Structure, application and uses ddt, saccharin, bhc and chloramine copy
- 1. BHUPAL NOBLES UNIVERSITY (Bhupal Nobles Institute Of Pharmaceutical Science) UDAIPUR (RAJ.) SESSION: 2020-21 ASSIGNMENT ON STRUCTURE, APPLICATION, AND USES OF DDT, SACCHARINE, BHC. & CHLORAMINE SUBJECT: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Submitted to: Submitted by: Mr. Hemendra Singh Mayank Kumar Saini, B.Pharma. III Semester
- 2. Structure, uses and applications of DDT, BHC, Saccharin and Chloramine INDEX 1. DDT: Structure, uses and applications 2. BHC: Structure, uses and applications 3. Saccharin: Structure, uses and applications 4. Chloramine: Structure, uses and applications
- 3. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) DDT is an organo chlorine, almost odorless, colorless and tasteless crystalline chemical compound that originally developed as insecticide that kills by acting as a nerve poison. Synthesized in 1874 by German chemist Othmar Zeidler. its insecticidal properties were discovered by Paul Muller in 1939
- 4. Structure Gen. type of formula: C14H9CL5 For every molecule of DDT, there are 14 carbon atoms, 9 hydrogen atoms, and 5 chlorine atoms Solubility: Water insoluble and Fats soluble
- 5. Cont. DDT is similar in structure to the insecticide methoxychlor and the acaricide dicofol. It is highly hydrophobic and nearly insoluble in water but has good solubility in most organic solvents, fats and oils. DDT does not occur naturally and is synthesised by consecutive Friedel–Crafts reactions between chloral and two equivalents of chlorobenzene (C 6H5Cl), in the presence of an acidic catalyst.
- 6. DDT : uses and Effects It kills insects, mainly mosquitoes that carry malaria and used in the military, during World War II, to combat and control diseases like typhus, and other insect-borne diseases, and was also used to get rid of body lice. Many African, South American and Asian countries still spray DDT to this day in order to control spread of disease. It is sprayed in controlled manners in relatively confined spaces, usually in homes. India and North Korea both still use DDT as means of an agricultural pesticide. Currently, approximately 3000 – 4000 tons are produced annually. Persistent in the environment • 2-15 years in soil half-life • 150 year in aquatic half- life
- 7. Cont. DDT can be passed onto the consumers of the plants, such as animals and humans. • Cause the eggshell of the bird to thin and causes embryo deaths. • Causes hormone problems in animals • It can be develop liver lesion and liver tumor • It can cause cancer in lab. animal • Prickling feeling in the mouth • nausea, confusion, headache, dizziness, fatigue, vomiting, tremors, lethargy, and incoordination.
- 8. Cont. DDT and its metabolites have been studied for possible toxic effects in both humans and the wildlife population.Research discovered a multitude of serious impacts on different species, with the bird population seeming to be the most effected.Many believe DDT to be one of the main reasons that particular bird populations dwindled to the point they became an endangered species. DDT has been classified as acutely toxic to birds. Research has shown that DDE, a metabolite of DDT has been shown to cause thinning of bird’s eggshells. DDT is toxic to birds at doses of approximately 400 mg/kg, but doses as low as mg/kg show a decline in their fertility as well as fewer hatchlings per clutch.
- 9. Cont. DDT is highly acutely toxic to aquatic life as well as amphibians.Fish are not able to detect DDT in their environment, making them more susceptible to ingesting it.When ingested by fish, DDT disrupts membrane function and enzyme activity.DDT has a half life range of 2 – 16 years in a soil environment.Its half life in aquatic environments is 150 years. Predatory birds are the most susceptible to DDT because of their diet. The fish they consume contain DDT which builds up in their system as it can’t be metabolized.Bioaccumulation, which is the increased concentration of a toxin as it moves up the food chain, is one of the biggest concerns left from DDT usage.DDT’s persistence in the environment made it an ideal choice as an insecticide, but it’s also the reason why it is still a concern.
- 10. Toxicity in Humans DDT is soluble in lipids and oils, causing it to be stored in the fatty tissue of humans. When fat is broken down, usually during periods of starvation, DDT is released into the blood stream where its toxic to the liver and nervous system. Humans are usually becomes present in the body due to ingestion rather than inhalation or absorption through skin contact. DDT is classified as a B2 carcinogen, meaning it’s been shown to cause cancer is lab animals, but not in humans
- 11. DDT: mode of action DDT works by increasing the flow of sodium ions through the cell membranes of neurons in insects. By opening up the channels through which these signalling ions flow, the neurons are made to fire artificially. This is done on a large scale and the nervous system is overloaded, sending uncontrolled messages around the body and causing death.
- 12. Benzene hexachloride (BHC) STRUCTURE: Benzene hexachloride is an isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane with a chemical formula C6H6Cl6. It is also known as Lindane or hexachlorane. Benzene hexachloride is a colourless solid with a slight musty odour. It is an organochlorine chemical and is widely used as an agricultural insecticide as well as a pharmaceutical treatment for scabies and lice. Some side effects of lindane are burning, stinging, or redness of the skin. In the year 1825, Faraday was the first person to originally synthesize this chemical. In the year 1942, a Dutch chemist Teunis van der Linden isolated Benzene hexachloride. He was the first one to describe γ- hexachlorocyclohexane in the year 1912. Its pesticidal action was discovered in 1942.
- 13. Preparation of Benzene hexachloride Chlorine combines with benzene, in the presence of sunlight and in the absence of oxygen as well as substitution catalysts, to form hexachlorocyclohexane. Lindane can be prepared from chlorine and benzene by photochlorination. The product obtained i.e benzene hexachloride comprises isomers from which only the gamma- isomer is wanted. Gamma-isomer is got by treating the reaction mixture with acetic acid or methanol in which only the alpha and beta isomers dissolve easily.
- 14. Uses of Benzene hexachloride (C6H6Cl6) Benzene hexachloride is used as an insecticide on crops, in forestry, for seed treatment. It is used in the treatment of head and body lice. It is used in pharmaceuticals. It is used to treat scabies. It is used in shampoo.
- 15. Benzene hexachloride health risks It is highly toxic but non-combustible. Lindane can cause irritation on contact. When swallowed, inhaled or absorbed through the skin it may be fatal. Better to avoid skin contact. When inhaled the effects will be delayed. Fire produces irritation, toxic, and corrosive gases. This compound is a stimulant of the nervous system, which causes violent convulsions that are rapid in onset and lead to death or recovery within 24 hours of time.
- 16. Saccharin Saccharin is an artificial sweetener. Used as a non- caloric sweetener 300–400 times as sweet as sucrose. Used to sweeten products such as drinks, candies, cookies, medicines, and toothpaste. INTRODUCTION In 1879, Saccharin discovered by C. Fahlberg who is a chemist working coal tar derivatives in Remsen’s laboratory, Johns Hopkins University. In 1885 Saccharin first introduced at Antwerp Trade Fair as a cheap and readily-available substitute for sugar. n 1907, An illegal substitution of a valuable ingredient (sugar) by a less valuable ingredient. In 1912, Food Inspection Decision 142 stated that saccharin was not harmful. In 1960, saccharin was used by diabetics at the United States, saccharin is often found in restaurants
- 17. Chemical structure Saccharin is a cyclic sulfimide. Molecular formula: 𝑪 𝟕 𝑯 𝟓 𝑵𝑶 𝟑 𝐒 Another name: “benzoic sunfimit” or “ortho sunphobenzamit”. The free acid of saccharin has a low pKa of 1.6 Odorless white crystals or crystalline powder Intensely sweet taste. It can have an unpleasant, bitter aftertaste Slightly soluble in benzene, ethyl ether, chloroform; soluble in acetone and ethanol heat stable
- 18. APPLICATION OF SACCHARINE Saccharine is often featured in various vitamin supplements and medicines and it can be used for the baking as a substitute for sugar. Saccharine has been used to sweeten foods and beverages without calories. Saccharine provides products with increased stability, improved taste, lower production costs and more choices for the consumer. Saccharin is especially beneficial to people with diabetes and the obese, and reduce dental cavities. The use of saccharin is particularly important to those whose diets require a restriction of caloric or carbohydrate intake, such as people with diabetes Saccharine is now one of five FDA-approved artificial sweeteners, and is also an approved food additive in Europe and most countries around the world
- 19. Positive and negative effects Positive effects: Saccharin is considered as a functional food that is no toxin to human health. However, there are some problem that relate to using of Saccharin Replacing sugar with a low-calorie sweetener may benefit weight loss and protect against obesity Saccharin is often recommended as a sugar substitute for people with diabetes reduce the risk of cavities
- 20. Cont Negative effects: Acute( short-term) health effects: irritate the skin Chronic(long-term) health effects: Cancer hazard: not classifiable as to its potential to cause cancer Reproduction hazard: not affect reproduction Other long-term effects: In very high concentration, cause a skin allergy itching and a skin rash Allergic reactions ( sulfonamide) in people taking sulfa drugs. Symptoms with allergies include headache, difficulty breathing, rash, diarrhea. Saccharin was found in milk is also a risk factor for muscle dysfunction. For objects such as pregnant women, infants and especially infants should not use products containing saccharin
- 21. Chloramines: Structure Chloramines refer to derivatives of ammonia and organic amines wherein one or more N-H bonds have been replaced by N-Cl bonds. Molecular formula: ClH2N Two classes of compounds are considered: 1. inorganic chloramines : Inorganic chloramines comprise three compounds: monochloramine (NH2Cl), dichloramine (NHCl2), and nitrogen trichloride (NCl3). Monochloramine is of broad significance as a disinfectant for water
- 22. Cont. 2. organic chloramines: A variety of organic chloramines are useful in organic synthesis. Examples include s: N-chloromorpholine (ClN(CH2CH2)2O), N- chloropiperidine, and N- chloroquinuclidinium chloride Chloramines are commonly produced by the action of bleach on secondary amines
- 23. Chloramines: uses and effects As disinfectant: Drinking water odor and flavor have improved by the application of chloramines from the beginning of the twenty-first century Chloramines (also known as secondary disinfection) are disinfectants used to treat drinking water Chloramines also refers to any chloramine formed by chlorine reacting with ammonia introduced into swimming pools by human perspiration, saliva, mucus, urine, and other biologic substances, and by insects and other pests. Chloramines are responsible for the "chlorine smell" of pools, as well as skin and eye irritation. These problems are the result of insufficient levels of free available chlorine, and indicate a pool that must be "shocked" by the addition of 5-10 times the normal amount of chlorine
- 24. Advantages in the Use of Chloramine Chloramines not as reactive with organic compounds so significantly less dbps will form Chloramine residual are more stable & longer lasting Chloramines provides better protection against bacterial regrowth in systems with large storage tanks & dead end water mains when residuals are maintained Since chloramines do not react with organic compounds; less taste & odor complaints Chloramines are inexpensive Chloramines easy to make
- 25. Chloramine: Disadvantages Not as strong as other disinfectants eg. Chlorine, ozone, & chlorine dioxide Cannot oxidize iron, manganese, & sulfides. Sometimes necessary to periodically convert to free chlorine for biofilm control in the water distribution system (burn lasting 2 to 3 weeks) Chloramine less effective at high ph Forms of chloramine such as dichloramine cause treatment & operating problems Excess ammonia leads to nitrification Problems in maintaining residual in dead ends & other locations
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