity of its tale. Remember that Marji is telling the story, that she is a young girl, innocent and curious. Her reflections are personal. Not everyone in Iran felt the same or had the same experiences. Feelings and experiences are relative. It is her reflection of specific events that are mostatriskoferroranddiscrepancies.However,con- sider again that the graphic novel is autobiographical, which means we are receiving true, real-life informa- tion. Information filled with personal experience. THE QUESTION OF ACCURACY IN ALL WRITING is one that is weighed with great importance. Freedom of speech and the ability to voice one’s opinion is an important element of our society. It al- lows for anyone, despite their knowledge, education, expertise, or lack there-of, to make their ideas accessible to the world. However, one must consider the possibility of things being lost in translation or lost in a broken telephone type of situation. It is not realistic to assume that just because something is published, it is the truth. We must ask questions. In historic literature, we must acknowledge the possibility of biases, misinterpretations, and even missing information, all of which contribute to the degree of accuracy in a writing. It is only then, after much consideration, that we are able to determine the validity of the piece. Any discrepancies in informa- tion are to be recognized as untrue, in order to avoid misleading or cor- rupt ideas. In historical works such as Marjane Satrapi’s Persepolis and FranciscoGoya’sTheDisastersofWar,ishistoricalaccuracyessentialto the validity of the works? Marjane Satrapi tells a story of what it’s like growing up in Iran during the Islamic Revolution. Persepolis is very much an autobiog- raphy, telling of the realities of Satrapi’s childhood. The book is writ- ten from the perspective of a ten-year-old girl, Marji, who delivers EMILY PENNACCHIO GEORGE A. REID AWARD 2006/07 (100 LEVEL) HISTORICAL ACCURACY + VALIDITY IN LITERATURE Marji’s experiences during pre-revolu- tion and post-revolution Iran are what make her observations so important and valid. She portrays the confusion, obstacles, and frequent contradictions that she worked through every day. Marji humanizes our perception of Iranians, pointing out that not all of Iran supports the Islamic fundamen- talists. “Just like in Canada, or anywhere else, you have people who are very reli- gious, people who aren’t, people who drink, people who don’t, hypocrites, intellectuals, leftists, conservatives and so on. In fact, the personalities in Persepolis are very open, very intellectual and are not in agreement with the Islamic regime.”1 Historicalaccuracycanagainbeexamined through events and groups. Marji’s reflec- tion of Black Friday and The Committee are innocent reflections that offer insight into contradictions, fear, confusion, etc. Satrapi’s reiteration of her protest on Black Friday presents a simplified and innocent descrip- tion of what went on. She says, “We had demonstrated on the very day we shouldn’t have: on Black Friday. That day there were so many killed in one of the neighbour- hoods that a rumour was spread that Israeli soldiers were responsible for the slaughter. But in fact it was really our own who had at- tacked us.”2 Also, after being confronted by MARJI’S EXPERIENCES DURING PRE-REVOLUTION AND POST- REVOLUTION IRAN ARE WHAT MAKE HER OBSERVATIONS SO IMPORTANT AND VALID. 2 Marjane Satrapi, Persepolis, (New York: Pantheon 2003) 38–39 01 HISTORICAL ACCURACY + VALIDITY IN LITERATURE LINE BREAK 8 9 2-column asymmetrical grid3-column symmetrical grid body text pullquote dtl documenta st regular 9.5 pt, leading 12 pt fully justified berthold akzidenz grotesk light + bold, 14 pt head sidenote berthold akzidenz grotesk bold, 36 pt berthold akzidenz grotesk light, 8 pt, leading 9 pt left justified folio dtl documenta st bold, 24 pt dtl documenta st medium, 14 pt
The emphasis on function and utility as the principal considerations for design had its roots in the Enlightenment and the principles of rationality and individual- ity that gave rise to modernity, the Indus- trial Revolution, and the phenomenon of mass production. Although he preceded the modernists by a generation, economist and social critic Thorstein Veblen presaged the modernists’ love of machine-age preci- sion and technology. In his 1899 work, The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study of Institutions, Veblen compared two spoons—one hand-made of silver, the other machine-made of aluminum or steel. He argued that there was no substantive dif- ference between them in terms of function; nor in aesthetic terms, silver having no in- trinsic qualities more beautiful than steel. He decried the preference for the hand- made silver spoon as a perverse “gratifica- tion of our sense of costliness masquerad- ing under the name of beauty,” a costliness tied to the inefficiencies of manual produc- tion and the relative scarcity of hand-made objects.5 He refused to acknowledge any link be- tween design, material, and making, or the user’s response to the completed object. Rather, Veblen poured contempt on the “exaltation of the defective, of which John Ruskin and William Morris were such eager spokesmen in their time [and] their propagan- da of crudity and wasted effort.”6 His utter contempt for the subjective, variable aspects of hand produc- tion, and for craft’s insistence on intermixing con- siderations of materials and manufacture, foreshad- owed modernism’s hostility toward the subjectivity and femininized qualities of craft. Terry Smith pinpoints the moment in the 1920s when modernity began to lose the “visual in the service of the making hand,” when the visual order began to move away from the relationship between hand and eye that is essential to craft.7 Smith ana- lyzes very clearly the way in which the components of craft were delaminated by mass-production—the task of making peeled away from the impulse to make, and the consideration of material properties separated from the design process. Mass-production absorbed and atomized craft knowledge and skills, and parceled out the isolated tasks to unskilled la- bourers; craft was segregated from art and industrial design, which claimed to better express symbolic content, embodied in particular by modernism’s stylized machine aesthetic.8 Mass-production and mass-consumption came to define modernity, and the purchase of mass-produced items became more enjoyable than making for oneself.9 Under the mod- ernist dispensation, hand-made objects lost their social value, and as we began to lose the understand- ing of how to make, we lost the ability to appreciate the hand-made. Smith notes that, as the forces of modernity claimed exclusive right to the expressive and sym- bolizing tasks formerly associated with craft, some craftspeople took on the artist’s role, beginning to embed “significant content”10 in their work. He ap- pears to suggest that in so doing these practitioners were co-opted, ceding to modern art practice the right to establish a hierarchy and set value on per- sonal aesthetic expression. This is one aspect of his analysis with which I take exception. Significant con- tent, in the form of personal or cultural narrative and symbolism, have always been embedded in the de- sign and materiality of craft objects, whether created by a skilled maker in an atelier, or a dedicated ama- teur working on a personal project after a day’s paid work. Crafted objects serve a multitude of functional and symbolic roles—religious, political, social—and in the hours it takes to design and fabricate a liturgical vessel, a tapestry, or a scrimshaw pendant, the created object is imbued with the aesthetic judgments of its maker, as well as his or her accumulated technical decisions. In considering the effect of modernism on craft, finally, we are faced with another irony: that the functionalist emphasis on truth in design is best exemplified in craft. In the work of makers from Sam Maloof to Albert Paley to Dale Chihuly, the structure of the object is a key design element. The working qualities of wood, steel, and glass can be traced clearly in the finished object, and the form of the chair, gate, or vessel shows the designer/maker’s understand- ing of how it will interact with the human body, an interior space, or the built fabric of an urban precinct. MASS-PRODUCTION ABSORBED AND OUT THE ISOLATED TASKS TO UNSKILLED LABOURERS. ATOMIZED CRAFT KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS, AND PARCELED SIGNIFICANT CONTENT, IN THE FORM OF PERSONAL OR CULTURAL NARRATIVE AND SYMBOLISM, HAVE ALWAYS BEEN EMBEDDED IN THE DESIGN AND MATERIALITY OF CRAFT OBJECTS. 5 Thorstein Veblen, The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study of Institutions (New York: MacMillan & Co., 1905), excerpts of 126–131, 159– 162, excerpted in The Industrial Design Reader, Ed. Carma Gorman (New York: Allworth Press, 2003) 50. 6 Veblen: 51. 7 Terry Smith, “Craft, Modernity and Post- modernity,” Craft and Contemporary Theory, Sue Rowley, Ed. (London: Allen & Unwin, 1997) 19–20. 8 Smith: 20–21. 9 Terry Smith, “Craft, Modernity and Post- modernity,” Craft and Contemporary Theory, Sue Rowley, Ed. (London: Allen & Unwin, 1997) 18–19. 10 Smith: 22–23 LINE BREAK 51MAKING + UNMAKING: HOW CRAFT SURVIVED THE 20TH CENTURY50
The emphasis on function and utility as the principal considerations for design had its roots in the Enlightenment and the principles of rationality and individual- ity that gave rise to modernity, the Indus- trial Revolution, and the phenomenon of mass production. Although he preceded the modernists by a generation, economist and social critic Thorstein Veblen presaged the modernists’ love of machine-age preci- sion and technology. In his 1899 work, The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study of Institutions, Veblen compared two spoons—one hand-made of silver, the other machine-made of aluminum or steel. He argued that there was no substantive dif- ference between them in terms of function; nor in aesthetic terms, silver having no in- trinsic qualities more beautiful than steel. He decried the preference for the hand- made silver spoon as a perverse “gratifica- tion of our sense of costliness masquerad- ing under the name of beauty,” a costliness tied to the inefficiencies of manual produc- tion and the relative scarcity of hand-made objects.5 He refused to acknowledge any link be- tween design, material, and making, or the user’s response to the completed object. Rather, Veblen poured contempt on the “exaltation of the defective, of which John Ruskin and William Morris were such eager spokesmen in their time [and] their propagan- da of crudity and wasted effort.”6 His utter contempt for the subjective, variable aspects of hand produc- tion, and for craft’s insistence on intermixing con- siderations of materials and manufacture, foreshad- owed modernism’s hostility toward the subjectivity and femininized qualities of craft. Terry Smith pinpoints the moment in the 1920s when modernity began to lose the “visual in the service of the making hand,” when the visual order began to move away from the relationship between hand and eye that is essential to craft.7 Smith ana- lyzes very clearly the way in which the components of craft were delaminated by mass-production—the task of making peeled away from the impulse to make, and the consideration of material properties separated from the design process. Mass-production absorbed and atomized craft knowledge and skills, and parceled out the isolated tasks to unskilled la- bourers; craft was segregated from art and industrial design, which claimed to better express symbolic content, embodied in particular by modernism’s stylized machine aesthetic.8 Mass-production and mass-consumption came to define modernity, and the purchase of mass-produced items became more enjoyable than making for oneself.9 Under the mod- ernist dispensation, hand-made objects lost their social value, and as we began to lose the understand- ing of how to make, we lost the ability to appreciate the hand-made. Smith notes that, as the forces of modernity claimed exclusive right to the expressive and sym- bolizing tasks formerly associated with craft, some craftspeople took on the artist’s role, beginning to embed “significant content”10 in their work. He ap- pears to suggest that in so doing these practitioners were co-opted, ceding to modern art practice the right to establish a hierarchy and set value on per- sonal aesthetic expression. This is one aspect of his analysis with which I take exception. Significant con- tent, in the form of personal or cultural narrative and symbolism, have always been embedded in the de- sign and materiality of craft objects, whether created by a skilled maker in an atelier, or a dedicated ama- teur working on a personal project after a day’s paid work. Crafted objects serve a multitude of functional and symbolic roles—religious, political, social—and in the hours it takes to design and fabricate a liturgical vessel, a tapestry, or a scrimshaw pendant, the created object is imbued with the aesthetic judgments of its maker, as well as his or her accumulated technical decisions. In considering the effect of modernism on craft, finally, we are faced with another irony: that the functionalist emphasis on truth in design is best exemplified in craft. In the work of makers from Sam Maloof to Albert Paley to Dale Chihuly, the structure of the object is a key design element. The working qualities of wood, steel, and glass can be traced clearly in the finished object, and the form of the chair, gate, or vessel shows the designer/maker’s understand- ing of how it will interact with the human body, an interior space, or the built fabric of an urban precinct. MASS-PRODUCTION ABSORBED AND OUT THE ISOLATED TASKS TO UNSKILLED LABOURERS. ATOMIZED CRAFT KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS, AND PARCELED SIGNIFICANT CONTENT, IN THE FORM OF PERSONAL OR CULTURAL NARRATIVE AND SYMBOLISM, HAVE ALWAYS BEEN EMBEDDED IN THE DESIGN AND MATERIALITY OF CRAFT OBJECTS. 5 Thorstein Veblen, The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study of Institutions (New York: MacMillan & Co., 1905), excerpts of 126–131, 159– 162, excerpted in The Industrial Design Reader, Ed. Carma Gorman (New York: Allworth Press, 2003) 50. 6 Veblen: 51. 7 Terry Smith, “Craft, Modernity and Post- modernity,” Craft and Contemporary Theory, Sue Rowley, Ed. (London: Allen & Unwin, 1997) 19–20. 8 Smith: 20–21. 9 Terry Smith, “Craft, Modernity and Post- modernity,” Craft and Contemporary Theory, Sue Rowley, Ed. (London: Allen & Unwin, 1997) 18–19. 10 Smith: 22–23 LINE BREAK 51MAKING + UNMAKING: HOW CRAFT SURVIVED THE 20TH CENTURY50 2-column asymmetrical grid2-column asymmetrical grid
Ambrose, Gavin & Paul Harris. Layout. AVA Publishing SA, 2005. Müller-Brockmann, Josef. Grid Systems in Graphic Design. Verlag Niggli AG, 2007. (First published 1981). Samara, Timothy. Making and Breaking the Grid. Rockport Publishers, 2002. REFERENCES T H E G R I D
CHRISTOPHER 09/2013 MOOREHEAD

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structural_elements

  • 3. margin column flowline module spatial zone marker individual unit of space separated by regular intervals horizontal divisions between margins alignments that break the space into horizonal bands placement indicators for running heads, folios, etc groups of modules that form distinct fields area between format edge and content
  • 5. margins horizontal anchor / horizon line page / live area
  • 8. gutter margins horizontal anchor / horizon line 0.5 inch margins (3 picas) / 3 inch (18 pica) horizon line / 6 column grid column
  • 10. Structurally the simplest type of grid Base structure is a large rectangular area taking up most of the page Its purpose is to accomodate large quantities of continuous text, such as novels or essays Structure designed around margins, chapter titles, headers, footers, and folios MANUSCRIPT GRID T Y P E S O F G R I D
  • 11. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conullummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi.Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim inger irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conullummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi.Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim inger irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conullummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conullummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. NO SECOND TROY 34 35 william butler yeats
  • 12. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conullummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi.Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim inger irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conullummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi.Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim inger irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conullummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conullummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. NO SECOND TROY 34 35 william butler yeats symmetrical manuscript grid
  • 13. NO SECOND TROY 3534 no second troy william butler yeats Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conul- landre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conullummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conul- landre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim inger irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conul- landre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conullummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conul- landre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim inger irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut ali- quam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullan- dre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conullummy con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim
  • 14. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conul- landre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conullummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conul- landre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim inger irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conul- landre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conullummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conul- landre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim inger irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut ali- quam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullan- dre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conullummy con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim NO SECOND TROY 3534 no second troy william butler yeats asymmetrical manuscript grid
  • 15. Structure arranged into a series of vertical columns Very flexible—can be used to separate different levels of information Secondary structure—establishes positions for flowlines, hanglines, running headers, folios, or section dividers COLUMN GRID T Y P E S O F G R I D
  • 16. Lesto odolore tat irit venim eseq- uis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wis- sim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er sum- molor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam am- commy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conullummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi.Giam, volo- bor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim inger irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolor- perci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er sum- molor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam am- commy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conullummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. notes from underground 34 35 fyodor dostoevsky Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi.Giam, volo- bor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim inger irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolor- perci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat.
  • 17. Lesto odolore tat irit venim eseq- uis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wis- sim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er sum- molor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam am- commy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conullummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi.Giam, volo- bor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim inger irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolor- perci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er sum- molor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam am- commy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conullummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. notes from underground 34 35 fyodor dostoevsky symmetrical 2-column grid Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi.Giam, volo- bor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim inger irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolor- perci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat.
  • 18. fyodor dostoevsky 3534 Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, volo- borero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, volo- borero doleniat utem zzrillutat. Notes from Underground Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel do- lenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conullummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi.Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim inger irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat xero sim quipit nullutatie eriusci.
  • 19. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel do- lenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conullummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi.Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim inger irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat fyodor dostoevsky asymmetrical 2-column grid utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat xero sim quipit nullutatie eriusci. 3534 Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, volo- borero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, volo- borero doleniat utem zzrillutat. Notes from Underground
  • 20. Column grid with a large number of horizontal flowlines that subdivide the columns into rows Groups of modules are called spatial zones Generally used with complex layouts requiring levels of control beyond what column grids can provide Often used with tabular information such as charts, forms, schedules, or navigation systems MODULAR GRID T Y P E S O F G R I D
  • 21. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er sum- molor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim inger irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolor- perci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero do- leniat volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod doleni- sim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conullummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam am- commy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conullummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ul- luptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi.Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos 34 35 Notes from Underground Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. fyodor dostoevsky
  • 22. nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam am- commy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conullummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ul- luptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi.Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos 34 35 symmetrical modular grid Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er sum- molor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim inger irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolor- perci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero do- leniat volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit Notes from Underground Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. fyodor dostoevsky wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod doleni- sim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conullummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon.
  • 25. gutter header horizontal anchor / horizon line column footer margins william butler yeats no second troy
  • 26. gutter 12/13 header horizontal anchor / horizon line column footer margins folio william butler yeats no second troy
  • 27. Lesto odolore tat irit venim eseq- uis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero com- mod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dole- nisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conul- lummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim non- sed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conul- lummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim non- sed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volo- bor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim inger irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat. 12/13 body copy / body text fedra sans light sc 10 pt, leading 12 pt aligned left, rag right or left justified, rag right (uk ranged left) 1 full hard return space between each paragraph william butler yeats no second troy
  • 28. utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dole- nim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er sum- molor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dole- nibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero com- mod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dole- nisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcom- my nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conullummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim non- sed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conul- lummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim ese- quis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim non- sed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volo- bor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim inger irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis num- san vullam, voloborero doleniat 12/13 body copy / body text fedra sans light sc 10 pt, leading 12 pt aligned left, rag right or left justified, rag right (uk ranged left) 9 pt indent with no space between paragraphs first paragraph is never indented william butler yeats no second troy
  • 29. inger irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat. Lesto odolore tat irit venim eseq- uis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero com- mod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dole- nisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conul- lummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. WHAT COULD SHE HAVE DONE? Yeats & Maud Gonne Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim non- sed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conul- lummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim non- sed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volo- bor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim 12/13 body copy / body text headline (head) subheadline (subhead) fedra sans light sc 10 pt, leading 12 pt aligned left, rag right or left justified, rag right (uk ranged left) 1 full hard return space between each paragraph fedra sans bold tf all caps 10 pt, leading 12 pt fedra sans bold tf upper + lower case 10 pt, leading 12 pt william butler yeats no second troy
  • 30. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre com- molobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. inger irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat. Lesto odolore tat irit venim eseq- uis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero com- mod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dole- nisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conul- lummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. WHAT COULD SHE HAVE DONE? Yeats & Maud Gonne Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim non- sed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conul- lummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim non- sed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volo- bor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim 12/13 body copy / body text headline (head) subheadline (subhead) sidebar (1 column) fedra sans light sc 10 pt, leading 12 pt aligned left, rag right or left justified, rag right (uk ranged left) 1 full hard return space between each paragraph fedra sans bold tf all caps 10 pt, leading 12 pt fedra sans bold tf upper + lower case 10 pt, leading 12 pt fedra sans medium tf upper + lower case 8 pt, leading 9.5 pt william butler yeats no second troy
  • 31. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre com- molobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. inger irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat. Lesto odolore tat irit venim eseq- uis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero com- mod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dole- nisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conul- lummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. WHAT COULD SHE HAVE DONE? Yeats & Maud Gonne Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim non- sed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conul- lummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim non- sed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volo- bor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim 12/13 Why, what could she have done, being what she is? Was there another Troy for her to burn? pullquote william butler yeats no second troy
  • 32. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vul- lam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre com- molobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. inger irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat. Lesto odolore tat irit venim eseq- uis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim non- sed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero com- mod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dole- nisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conul- lummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. WHAT COULD SHE HAVE DONE? Yeats & Maud Gonne Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conul- lummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volo- bor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim 12/13 Why, what could she have done, being what she is? Was there another Troy for her to burn? william butler yeats no second troy
  • 33. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vul- lam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre com- molobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. inger irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat. Lesto odolore tat irit venim eseq- uis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim non- sed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero com- mod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dole- nisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conul- lummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. WHAT COULD SHE HAVE DONE? Yeats & Maud Gonne Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conul- lummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volo- bor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim 12/13 Why, what could she have done, being what she is? Was there another Troy for her to burn? headline (head) subheadline (subhead) sidebar (1 column) fedra sans bold tf all caps 10 pt, leading 12 pt fedra sans bold tf upper + lower case 10 pt, leading 12 pt fedra sans medium tf upper + lower case 8 pt, leading 9.5 pt pullquote body copy / body text fedra sans light sc 10 pt, leading 12 pt aligned left, rag right or left justified, rag right (uk ranged left) 1 full hard return space between each paragraph gutter header folio horizontal anchor / horizon line column footer margins william butler yeats no second troy
  • 34. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vul- lam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre com- molobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. inger irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat. Lesto odolore tat irit venim eseq- uis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim non- sed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero com- mod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dole- nisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conul- lummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. WHAT COULD SHE HAVE DONE? Yeats & Maud Gonne Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conul- lummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volo- bor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim william butler yeats12/13 no second troy Why, what could she have done, being what she is? Was there another Troy for her to burn? body copy / body text fedra sans light sc 10 pt, leading 12 pt aligned left, rag right or left justified, rag right (uk ranged left) 1 full hard return space between each paragraph aligned on a baseline grid setting of 12 pt with no top inset
  • 35. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vul- lam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre com- molobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. inger irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat. Lesto odolore tat irit venim eseq- uis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim non- sed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero com- mod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dole- nisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conul- lummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. WHAT COULD SHE HAVE DONE? Yeats & Maud Gonne Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conul- lummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volo- bor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim 12/13 No Second Troy william butler yeats no second troy
  • 36. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vul- lam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre com- molobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. inger irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat. Lesto odolore tat irit venim eseq- uis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim non- sed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero com- mod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dole- nisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conul- lummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. WHAT COULD SHE HAVE DONE? Yeats & Maud Gonne Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conul- lummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volo- bor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim 12/13 No Second Troy 12 william butler yeats no second troy
  • 37. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vul- lam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre com- molobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim non- sed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volo- bor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim inger irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat. Lesto odolore tat irit venim eseq- uis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim non- sed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero com- mod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dole- nisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conul- lummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conul- lummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem 12/13 No Second Troy 12 william butler yeats no second troy Why, what could she have done, being what she is? Was there another Troy for her to burn? The Green Helmet + Other Poems (1910) head deck fedra sans medium tf 48 pt, upper + lower case fedra sans book 18 pt, upper + lower case
  • 38. WHAT COULD SHE HAVE DONE? Yeats & Maud Gonne Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim non- sed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volobor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim ing er irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat wis augait nonsendrerit velenibh esequi tat, con exer ipis eugue et iure del endre mod dolenisim quipit nullutatie eriusci. Hexer sismodigniam amcommy nit alit veliquam, qui blam, conul- lummy nullam vullam quatio od tem nos aut dolore do etummy nullum do consequipit, con eugait vel ipsusting erostio ex ea aliquisl dolorero con ulluptat. Min hendre tat alit, sim diamcon. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim non- sed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. Giam, volo- bor alisi er summolor sum nos autatem ver susto od tem num il in volore vel dolenibh eu feugiat et la cor alis ad dit wis nim inger irilluptat ipisism olestrud dolorperci elit exero commod mod ea consequis augiatio od eugiat. Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim non- sed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi. No Second Troy williambutleryeatsnosecondtroy page 12 Lesto odolore tat irit venim esequis alis nulla faccum duis numsan vullam, voloborero doleniat utem zzrillutat. ut aliquam dolenim nonsed dolore te conumsan et nulla conullandre commolobor autpate magnim do od tet wissim velisi.
  • 40. fracture / summer 2009 BLACK DOWN ANINVESTIGATIONINTO BLACKWATERUSA REVEALSAFRIGHTENING PICTUREOFAPOLITICALLY- CONNECTEDPRIVATEARMY THATFUNCTIONSASTHE BUSHADMINISTRATION’S PRAETORIANGUARD. STORY BY JEREMY SCAHILL WATER LANDING ZONE, BAGHDAD. (TECH SGT RUSSELL E. COOLEY IV, USAF) 33 S P R I N G 2 0 0 8
  • 41. REPUBLICAN ONPRIVATIZATIONOUTSOURCING ON. SUBPLOT OF THE WARS OF THE POST-9/11 OUTSOURCING AND PRIVATIZATI PERIOD IS THEIR UNPRECEDENTED SCALE OF While the past years of Republican monopoly on government have marked a golden era for the industry, those days appear to be ending. Just a month into the new Congressional term, leading Democrats were an- nouncing investigations of runaway war contractors. Representative John Murtha, chair of the Appropriations Committee’s Subcommittee on Defense, after returning from a trip to Iraq in late January, said, “We’re going to have extensive hearings to find out exactly what’s going on with contractors. They don’t have a clear mission and they’re falling all over each other.” Two days later, during confirmation hearings for Gen. George Casey as Army chief of staff, Senator Jim Webb declared, “This is a rent-an-army out there.” Webb asked Casey, “Wouldn’t it be better for this country if those tasks, particularly the quasi-military gunfighting tasks, were being CAMPAIGNCOFFERS, SUPPORTINGTHEPARTY’STAKEOVEROFCONGRESSANDTHEASCENSION REPUBLICAN TOTHEPRESIDENCY. From the moment the US troop buildup began in advance of the invasion of Iraq, the Pentagon made private contractors an integral part of the operations. Even as the government gave the public ap- pearance of attempting diplomacy, Halliburton was prepping for a massive operation. When US tanks rolled into Baghdad in March 2003, they brought with them the largest army of private contractors ever deployed in modern war. By the end of Rumsfeld’s tenure in late 2006, there were an estimated 100,000 private contractors on the ground in Iraq—an almost one-to-one ratio with active-duty American soldiers. To the great satisfaction of the war industry, before Rumsfeld resigned he took the extraordinary step of classifying private contractors as an official part of the US war machine. In the Pentagon’s 2006 Quadrenni- al Review, Rumsfeld outlined what he called a “road map for change” at the DoD, which he said had begun to be implemented in 2001. It defined the “Department’s Total Force” as “its active and reserve military components, its civil servants, and its contractors—constitut[ing] its warfighting capability and capacity. Members of the Total Force serve in thousands of locations around the world, performing a vast array of duties to accomplish critical missions.” This formal designation represented a major triumph for war contractors—conferring on them a legitimacy they had never before enjoyed. Contractors have provided the Bush Administra- tion with political cover, allowing the government to deploy private forces in a war zone free of public scrutiny, with the deaths, injuries and crimes of those forces shrouded in secrecy. The Administration and the GOP-controlled Congress in turn have shielded the contractors from accountability, oversight and legal constraints. Despite the presence of more than 100,000 private contractors on the ground in Iraq, only one has been indicted for crimes or violations. “We have over 200,000 troops in Iraq and half of them aren’t being counted, and the danger is that there’s zero accountabil- ity,” says Democrat Dennis Kucinich, one of the leading Congressional critics of war contracting. RIGHT: AH-64 APACHE ADVANCED ATTACK HELICOPTER IN ACTION OVER IRAQ. (TECH SGT RUSSELL E. COOLEY IV, USAF) INSET: BLACKWATER CEO ERIK PRINCE TESTIFIES BEFORE CONGRESS. (MARK WILSON, GETTY IMAGES) OVERLOOKEDTHE OFTEN OVERLOOKED PRINCE,HISFAMILY, ANDHISPOLITICALALLIES of the Bush Administration’s war team, for whom radical privatization has long been a cherished ideological mission. Blackwater has repeatedly cited Rumsfeld’s statement that contractors are part of the “Total Force” as evidence that it is a legitimate part of the nation’s “warfighting capability and capacity.” Invoking Rumsfeld’s designation, the company has in effect declared its forces above the law—entitled to the immunity from civilian lawsuits enjoyed by the military, but also not bound by the military’s court martial system. While the initial inquiries into Blackwater have focused on the complex labyrinth of secretive subcontracts under which it operates in Iraq, a thorough investigation into the company re- veals a frightening picture of a politically connected private army that has become the Bush Administration’s Praetorian Guard. GEORGE OF GEORGEW.BUSH POUREDMONEYINTO performed by active-duty military sol- diers in terms of cost and accountability?” Casey defended the contracting system but said armed contractors “are the ones that we have to watch very carefully.” Senator Joe Biden, chair of the Foreign Re- lations Committee, has also indicated he will hold hearings on contractors. Parallel to the ongoing investigations, there are several bills gaining steam in Congress aimed at contractor oversight. Occupying the hot seat through these deliberations is the shadowy mercenary company Blackwater USA. Unbeknownst to many Americans and largely off the Congressional radar, Blackwater has secured a position of remarkable power and protection within the US war appa- ratus. This company’s success represents the realization of the life’s work of the conservative officials who formed the core 34 F R A C T U R E 0 2 35 S P R I N G 2 0 0 8 fracture / summer 2009
  • 42. REPUBLICAN ONPRIVATIZATIONOUTSOURCING ON. SUBPLOT OF THE WARS OF THE POST-9/11 OUTSOURCING AND PRIVATIZATI PERIOD IS THEIR UNPRECEDENTED SCALE OF While the past years of Republican monopoly on government have marked a golden era for the industry, those days appear to be ending. Just a month into the new Congressional term, leading Democrats were an- nouncing investigations of runaway war contractors. Representative John Murtha, chair of the Appropriations Committee’s Subcommittee on Defense, after returning from a trip to Iraq in late January, said, “We’re going to have extensive hearings to find out exactly what’s going on with contractors. They don’t have a clear mission and they’re falling all over each other.” Two days later, during confirmation hearings for Gen. George Casey as Army chief of staff, Senator Jim Webb declared, “This is a rent-an-army out there.” Webb asked Casey, “Wouldn’t it be better for this country if those tasks, particularly the quasi-military gunfighting tasks, were being CAMPAIGNCOFFERS, SUPPORTINGTHEPARTY’STAKEOVEROFCONGRESSANDTHEASCENSION REPUBLICAN TOTHEPRESIDENCY. From the moment the US troop buildup began in advance of the invasion of Iraq, the Pentagon made private contractors an integral part of the operations. Even as the government gave the public ap- pearance of attempting diplomacy, Halliburton was prepping for a massive operation. When US tanks rolled into Baghdad in March 2003, they brought with them the largest army of private contractors ever deployed in modern war. By the end of Rumsfeld’s tenure in late 2006, there were an estimated 100,000 private contractors on the ground in Iraq—an almost one-to-one ratio with active-duty American soldiers. To the great satisfaction of the war industry, before Rumsfeld resigned he took the extraordinary step of classifying private contractors as an official part of the US war machine. In the Pentagon’s 2006 Quadrenni- al Review, Rumsfeld outlined what he called a “road map for change” at the DoD, which he said had begun to be implemented in 2001. It defined the “Department’s Total Force” as “its active and reserve military components, its civil servants, and its contractors—constitut[ing] its warfighting capability and capacity. Members of the Total Force serve in thousands of locations around the world, performing a vast array of duties to accomplish critical missions.” This formal designation represented a major triumph for war contractors—conferring on them a legitimacy they had never before enjoyed. Contractors have provided the Bush Administra- tion with political cover, allowing the government to deploy private forces in a war zone free of public scrutiny, with the deaths, injuries and crimes of those forces shrouded in secrecy. The Administration and the GOP-controlled Congress in turn have shielded the contractors from accountability, oversight and legal constraints. Despite the presence of more than 100,000 private contractors on the ground in Iraq, only one has been indicted for crimes or violations. “We have over 200,000 troops in Iraq and half of them aren’t being counted, and the danger is that there’s zero accountabil- ity,” says Democrat Dennis Kucinich, one of the leading Congressional critics of war contracting. RIGHT: AH-64 APACHE ADVANCED ATTACK HELICOPTER IN ACTION OVER IRAQ. (TECH SGT RUSSELL E. COOLEY IV, USAF) INSET: BLACKWATER CEO ERIK PRINCE TESTIFIES BEFORE CONGRESS. (MARK WILSON, GETTY IMAGES) OVERLOOKEDTHE OFTEN OVERLOOKED PRINCE,HISFAMILY, ANDHISPOLITICALALLIES of the Bush Administration’s war team, for whom radical privatization has long been a cherished ideological mission. Blackwater has repeatedly cited Rumsfeld’s statement that contractors are part of the “Total Force” as evidence that it is a legitimate part of the nation’s “warfighting capability and capacity.” Invoking Rumsfeld’s designation, the company has in effect declared its forces above the law—entitled to the immunity from civilian lawsuits enjoyed by the military, but also not bound by the military’s court martial system. While the initial inquiries into Blackwater have focused on the complex labyrinth of secretive subcontracts under which it operates in Iraq, a thorough investigation into the company re- veals a frightening picture of a politically connected private army that has become the Bush Administration’s Praetorian Guard. GEORGE OF GEORGEW.BUSH POUREDMONEYINTO performed by active-duty military sol- diers in terms of cost and accountability?” Casey defended the contracting system but said armed contractors “are the ones that we have to watch very carefully.” Senator Joe Biden, chair of the Foreign Re- lations Committee, has also indicated he will hold hearings on contractors. Parallel to the ongoing investigations, there are several bills gaining steam in Congress aimed at contractor oversight. Occupying the hot seat through these deliberations is the shadowy mercenary company Blackwater USA. Unbeknownst to many Americans and largely off the Congressional radar, Blackwater has secured a position of remarkable power and protection within the US war appa- ratus. This company’s success represents the realization of the life’s work of the conservative officials who formed the core 34 F R A C T U R E 0 2 35 S P R I N G 2 0 0 8 4-column symmetrical grid body text dtl documenta st regular, 9 pt left justified ff din 26, 13, + 18 pt pullquote gutter folio horizon line columnfooter margins
  • 43. LOBBYI SYSTEM. says Representative David Price, a North Carolina Democrat, who said he began monitoring the use of private contractors after Falluja. “I’m probably like most Congress members in kind of coming to this awareness and developing an interest in it” after the incident. What is not so well-known is that in Washington af- ter Falluja, Blackwater executives kicked into high gear, capitalizing on the company’s newfound recognition. The day after the ambush, it hired the Alexander Strate- gy Group, a K Street lobbying firm run by former senior staffers of then-majority leader Tom DeLay before the firm’s meltdown in the wake of the Jack Abramoff scan- dal. A week to the day after the ambush, Erik Prince was sitting down with at least four senior members of the Senate Armed Services Committee, including its chair, John Warner. Senator Rick Santorum arranged the meeting, which included Warner and two other key Republican senators—Appropriations Committee chair Ted Stevens of Alaska and George Allen of Virginia. This meeting followed an earlier series of face-to-faces Prince had had with powerful House Republicans who oversaw military contracts. Among them: DeLay; Porter Goss, chair of the House Intelligence Committee (and future CIA director); Duncan Hunter, chair of the House Armed Services Committee; and Representative Bill Young, chair of the House Appropriations Com- mittee. What was discussed at these meetings remains a secret. But Blackwater was clearly positioning itself to make the most of its new fame. Indeed, two months later, Blackwater was handed one of the government’s most valuable international security contracts, worth more than $300 million. The firm was also eager to stake out a role in craft- ing the rules that would govern mercenaries under US contract. “Because of the public events of March 31, [Blackwater’s] visibility and need to communicate a consistent message has elevated here in Washington,” said Blackwater’s new lobbyist Chris Bertelli. “There are now several federal regulations that apply to their activities, but they are generally broad in nature. One thing that’s lacking is an industry standard. That’s BLACKWATER WAS LEADING A TO TRY TO BLOCK CONGRESSIONAL OR P SYSTEM. something we definitely want to be engaged in.” By May Blackwater was leading a lobbying effort by the private military industry to try to block Congressional or Pentagon efforts to place their forces under the mili- tary court martial system. But while Blackwater enjoyed its new status as a hero in the “war on terror” within the Administration and the GOP-controlled Congress, the families of the four men killed at Falluja say they were being stonewalled by Blackwater as they attempted to understand the cir- cumstances of how their loved ones were killed. After what they allege was months of effort to get straight answers from the company, the families filed a ground- breaking wrongful death lawsuit against Blackwater in January 2005, accusing the company of not providing the men with what they say were contractually guaran- teed safeguards. Among the allegations: The company sent them on the Falluja mission that day short two men, with less powerful weapons than they should have had and in Pajero jeeps instead of armored vehicles. This case could have far-reaching reverberations and is being monitored closely by the war-contractor indus- try—former Halliburton subsidiary KBR has even filed an amicus brief supporting Blackwater. If the lawsuit is successful, it could pave the way for a tobacco litigation- type scenario, where war contractors find themselves besieged by legal claims of workers killed or injured in war zones. MURDER ON CHRISTMAS EVE While much of the publicity Black- water has received stems from Fal- luja, another, more recent incident is attracting new scrutiny. On Christmas Eve inside Baghdad’s heavily fortified Green Zone, an American Blackwater contractor allegedly shot and killed an Iraqi bodyguard protecting a senior Iraqi official. For weeks after the shoot- ing, unconfirmed reports circulated around the Internet that alcohol may have been involved and that the Iraqi was shot ten times in the chest. The story then went that the contractor was spirited out of Iraq before he could be prosecuted. Media inquiries got nowhere—the US Embassy refused to confirm that it was a Blackwater contractor, and the company refused to comment. Then the incident came up at the February 7 Congressional hearing. As the session was drawing to a close, Representative Kucinich raced back into the room with what he said was a final question. He entered a news report on the incident into the record and asked Blackwater counsel Howell if Blackwater had flown the contractor out of Iraq after the alleged shooting. “That gentleman, on the day the incident occurred, he was off duty,” Howell said, in what was the first official confirmation of the incident from Blackwater. “Blackwater did bring him back to the United States.” “Is he going to be extradited back to Iraq for murder, and if not, why not?” Kucinich asked. “Sir, I am not law enforcement. All I can say is that there’s cur- rently an investigation,” Howell replied. “We are fully cooper- ating and supporting that investigation.” Kucinich then said, “I just want to point out that there’s a question that could actually make [Blackwater’s] corporate officers accessories here in helping to create a flight from justice for someone who’s committed a murder.” BLACKWATER CONTRACTORS DEPLOY IN NEW ORLEANS FOLLOWING HURRICANE KATRINA. (GERVASIO SANCHEZ, AP) ENTAGON NG EFFORT COURT MARTIAL EFFORTS TO PLACE THEIR FORCES UNDER THE MILITARY COURT MARTIAL LOBBYING EFFORTBY THE PRIVATE MILITARY INDUSTRY 38 F R A C T U R E 0 2 39 S P R I N G 2 0 0 8 fracture / summer 2009
  • 44. LOBBYI SYSTEM. says Representative David Price, a North Carolina Democrat, who said he began monitoring the use of private contractors after Falluja. “I’m probably like most Congress members in kind of coming to this awareness and developing an interest in it” after the incident. What is not so well-known is that in Washington af- ter Falluja, Blackwater executives kicked into high gear, capitalizing on the company’s newfound recognition. The day after the ambush, it hired the Alexander Strate- gy Group, a K Street lobbying firm run by former senior staffers of then-majority leader Tom DeLay before the firm’s meltdown in the wake of the Jack Abramoff scan- dal. A week to the day after the ambush, Erik Prince was sitting down with at least four senior members of the Senate Armed Services Committee, including its chair, John Warner. Senator Rick Santorum arranged the meeting, which included Warner and two other key Republican senators—Appropriations Committee chair Ted Stevens of Alaska and George Allen of Virginia. This meeting followed an earlier series of face-to-faces Prince had had with powerful House Republicans who oversaw military contracts. Among them: DeLay; Porter Goss, chair of the House Intelligence Committee (and future CIA director); Duncan Hunter, chair of the House Armed Services Committee; and Representative Bill Young, chair of the House Appropriations Com- mittee. What was discussed at these meetings remains a secret. But Blackwater was clearly positioning itself to make the most of its new fame. Indeed, two months later, Blackwater was handed one of the government’s most valuable international security contracts, worth more than $300 million. The firm was also eager to stake out a role in craft- ing the rules that would govern mercenaries under US contract. “Because of the public events of March 31, [Blackwater’s] visibility and need to communicate a consistent message has elevated here in Washington,” said Blackwater’s new lobbyist Chris Bertelli. “There are now several federal regulations that apply to their activities, but they are generally broad in nature. One thing that’s lacking is an industry standard. That’s BLACKWATER WAS LEADING A TO TRY TO BLOCK CONGRESSIONAL OR P SYSTEM. something we definitely want to be engaged in.” By May Blackwater was leading a lobbying effort by the private military industry to try to block Congressional or Pentagon efforts to place their forces under the mili- tary court martial system. But while Blackwater enjoyed its new status as a hero in the “war on terror” within the Administration and the GOP-controlled Congress, the families of the four men killed at Falluja say they were being stonewalled by Blackwater as they attempted to understand the cir- cumstances of how their loved ones were killed. After what they allege was months of effort to get straight answers from the company, the families filed a ground- breaking wrongful death lawsuit against Blackwater in January 2005, accusing the company of not providing the men with what they say were contractually guaran- teed safeguards. Among the allegations: The company sent them on the Falluja mission that day short two men, with less powerful weapons than they should have had and in Pajero jeeps instead of armored vehicles. This case could have far-reaching reverberations and is being monitored closely by the war-contractor indus- try—former Halliburton subsidiary KBR has even filed an amicus brief supporting Blackwater. If the lawsuit is successful, it could pave the way for a tobacco litigation- type scenario, where war contractors find themselves besieged by legal claims of workers killed or injured in war zones. MURDER ON CHRISTMAS EVE While much of the publicity Black- water has received stems from Fal- luja, another, more recent incident is attracting new scrutiny. On Christmas Eve inside Baghdad’s heavily fortified Green Zone, an American Blackwater contractor allegedly shot and killed an Iraqi bodyguard protecting a senior Iraqi official. For weeks after the shoot- ing, unconfirmed reports circulated around the Internet that alcohol may have been involved and that the Iraqi was shot ten times in the chest. The story then went that the contractor was spirited out of Iraq before he could be prosecuted. Media inquiries got nowhere—the US Embassy refused to confirm that it was a Blackwater contractor, and the company refused to comment. Then the incident came up at the February 7 Congressional hearing. As the session was drawing to a close, Representative Kucinich raced back into the room with what he said was a final question. He entered a news report on the incident into the record and asked Blackwater counsel Howell if Blackwater had flown the contractor out of Iraq after the alleged shooting. “That gentleman, on the day the incident occurred, he was off duty,” Howell said, in what was the first official confirmation of the incident from Blackwater. “Blackwater did bring him back to the United States.” “Is he going to be extradited back to Iraq for murder, and if not, why not?” Kucinich asked. “Sir, I am not law enforcement. All I can say is that there’s cur- rently an investigation,” Howell replied. “We are fully cooper- ating and supporting that investigation.” Kucinich then said, “I just want to point out that there’s a question that could actually make [Blackwater’s] corporate officers accessories here in helping to create a flight from justice for someone who’s committed a murder.” BLACKWATER CONTRACTORS DEPLOY IN NEW ORLEANS FOLLOWING HURRICANE KATRINA. (GERVASIO SANCHEZ, AP) ENTAGON NG EFFORT COURT MARTIAL EFFORTS TO PLACE THEIR FORCES UNDER THE MILITARY COURT MARTIAL LOBBYING EFFORTBY THE PRIVATE MILITARY INDUSTRY 38 F R A C T U R E 0 2 39 S P R I N G 2 0 0 8 4-column symmetrical grid body text dtl documenta st regular, 9 pt left justified ff din 26, 13, + 18 pt pullquotegutter folio horizon line columnfooter margins
  • 45. YOU THERAPTHER PIST A said MY NOT TO no more 03 SEE YOU For some reason, I’ve always been a magnet for intense and disturbed women. In some ways, this has been a good thing—such women tend to be exceptionally exciting and uninhibited lovers— I must admit, however, that even within but I always end up paying an emotional price far in excess of any benefit I may have obtained from J A M E S , “ L A I D ” F R O M T H E A L B U M L A I D R E L E A S E D O C T O B E R 5 , 1 9 9 3 M E R C U R Y R E C O R D S the situation. this rarified group, one particularly unusual woman has burned herself into my consciousness forever. Given the circumstances of our first meeting, I probably should have known that my relationship with Julie would be memorable, to say the least. I first met her at a party hosted by a demented brother and sister who I had befriended several years earlier. Eric and Lisa were as known for their unusual and spec- tacular gatherings as they were for their remarkable, and apparently insatiable, appetites for intoxicants and controlled substances. Their east-end house always seemed to be some unwholesome com- bination of Jay Gatsby’s mansion, the Moulin Rouge, and a late-1980s Ibiza nightclub. More often than not, I would arrive at one of their social events—and leave three days later. work in progress / summer 2012
  • 46. YOU THERAPTHER PIST A said MY NOT TO no more 03 SEE YOU For some reason, I’ve always been a magnet for intense and disturbed women. In some ways, this has been a good thing—such women tend to be exceptionally exciting and uninhibited lovers— I must admit, however, that even within but I always end up paying an emotional price far in excess of any benefit I may have obtained from J A M E S , “ L A I D ” F R O M T H E A L B U M L A I D R E L E A S E D O C T O B E R 5 , 1 9 9 3 M E R C U R Y R E C O R D S the situation. this rarified group, one particularly unusual woman has burned herself into my consciousness forever. Given the circumstances of our first meeting, I probably should have known that my relationship with Julie would be memorable, to say the least. I first met her at a party hosted by a demented brother and sister who I had befriended several years earlier. Eric and Lisa were as known for their unusual and spec- tacular gatherings as they were for their remarkable, and apparently insatiable, appetites for intoxicants and controlled substances. Their east-end house always seemed to be some unwholesome com- bination of Jay Gatsby’s mansion, the Moulin Rouge, and a late-1980s Ibiza nightclub. More often than not, I would arrive at one of their social events—and leave three days later. 4-column symmetrical grid head clarendon lt bold 72, 96, + 180 pt horizon line margins dtl documenta st regular 12 pt, left justified body text caption univers 47 8 pt, left justified
  • 47. 16 YOU CAN’T TAKE THREE STEPS WITHOUT ENCOUNTERING GHOSTS BEARING ALL THE PRES- TIGE OF THEIR LEGENDS. [17] u r b a n i s m A l l c i t i e s a r e g e o l o g i c a l . spring2008 d e r e l i c t a p a r t m e n t c o m p l e x i n p a r i s s u b u r b o f c l i c h y - s o u s - b o i s , 2 0 0 5 . i v a n c h t c h e g l o v f o r m u l a r y n e w We move within a closed landscape whose landmarks constantly draw us toward the past. Certain shifting angles, certain receding perspec- tives, allow us to glimpse original conceptions of space, b u t t h i s v i s i o n r e m a i n s f r a g m e n - t a r y . It must be sought in the magical locales of fairy tales and surrealist writings: castles, endless walls, little forgotten bars, mammoth caverns, casino mirrors. These dated images retain a small catalyzing power, but it is almost impossible to use them in a sym- bolic urbanism without rejuvenating them by giving them a new mean- ing. There was a certain charm in horses born from the sea or magi- cal dwarves dressed in gold, b u t f o r a t h e y a r e i n n o w a y a d a p t e d t o t h e d e m a n d s o f m o d e r n l i f e . For we are in the twentieth century, even if few people are aware of it. Our imaginations, haunted by the old archetypes, have remained far behind the sophistication of the machines. The various attempts to integrate modern science into new myths remain inadequate. M e a n - w h i l e a b s t r a c t i o n h a s i n - v a d e d a l l t h e a r t s , c o n - t e m p o r a r y a r c h i t e c t u r e i n p a r t i c u l a r . Pure plasticity, inanimate and storyless, soothes the eye. Elsewhere other fragmentary beauties can be found−while the promised land of new syntheses continually recedes into the distance. Everyone wavers between the emo- tionally still-alive past and the already dead future. drift / spring 2008
  • 48. 16 YOU CAN’T TAKE THREE STEPS WITHOUT ENCOUNTERING GHOSTS BEARING ALL THE PRES- TIGE OF THEIR LEGENDS. [17] u r b a n i s m A l l c i t i e s a r e g e o l o g i c a l . spring2008 d e r e l i c t a p a r t m e n t c o m p l e x i n p a r i s s u b u r b o f c l i c h y - s o u s - b o i s , 2 0 0 5 . i v a n c h t c h e g l o v f o r m u l a r y n e w We move within a closed landscape whose landmarks constantly draw us toward the past. Certain shifting angles, certain receding perspec- tives, allow us to glimpse original conceptions of space, b u t t h i s v i s i o n r e m a i n s f r a g m e n - t a r y . It must be sought in the magical locales of fairy tales and surrealist writings: castles, endless walls, little forgotten bars, mammoth caverns, casino mirrors. These dated images retain a small catalyzing power, but it is almost impossible to use them in a sym- bolic urbanism without rejuvenating them by giving them a new mean- ing. There was a certain charm in horses born from the sea or magi- cal dwarves dressed in gold, b u t f o r a t h e y a r e i n n o w a y a d a p t e d t o t h e d e m a n d s o f m o d e r n l i f e . For we are in the twentieth century, even if few people are aware of it. Our imaginations, haunted by the old archetypes, have remained far behind the sophistication of the machines. The various attempts to integrate modern science into new myths remain inadequate. M e a n - w h i l e a b s t r a c t i o n h a s i n - v a d e d a l l t h e a r t s , c o n - t e m p o r a r y a r c h i t e c t u r e i n p a r t i c u l a r . Pure plasticity, inanimate and storyless, soothes the eye. Elsewhere other fragmentary beauties can be found−while the promised land of new syntheses continually recedes into the distance. Everyone wavers between the emo- tionally still-alive past and the already dead future. head berthold akzidenz grotesk bold, lowercase 22 pt + 48 pt pullquote gutter 7-column symmetrical grid folio (large) footer/ folio (small) horizon line 12p from top column footer (large) margins body text berthold akzidenz grotesk medium, 9 pt left justified
  • 49. S E R R I F F E , WA S , A S U S U A L , L A S T N I G H T A S I T P R E PA R E D T O T H E C E N T R E O F B O D O N I , T H E C A P I TA L O F S A N celebrate the 22nd anniversary of its discovery, the most C O N F U S E D D R A M AT I C IT IS ESTIMATED THAT UP TO 25% OF SAN SERRIFFE’S POPULATION ARRIVED BY SHIPWRECK. return to san seriffe / up! magazine, november 2007 R E T U R N T O S A N S E R R I F F E 3 9 F I R S T H E A R D O F I N A P R I L 1 9 7 7,S A N S E R R I F F E t h e t i n y s t a t e w a s a s l e e p y i s l a n d p a r a d i s e W H E N T H E W O R L D u n d e r t h e A U T H O R I TA R I A N L E A D E R S H I P o f a n u n p o p u l a r g e n e r a l . V I S I T I N G T H E A R C H I P E L A G O 2 2 Y E A R S O N , B E R L I N S A N S d i s c o v e r s a v i b r a n t n a t i o n T R A N S F O R M E D b y a V I S I O N A R Y L E A D E R .
  • 50. Previous anniversaries had been celebrated with little ceremony. Indeed under the stern military rule of the strongman, General Pica, and his obscure successor (note to subs: have forgotten his name, please check) few Serriffeans felt they had much to celebrate. However, since free elections were held and the handsome, popular, charismatic, boyish, charming, dynamic, modest, new leader Antonio Bourgeois was catapulted into office, the atmosphere in San Serriffe has been transformed. Nothing has actu- ally happened, but the atmosphere has been transformed. Regular followers of politics in this region will recall that San Serriffe comprises two islands, Upper Caisse and Lower Caisse, shaped curiously like a semi-colon, sited (usually) in the Indian Ocean. Since the country briefly hit global headlines in 1977, Western journalists have steered clear, in the belief that little was to be gained from visiting these shores, particularly in the matter of expenses. SAN SERRIFFE’S OFFSHORE OIL RESOURCES ARE THE KEY TO ITS NEWFOUND PROSPERITY. However, the figure 22 has a peculiar symbolic power in the mystic tradition of the Flong people, San Serriffe’s indigenous tribe. There are, for instance, (approxi- mately) 22 people in a Serriffean cabinet, 22 verses in the national anthem and 22 miles between the Upper Caisse port of Adze and Cap Em on the southern island. Accord- ingly, traditionalists have this year secured funding from the San Serriffean National Lottery for a full programme of cultural celebratory events. A mysterious large object is being erected for the occasion by the banks of the Tempo River as a monument to Mr Bourgois’s mar- tyred compadre, Pierre Myriad. Mr Myriad had planned to live there (despite concerns that its 14 acres would be a little cramped) Now it will stand as the political memorial to a man whose fight for an end to social inequality won him the undying love and ad- miration of several of his political associates. The monument is to be decorated with special wallpaper supplied by the Government’s legal adviser, Lord Grot. Much has changed since the long years of Pica-ist rule. General Pica maintained an iron grip on power until being forced out in a palace coup in 1990 by General Melior—known as The Obscure One—who tricked his way into the General’s Office under the 4 34 2 SAN SERRIFFE WILL BENEFIT GREATLY FROM WESTJET’S NEW DAILY ‘SELF-SERVE CLASS’ FLIGHTS. e v e n t i n t h e p a t c h y — e v e n b l o t c h y — h i s t o r y o f t h i s R E M O T E S E A - G I R T N AT I O N . s t r u c k a f a t a l b l o w u n t i l h e w a s T R A G I C A L LY o n t h e h e a d b y a v e r y l a r g e S U M O F M O N E Y. return to san seriffe / up! magazine, november 2007
  • 51. Previous anniversaries had been celebrated with little ceremony. Indeed under the stern military rule of the strongman, General Pica, and his obscure successor (note to subs: have forgotten his name, please check) few Serriffeans felt they had much to celebrate. However, since free elections were held and the handsome, popular, charismatic, boyish, charming, dynamic, modest, new leader Antonio Bourgeois was catapulted into office, the atmosphere in San Serriffe has been transformed. Nothing has actu- ally happened, but the atmosphere has been transformed. Regular followers of politics in this region will recall that San Serriffe comprises two islands, Upper Caisse and Lower Caisse, shaped curiously like a semi-colon, sited (usually) in the Indian Ocean. Since the country briefly hit global headlines in 1977, Western journalists have steered clear, in the belief that little was to be gained from visiting these shores, particularly in the matter of expenses. SAN SERRIFFE’S OFFSHORE OIL RESOURCES ARE THE KEY TO ITS NEWFOUND PROSPERITY. However, the figure 22 has a peculiar symbolic power in the mystic tradition of the Flong people, San Serriffe’s indigenous tribe. There are, for instance, (approxi- mately) 22 people in a Serriffean cabinet, 22 verses in the national anthem and 22 miles between the Upper Caisse port of Adze and Cap Em on the southern island. Accord- ingly, traditionalists have this year secured funding from the San Serriffean National Lottery for a full programme of cultural celebratory events. A mysterious large object is being erected for the occasion by the banks of the Tempo River as a monument to Mr Bourgois’s mar- tyred compadre, Pierre Myriad. Mr Myriad had planned to live there (despite concerns that its 14 acres would be a little cramped) Now it will stand as the political memorial to a man whose fight for an end to social inequality won him the undying love and ad- miration of several of his political associates. The monument is to be decorated with special wallpaper supplied by the Government’s legal adviser, Lord Grot. Much has changed since the long years of Pica-ist rule. General Pica maintained an iron grip on power until being forced out in a palace coup in 1990 by General Melior—known as The Obscure One—who tricked his way into the General’s Office under the 4 34 2 SAN SERRIFFE WILL BENEFIT GREATLY FROM WESTJET’S NEW DAILY ‘SELF-SERVE CLASS’ FLIGHTS. e v e n t i n t h e p a t c h y — e v e n b l o t c h y — h i s t o r y o f t h i s R E M O T E S E A - G I R T N AT I O N . s t r u c k a f a t a l b l o w u n t i l h e w a s T R A G I C A L LY o n t h e h e a d b y a v e r y l a r g e S U M O F M O N E Y. 5-column symmetrical grid body text caption pullquote folio clarendon light 9.5 pt, leading 11 pt left justified htf gotham book, 8.5 pt htf gotham book + bold 18 pt, leading 16 pt htf gotham bold, 14 pt
  • 52. torontotransitcommission1900yongestreet,toronto,ontariom4s1z24163934000fax4163934010 corporate services division www.ttc.ca Your ref: B/001 Our ref: A/003 Date Contact name Company name Address line 1 Address line 2 City, Province P05TAL C0D3 Dear Name: Corporate identity guidelines The first direct contact most outsiders have with the Toronto Transit Commis- sion other than by telephone, is when they receive a letter. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exerci tation ullamcorper suscipit lobortis nisl ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis autem vel eum iriure dolor in hendrerit in vulputate velit esse molestie consequat, vel illum dolore eu feugiat nulla facilisis at vero eros et accumsan et iusto odio dignissim qui blandit praesent luptatum zzril delenit augue duis dolore te feugait. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exerci tation ullamcorper suscipit lobortis nisl ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis autem vel eum iriure dolor in hendrerit in vulputate velit esse molestie consequat, vel illum dolore eu feugiat nulla facilisis at vero eros et accumsan et iusto odio dignissim qui blandit praesent luptatum zzril delenit augue duis dolore te feugait nulla facilisi. Yours truly, Firstname Lastname Job Title Email: name@ttc.ca Direct line: 416 393 0000 Copy to: One Other ttc corporate letterhead redesign 2oo7
  • 53. torontotransitcommission1900yongestreet,toronto,ontariom4s1z24163934000fax4163934010 corporate services division www.ttc.ca Your ref: B/001 Our ref: A/003 Date Contact name Company name Address line 1 Address line 2 City, Province P05TAL C0D3 Dear Name: Corporate identity guidelines The first direct contact most outsiders have with the Toronto Transit Commis- sion other than by telephone, is when they receive a letter. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exerci tation ullamcorper suscipit lobortis nisl ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis autem vel eum iriure dolor in hendrerit in vulputate velit esse molestie consequat, vel illum dolore eu feugiat nulla facilisis at vero eros et accumsan et iusto odio dignissim qui blandit praesent luptatum zzril delenit augue duis dolore te feugait. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exerci tation ullamcorper suscipit lobortis nisl ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis autem vel eum iriure dolor in hendrerit in vulputate velit esse molestie consequat, vel illum dolore eu feugiat nulla facilisis at vero eros et accumsan et iusto odio dignissim qui blandit praesent luptatum zzril delenit augue duis dolore te feugait nulla facilisi. Yours truly, Firstname Lastname Job Title Email: name@ttc.ca Direct line: 416 393 0000 Copy to: One Other format-dependent modular grid identity mark name/address dictates width of grid apex sans medium c + book c, 8 pt
  • 54. 1 “Fuller Image” The Iranian, Iranian.com, March 1st 2007. <http://www. iranian.com/ Books/2003/ September/ Persepolis/> innocence, curiosity, honesty, and a self-awareness that is undeniably human and real. Marji provides insight through her untainted quest for knowledge and understanding. We see an ordinary family expe- rience a revolution, regime change, and propaganda. We see the defeat of the Shah regime and the victory of the Islamic Revolution, both carrying devastating acts and results of war. Through Marji’s learning, we are exposed to the history of Iran as well as her fam- ily. With all that said, is it enough to accept the infor- mation we are given without question? Is the historic information told through graphics and text factual or accurate? How valid is Marji’s perspective and telling of life through the Islamic Revolution? The unique perspective given in Persepolis must be considered when estimating the validity of its tale. Remember that Marji is telling the story, that she is a young girl, innocent and curious. Her reflections are personal. Not everyone in Iran felt the same or had the same experiences. Feelings and experiences are relative. It is her reflection of specific events that are mostatriskoferroranddiscrepancies.However,con- sider again that the graphic novel is autobiographical, which means we are receiving true, real-life informa- tion. Information filled with personal experience. THE QUESTION OF ACCURACY IN ALL WRITING is one that is weighed with great importance. Freedom of speech and the ability to voice one’s opinion is an important element of our society. It al- lows for anyone, despite their knowledge, education, expertise, or lack there-of, to make their ideas accessible to the world. However, one must consider the possibility of things being lost in translation or lost in a broken telephone type of situation. It is not realistic to assume that just because something is published, it is the truth. We must ask questions. In historic literature, we must acknowledge the possibility of biases, misinterpretations, and even missing information, all of which contribute to the degree of accuracy in a writing. It is only then, after much consideration, that we are able to determine the validity of the piece. Any discrepancies in informa- tion are to be recognized as untrue, in order to avoid misleading or cor- rupt ideas. In historical works such as Marjane Satrapi’s Persepolis and FranciscoGoya’sTheDisastersofWar,ishistoricalaccuracyessentialto the validity of the works? Marjane Satrapi tells a story of what it’s like growing up in Iran during the Islamic Revolution. Persepolis is very much an autobiog- raphy, telling of the realities of Satrapi’s childhood. The book is writ- ten from the perspective of a ten-year-old girl, Marji, who delivers EMILY PENNACCHIO GEORGE A. REID AWARD 2006/07 (100 LEVEL) HISTORICAL ACCURACY + VALIDITY IN LITERATURE Marji’s experiences during pre-revolu- tion and post-revolution Iran are what make her observations so important and valid. She portrays the confusion, obstacles, and frequent contradictions that she worked through every day. Marji humanizes our perception of Iranians, pointing out that not all of Iran supports the Islamic fundamen- talists. “Just like in Canada, or anywhere else, you have people who are very reli- gious, people who aren’t, people who drink, people who don’t, hypocrites, intellectuals, leftists, conservatives and so on. In fact, the personalities in Persepolis are very open, very intellectual and are not in agreement with the Islamic regime.”1 Historicalaccuracycanagainbeexamined through events and groups. Marji’s reflec- tion of Black Friday and The Committee are innocent reflections that offer insight into contradictions, fear, confusion, etc. Satrapi’s reiteration of her protest on Black Friday presents a simplified and innocent descrip- tion of what went on. She says, “We had demonstrated on the very day we shouldn’t have: on Black Friday. That day there were so many killed in one of the neighbour- hoods that a rumour was spread that Israeli soldiers were responsible for the slaughter. But in fact it was really our own who had at- tacked us.”2 Also, after being confronted by MARJI’S EXPERIENCES DURING PRE-REVOLUTION AND POST- REVOLUTION IRAN ARE WHAT MAKE HER OBSERVATIONS SO IMPORTANT AND VALID. 2 Marjane Satrapi, Persepolis, (New York: Pantheon 2003) 38–39 01 HISTORICAL ACCURACY + VALIDITY IN LITERATURE LINE BREAK 8 9 line break / ocad writing + learning centre, 2009
  • 55. 1 “Fuller Image” The Iranian, Iranian.com, March 1st 2007. <http://www. iranian.com/ Books/2003/ September/ Persepolis/> innocence, curiosity, honesty, and a self-awareness that is undeniably human and real. Marji provides insight through her untainted quest for knowledge and understanding. We see an ordinary family expe- rience a revolution, regime change, and propaganda. We see the defeat of the Shah regime and the victory of the Islamic Revolution, both carrying devastating acts and results of war. Through Marji’s learning, we are exposed to the history of Iran as well as her fam- ily. With all that said, is it enough to accept the infor- mation we are given without question? Is the historic information told through graphics and text factual or accurate? How valid is Marji’s perspective and telling of life through the Islamic Revolution? The unique perspective given in Persepolis must be considered when estimating the validity of its tale. Remember that Marji is telling the story, that she is a young girl, innocent and curious. Her reflections are personal. Not everyone in Iran felt the same or had the same experiences. Feelings and experiences are relative. It is her reflection of specific events that are mostatriskoferroranddiscrepancies.However,con- sider again that the graphic novel is autobiographical, which means we are receiving true, real-life informa- tion. Information filled with personal experience. THE QUESTION OF ACCURACY IN ALL WRITING is one that is weighed with great importance. Freedom of speech and the ability to voice one’s opinion is an important element of our society. It al- lows for anyone, despite their knowledge, education, expertise, or lack there-of, to make their ideas accessible to the world. However, one must consider the possibility of things being lost in translation or lost in a broken telephone type of situation. It is not realistic to assume that just because something is published, it is the truth. We must ask questions. In historic literature, we must acknowledge the possibility of biases, misinterpretations, and even missing information, all of which contribute to the degree of accuracy in a writing. It is only then, after much consideration, that we are able to determine the validity of the piece. Any discrepancies in informa- tion are to be recognized as untrue, in order to avoid misleading or cor- rupt ideas. In historical works such as Marjane Satrapi’s Persepolis and FranciscoGoya’sTheDisastersofWar,ishistoricalaccuracyessentialto the validity of the works? Marjane Satrapi tells a story of what it’s like growing up in Iran during the Islamic Revolution. Persepolis is very much an autobiog- raphy, telling of the realities of Satrapi’s childhood. The book is writ- ten from the perspective of a ten-year-old girl, Marji, who delivers EMILY PENNACCHIO GEORGE A. REID AWARD 2006/07 (100 LEVEL) HISTORICAL ACCURACY + VALIDITY IN LITERATURE Marji’s experiences during pre-revolu- tion and post-revolution Iran are what make her observations so important and valid. She portrays the confusion, obstacles, and frequent contradictions that she worked through every day. Marji humanizes our perception of Iranians, pointing out that not all of Iran supports the Islamic fundamen- talists. “Just like in Canada, or anywhere else, you have people who are very reli- gious, people who aren’t, people who drink, people who don’t, hypocrites, intellectuals, leftists, conservatives and so on. In fact, the personalities in Persepolis are very open, very intellectual and are not in agreement with the Islamic regime.”1 Historicalaccuracycanagainbeexamined through events and groups. Marji’s reflec- tion of Black Friday and The Committee are innocent reflections that offer insight into contradictions, fear, confusion, etc. Satrapi’s reiteration of her protest on Black Friday presents a simplified and innocent descrip- tion of what went on. She says, “We had demonstrated on the very day we shouldn’t have: on Black Friday. That day there were so many killed in one of the neighbour- hoods that a rumour was spread that Israeli soldiers were responsible for the slaughter. But in fact it was really our own who had at- tacked us.”2 Also, after being confronted by MARJI’S EXPERIENCES DURING PRE-REVOLUTION AND POST- REVOLUTION IRAN ARE WHAT MAKE HER OBSERVATIONS SO IMPORTANT AND VALID. 2 Marjane Satrapi, Persepolis, (New York: Pantheon 2003) 38–39 01 HISTORICAL ACCURACY + VALIDITY IN LITERATURE LINE BREAK 8 9 2-column asymmetrical grid3-column symmetrical grid body text pullquote dtl documenta st regular 9.5 pt, leading 12 pt fully justified berthold akzidenz grotesk light + bold, 14 pt head sidenote berthold akzidenz grotesk bold, 36 pt berthold akzidenz grotesk light, 8 pt, leading 9 pt left justified folio dtl documenta st bold, 24 pt dtl documenta st medium, 14 pt
  • 56. The emphasis on function and utility as the principal considerations for design had its roots in the Enlightenment and the principles of rationality and individual- ity that gave rise to modernity, the Indus- trial Revolution, and the phenomenon of mass production. Although he preceded the modernists by a generation, economist and social critic Thorstein Veblen presaged the modernists’ love of machine-age preci- sion and technology. In his 1899 work, The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study of Institutions, Veblen compared two spoons—one hand-made of silver, the other machine-made of aluminum or steel. He argued that there was no substantive dif- ference between them in terms of function; nor in aesthetic terms, silver having no in- trinsic qualities more beautiful than steel. He decried the preference for the hand- made silver spoon as a perverse “gratifica- tion of our sense of costliness masquerad- ing under the name of beauty,” a costliness tied to the inefficiencies of manual produc- tion and the relative scarcity of hand-made objects.5 He refused to acknowledge any link be- tween design, material, and making, or the user’s response to the completed object. Rather, Veblen poured contempt on the “exaltation of the defective, of which John Ruskin and William Morris were such eager spokesmen in their time [and] their propagan- da of crudity and wasted effort.”6 His utter contempt for the subjective, variable aspects of hand produc- tion, and for craft’s insistence on intermixing con- siderations of materials and manufacture, foreshad- owed modernism’s hostility toward the subjectivity and femininized qualities of craft. Terry Smith pinpoints the moment in the 1920s when modernity began to lose the “visual in the service of the making hand,” when the visual order began to move away from the relationship between hand and eye that is essential to craft.7 Smith ana- lyzes very clearly the way in which the components of craft were delaminated by mass-production—the task of making peeled away from the impulse to make, and the consideration of material properties separated from the design process. Mass-production absorbed and atomized craft knowledge and skills, and parceled out the isolated tasks to unskilled la- bourers; craft was segregated from art and industrial design, which claimed to better express symbolic content, embodied in particular by modernism’s stylized machine aesthetic.8 Mass-production and mass-consumption came to define modernity, and the purchase of mass-produced items became more enjoyable than making for oneself.9 Under the mod- ernist dispensation, hand-made objects lost their social value, and as we began to lose the understand- ing of how to make, we lost the ability to appreciate the hand-made. Smith notes that, as the forces of modernity claimed exclusive right to the expressive and sym- bolizing tasks formerly associated with craft, some craftspeople took on the artist’s role, beginning to embed “significant content”10 in their work. He ap- pears to suggest that in so doing these practitioners were co-opted, ceding to modern art practice the right to establish a hierarchy and set value on per- sonal aesthetic expression. This is one aspect of his analysis with which I take exception. Significant con- tent, in the form of personal or cultural narrative and symbolism, have always been embedded in the de- sign and materiality of craft objects, whether created by a skilled maker in an atelier, or a dedicated ama- teur working on a personal project after a day’s paid work. Crafted objects serve a multitude of functional and symbolic roles—religious, political, social—and in the hours it takes to design and fabricate a liturgical vessel, a tapestry, or a scrimshaw pendant, the created object is imbued with the aesthetic judgments of its maker, as well as his or her accumulated technical decisions. In considering the effect of modernism on craft, finally, we are faced with another irony: that the functionalist emphasis on truth in design is best exemplified in craft. In the work of makers from Sam Maloof to Albert Paley to Dale Chihuly, the structure of the object is a key design element. The working qualities of wood, steel, and glass can be traced clearly in the finished object, and the form of the chair, gate, or vessel shows the designer/maker’s understand- ing of how it will interact with the human body, an interior space, or the built fabric of an urban precinct. MASS-PRODUCTION ABSORBED AND OUT THE ISOLATED TASKS TO UNSKILLED LABOURERS. ATOMIZED CRAFT KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS, AND PARCELED SIGNIFICANT CONTENT, IN THE FORM OF PERSONAL OR CULTURAL NARRATIVE AND SYMBOLISM, HAVE ALWAYS BEEN EMBEDDED IN THE DESIGN AND MATERIALITY OF CRAFT OBJECTS. 5 Thorstein Veblen, The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study of Institutions (New York: MacMillan & Co., 1905), excerpts of 126–131, 159– 162, excerpted in The Industrial Design Reader, Ed. Carma Gorman (New York: Allworth Press, 2003) 50. 6 Veblen: 51. 7 Terry Smith, “Craft, Modernity and Post- modernity,” Craft and Contemporary Theory, Sue Rowley, Ed. (London: Allen & Unwin, 1997) 19–20. 8 Smith: 20–21. 9 Terry Smith, “Craft, Modernity and Post- modernity,” Craft and Contemporary Theory, Sue Rowley, Ed. (London: Allen & Unwin, 1997) 18–19. 10 Smith: 22–23 LINE BREAK 51MAKING + UNMAKING: HOW CRAFT SURVIVED THE 20TH CENTURY50
  • 57. The emphasis on function and utility as the principal considerations for design had its roots in the Enlightenment and the principles of rationality and individual- ity that gave rise to modernity, the Indus- trial Revolution, and the phenomenon of mass production. Although he preceded the modernists by a generation, economist and social critic Thorstein Veblen presaged the modernists’ love of machine-age preci- sion and technology. In his 1899 work, The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study of Institutions, Veblen compared two spoons—one hand-made of silver, the other machine-made of aluminum or steel. He argued that there was no substantive dif- ference between them in terms of function; nor in aesthetic terms, silver having no in- trinsic qualities more beautiful than steel. He decried the preference for the hand- made silver spoon as a perverse “gratifica- tion of our sense of costliness masquerad- ing under the name of beauty,” a costliness tied to the inefficiencies of manual produc- tion and the relative scarcity of hand-made objects.5 He refused to acknowledge any link be- tween design, material, and making, or the user’s response to the completed object. Rather, Veblen poured contempt on the “exaltation of the defective, of which John Ruskin and William Morris were such eager spokesmen in their time [and] their propagan- da of crudity and wasted effort.”6 His utter contempt for the subjective, variable aspects of hand produc- tion, and for craft’s insistence on intermixing con- siderations of materials and manufacture, foreshad- owed modernism’s hostility toward the subjectivity and femininized qualities of craft. Terry Smith pinpoints the moment in the 1920s when modernity began to lose the “visual in the service of the making hand,” when the visual order began to move away from the relationship between hand and eye that is essential to craft.7 Smith ana- lyzes very clearly the way in which the components of craft were delaminated by mass-production—the task of making peeled away from the impulse to make, and the consideration of material properties separated from the design process. Mass-production absorbed and atomized craft knowledge and skills, and parceled out the isolated tasks to unskilled la- bourers; craft was segregated from art and industrial design, which claimed to better express symbolic content, embodied in particular by modernism’s stylized machine aesthetic.8 Mass-production and mass-consumption came to define modernity, and the purchase of mass-produced items became more enjoyable than making for oneself.9 Under the mod- ernist dispensation, hand-made objects lost their social value, and as we began to lose the understand- ing of how to make, we lost the ability to appreciate the hand-made. Smith notes that, as the forces of modernity claimed exclusive right to the expressive and sym- bolizing tasks formerly associated with craft, some craftspeople took on the artist’s role, beginning to embed “significant content”10 in their work. He ap- pears to suggest that in so doing these practitioners were co-opted, ceding to modern art practice the right to establish a hierarchy and set value on per- sonal aesthetic expression. This is one aspect of his analysis with which I take exception. Significant con- tent, in the form of personal or cultural narrative and symbolism, have always been embedded in the de- sign and materiality of craft objects, whether created by a skilled maker in an atelier, or a dedicated ama- teur working on a personal project after a day’s paid work. Crafted objects serve a multitude of functional and symbolic roles—religious, political, social—and in the hours it takes to design and fabricate a liturgical vessel, a tapestry, or a scrimshaw pendant, the created object is imbued with the aesthetic judgments of its maker, as well as his or her accumulated technical decisions. In considering the effect of modernism on craft, finally, we are faced with another irony: that the functionalist emphasis on truth in design is best exemplified in craft. In the work of makers from Sam Maloof to Albert Paley to Dale Chihuly, the structure of the object is a key design element. The working qualities of wood, steel, and glass can be traced clearly in the finished object, and the form of the chair, gate, or vessel shows the designer/maker’s understand- ing of how it will interact with the human body, an interior space, or the built fabric of an urban precinct. MASS-PRODUCTION ABSORBED AND OUT THE ISOLATED TASKS TO UNSKILLED LABOURERS. ATOMIZED CRAFT KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS, AND PARCELED SIGNIFICANT CONTENT, IN THE FORM OF PERSONAL OR CULTURAL NARRATIVE AND SYMBOLISM, HAVE ALWAYS BEEN EMBEDDED IN THE DESIGN AND MATERIALITY OF CRAFT OBJECTS. 5 Thorstein Veblen, The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study of Institutions (New York: MacMillan & Co., 1905), excerpts of 126–131, 159– 162, excerpted in The Industrial Design Reader, Ed. Carma Gorman (New York: Allworth Press, 2003) 50. 6 Veblen: 51. 7 Terry Smith, “Craft, Modernity and Post- modernity,” Craft and Contemporary Theory, Sue Rowley, Ed. (London: Allen & Unwin, 1997) 19–20. 8 Smith: 20–21. 9 Terry Smith, “Craft, Modernity and Post- modernity,” Craft and Contemporary Theory, Sue Rowley, Ed. (London: Allen & Unwin, 1997) 18–19. 10 Smith: 22–23 LINE BREAK 51MAKING + UNMAKING: HOW CRAFT SURVIVED THE 20TH CENTURY50 2-column asymmetrical grid2-column asymmetrical grid
  • 58. Ambrose, Gavin & Paul Harris. Layout. AVA Publishing SA, 2005. Müller-Brockmann, Josef. Grid Systems in Graphic Design. Verlag Niggli AG, 2007. (First published 1981). Samara, Timothy. Making and Breaking the Grid. Rockport Publishers, 2002. REFERENCES T H E G R I D