The document discusses the structure of the atmosphere, which is divided into four main layers - the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere - based on changes in temperature from the Earth's surface upwards. Each layer is defined by boundaries where the temperature either changes or remains steady as the height increases. The troposphere varies in height by latitude and season and contains turbulent air. Above it lies the stratosphere, then the mesosphere from 50-80km, and finally the thermosphere where temperatures abruptly increase and the ionosphere is located.