Study of the Antimatter at Large Hadron Collider
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The document discusses antimatter and its study at particle colliders like the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). It begins by defining antimatter and explaining how antimatter particles like positrons and antiprotons were discovered. It then discusses the LHC and how it produces and studies antimatter particles in high energy collisions. A key topic is the slight imbalance between matter and antimatter observed in the universe, which hints at new physics beyond the Standard Model that could be explored at colliders like the LHC to help explain the origin and evolution of the universe.
![Baryogenesis
Big Bang (~ 14 billion years ago) → matter and antimatter equally
produced; followed by annihilation → nbaryon/ng ~ 10-10
Why didn’t all the matter annihilate ?
No evidence found for an “antimatter world” elsewhere in the
Universe
One of the requirements to produce an asymmetric final state from a
symmetric matter/antimatter initial state :
CP symmetry must be violated [Sakharov, 1967]
CP is violated in the Standard Model, through the weak mixing of
quarks
For CP violation to occur there must be at least 3 generations of quarks
So problem of baryogenesis may be connected to why three
generations exist, even though all normal matter is made up from the
first (u, d, e, νe)
However, the CP violation in the SM is not sufficient for baryogenesis
Other sources of CP violation expected → good field to search for new
physics
Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 18
18](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/studyoftheantimatteratlhc-090818171242-phpapp02/85/Study-of-the-Antimatter-at-Large-Hadron-Collider-18-320.jpg)
Study of the Antimatter at Large Hadron Collider
- 1. STUDY OF THE ANTIMATTER AT LARGE HADRON COLLIDER. Valery PUGATCH Institute for Nuclear Research National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 15. 08. 2009 Kiev Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 1
- 2. Content of the lecture • What is ANTIMATTER ? • How ANTIMATTER is studied ? • What is CERN ? • What is LHC at CERN? • Status and Prospective of the Antimatter studies • Concluding remarks Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 2
- 3. Universe: Creation and Evolution Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 3
- 4. Universe: Creation and Evolution E = mc2 MATTER = ANTI-MATTER Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 4
- 5. The History of Antimatter (by Rosy Mondardini) • The history of antimatter begins in 1928 with a young physicist Paul Dirac and a strange mathematical equation... • The equation predicted the existence of an antiworld identical to ours but made out of antimatter. • From 1930, the search for the possible constituents of antimatter, antiparticles, began … Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 5
- 6. New Universe Made out of Antimatter • In 1928, Paul Dirac’s equation (quantum theory and special relativity), for electron could have two solutions, one for an electron with positive energy, and one for an electron with negative energy. • The energy of a particle must always be a positive number! - Dirac interpreted the result that every particle has a corresponding antiparticle, exactly matching the particle but with opposite charge. • In his Nobel Lecture (1933), Dirac speculated on the existence of a completely new Universe made out of antimatter! Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 6
- 7. From 1930, the hunt for the mysterious antiparticles began... • In 1932 Carl Anderson, a young professor at the California Institute of Technology studied cosmic particles and found a track left by "something positively charged, and with the same mass as an electron". • He decided the tracks were antielectrons. He called the antielectron a "positron", for its positive charge (Nobel Prize, 1936) and proved the existence of antiparticles as predicted by Dirac. • The anti-proton was discovered 22 years later... Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 7
- 8. Matter and anti-matter particles are produced in the interaction of particles with matter For instance: + − π and π particles having the same mass, spin… but Opposite electric charge opposite curvature in a magnetic field Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 8
- 9. Matter-Antimatter in Universe Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 9
- 10. The Universe and the Particles after Big Bang … • Small difference between matter and antimatter was first observed in 1964 in an experiment with K-mesons for which Cronin and Fitch were awarded the 1980 Nobel Prize • Its connection to the existence of matter in the universe was realized in 1967 by academician Andrei Sakharov. Physicists call this difference CP violation. Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 10
- 11. Matter-Antimatter in Universe Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 11
- 12. Matter-Antimatter in Universe Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 12
- 13. Fundamental particles of the Standard Model LEPTONS QUARKS Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 13
- 14. The elementary particles of the Standard Model NB : the gravitational force is extremely weak in the particles matter : interactions : world ⇒ not discussed here (building blocks - fermions): gauge bosons 3 families 0 W±, Z (weak) g : gluon (strong) γ (electromagnetic) All tests of the SM have been successful up to now ! Yet: • Why 3 families ? • Why several interactions with very different intensities ? • Origin of the particles mass (ad-hoc Higgs boson) ? • Mass hierarchy ? • The neutrinos masses , mν ≠ 0 ? + antiparticles Charged leptons quarks Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 14
- 15. Properties of building blocks, forces and underlying dynamics can be described by rotation and/or translation symmetries in four-dimensional real space (t, x, y, z) or some “internal” space Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 15
- 16. Fundamental interactions. Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 16
- 17. Fundamental interactions and some Rules СРТ theorem: Antiparticles and their interactions are indistinguishable from particles moving along the same world-lines but in opposite directions in 3+1 dimensional space-time. In particular, the mass of any particle is strictly equal to the mass of its antiparticle (experimentally checked in 1 part to 1018 in K-meson studies). The SM strictly conserves CPT. There are no however any theoretical reason why C, P and T should conserve separately. Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 17
- 18. Baryogenesis Big Bang (~ 14 billion years ago) → matter and antimatter equally produced; followed by annihilation → nbaryon/ng ~ 10-10 Why didn’t all the matter annihilate ? No evidence found for an “antimatter world” elsewhere in the Universe One of the requirements to produce an asymmetric final state from a symmetric matter/antimatter initial state : CP symmetry must be violated [Sakharov, 1967] CP is violated in the Standard Model, through the weak mixing of quarks For CP violation to occur there must be at least 3 generations of quarks So problem of baryogenesis may be connected to why three generations exist, even though all normal matter is made up from the first (u, d, e, νe) However, the CP violation in the SM is not sufficient for baryogenesis Other sources of CP violation expected → good field to search for new physics Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 18 18
- 19. CP Violation We know examples which show matter world ≠ anti-matter world. CP symmetry is violated !! Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 19
- 20. Evolution of Universe matter big bang anti-matter amount of matter our universe = amount of anti-matter only with matter CP violation Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 20
- 21. CPLEAR Experiment (1999) neutral kaon decay time distribution ≠ anti-neutral kaon decay time distribution CP violation Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 21
- 22. Problem!! CP violation in ⇔ CP violation in the kaon decays the universe can cannot be explained by be explained by the Standard Model. the Standard Model. LHCb experiment will look for CP violation beyond the Standard Model in the particle world using B (beauty) -mesons. Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 22
- 23. Beauty (B) Physics BaBar, Belle, LHCb … experiments Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 23
- 24. LHCb – BEAUTY experiment at CERN What is BEAUTY ? BEAUTY – Oscar Wilde, “The picture of Dorian Gray” - “… Wonder of wonders … a form of Genius – is higher, indeed, than Genius, as it needs no explanation.” B (Beauty)- mesons are composed out of b-quark and one of the other quarks: b-, u-, d-, c-, s : • ~ 5 times heavier than proton • time of life ~10-12 s 0 B bb ( ) , ( ) Bu bu … Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 24
- 25. B Decays (Feynman diagrams) Dominant decays Hadronic Semi-leptonic Rare hadronic decays Gluonic penguin Internal spectator W-exchange Radiative penguin Radiative and leptonic decays Electroweak Electroweak box penguin Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 Annihilation 25 25/83
- 26. The Standard Model Physical quark states in the Standard Model u c t ,KK u R , d R ,c R ,s R ,t R ,b R d L s L b L g µ ∗ L cc =− J cc W µ + h .c . 2 Lagrangian for charged current weak decays d ( J cµc = u , c , t )γ L µ VCKM s where b L Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 26 26/83
- 27. CP Violation in the Standard Model Requirements for CP violation (m t2 − m c2 )( t2 − m u2 )( c2 − m u2 ) m m ×( b2 − m s2 )( b2 − m d2 )( s2 − m d2 )× J C P ≠ 0 m m m JCP =Im{ iα jβVi* V j*α } V V β ( ≠j, α≠β i ) where Using parameterizations JCP =s12s13s23c12c23c13 sinδ=λA2η=O( − ) 6 10 5 CP violation is small in the Standard Model Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 27 27/83
- 28. CKM (Cabibo-Kobayashi-Maskawa) Matrix VCKM describes rotation between the weak eigenstates (d',s',b') and mass eigenstates (d,s,b) weak mass CKM matrix Vij proportional to transition states states amplitude from quark j to quark i Quarks d′ Vud Vus Vub d W− s′ = Vcd Vcs Vcb s b u b′ V Vts Vtb b Vub td ′ W+ d V u*d V * V d * s ′ = V c*d us ub Anti-quarks * * V s b u ′ * V * cs cb V V b ub b V td * * V ts tb Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 28 28/83
- 29. Role of Heavy Flavour Physics 2008 Kobayashi - Maskawa Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 29 29/83
- 30. Wolfenstein Parameterization Wolfenstein parameterization (perturbative form) s23 s13 cos δ s13 sin δ λ = s12 A= 2 ρ = η = s12 s12 s23 s12 s23 λ = sin θ 12 ≈ 0.23 Reflects hierarchy of strengths of quark transitions d u O(1) O(λ) s c O(λ2) b t O(λ3) Charge -1/3 Charge +2/3 Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 30 30/83
- 31. The Unitarity triangle ( ρ ,η ) ≡ (1 − λ 2)( ρ ,η ) 2 B 0 → π π , ρ ρ , ρ π ,..... β: Bd mixing phase Im η VtdVtb* χ: Bs mixing phase α VcdVcb* γ: weak decay phase * VudVub B 0 → J /ψ K S , ..... 0 * VcdVcb γ β 0 ρ 1 Re * Im VudVtd Bd → DK , DK * η * VcdVcb Bs → Ds K (γ − 2χ ) * α 0 Bs → J / ψ φ , ..... VubVtb Bd → D *π (γ + 2β ) * VcdVcb χ Precise determination γ−χ β+χ of parameters through 0 ρ * * Re B-decays study. Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 V V VusVts / cd cb 31
- 32. e e → ϒ(4S) → B anti-B + - 0 0 Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 32
- 33. CP-violation has been measured by experiments BaBar and BELLE at the B factories These are experiments (in the US and Japan) running on the ϒ(4S) resonance: e+e- → ϒ(4S) → B0B0 or B+B- The CP asymmetry A(t) = {N(B0 → J/Ψ KS) - N(B0 → J/ Ψ KS)} / {N(B0 → J/ Ψ KS) + N(B0 → J/ Ψ KS)} A(t) = - sin 2β sin Δm t in the Standard Model BABAR + BELLE measure sin 2 β = 0.674 ± 0.026 (see next slide) This can be compared with the indirect measurement from other constraints on the Unitarity Triangle Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 33
- 34. Summary of the Angles α=( 89.0 + − ) 60% c.l. interval 4.4 o 4.2 γ =(70 +27 o β =(21.1 ±0.9 ) o −29) Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 34 15/6/2009 CERN/FNAL Summer School 34/83
- 35. V. Gibson Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 35
- 36. 3 Types of CP Violation Γf ≠ Γ f CP violation if CPV in Decay CPV in Mixing Direct CP Violation Indirect CP Violation Af ≠1 q ≠1 Im { 12 M 12 } Γ* ≠0 Af p CPV in Interference between mixing and decay Indirect CP Violation Af λf =1, Im{ f } λ ≠0 q Af B 0 λ f = f Γf (t )−Γ f (t ) −C f co s (∆m t )+ S f sin (∆m t ) p Af A CP (t ) = = Γf (t )+Γf (t ) co sh (∆Γt 2 )+Ωf sin h (∆Γt 2 ) f q p Af B0 Golden case: CP final state and single dominating amplitude ACP ()=Im λCP sin( mt) fCP t f ∆ Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 36 36/83
- 37. Two types of experiments at accelerators Fixed Target: В експериментах з фіксованою мішенню продукти взаємодії летять переважно вперед. Тому детектор має вигляд конуса-піраміди і розташовується в напрямку бомбардуючого пучку («форвардний спектрометр») Colliding Beams: В колайдерному експерименті продукти летять в усіх напрямках, тому детектор має вигляд циліндра. Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 37
- 38. Colliders … HERA at DESY International Linear Collider 320 GeV ep ~0.5 TeV e+e- collider 1992 – 2007 extending LHC discovery reach Tevatron at Fermilab 2 TeV pp-bar 1985 – 2009 LHC at CERN 14 TeV pp collider from 2008 Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 38
- 39. The LHC machine at CERN pp collisions at √s = 14 TeV in a 27km ring Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 39
- 40. The European Organization for Nuclear Research - CERN • The world's largest particle physics laboratory, suburbs of Geneva on the Franco-Swiss border, established in 1954. • The organization has twenty European member states • CERN's main function - high-energy physics research. • Numerous experiments have been constructed at CERN by international collaborations Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 40
- 41. CERN - European laboratory for particle physics ~ 2,600 full-time employees and ~8000 scientists and engineers (representing 580 universities and research facilities and 80 nationalities). Member states' contributions to CERN for the year 2008 totalled CHF 1 billion (approximately € 664 million). Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 41
- 42. Україна в ЦЕРНі Національна Академія Наук України (офіційна Угода про співробітництво з ЦЕРН - 1993 р.) ННЦ ХФТІ (м. Харків)- CMS, LHCb, ALICE НТК Інститут монокристалів (м. Харків) – CMS, ALICE Н.д. Технологічний Інститут Приладобудування (м. Харків)- ALICE Інститут Теоретичної Фізики (м. Київ) - ALICE Інститут Ядерних Досліджень (м. Київ) – LHCb, (ATLAS, MEDIPIX) Інститут Прикладної Фізики (м. Суми) – ILC, (MEDIPIX) Київський Національний Університет ім. Тараса Шевченка - (LHCb) Харківський Національний Університет ім. В.Н. Каразіна - CMS Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 42
- 43. Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 43
- 44. Energy of a proton in the beam = 7 TeV = 10-6 J It is about kinetic energy of a flying mosquito: Question: why not to use mosquitos in particle physics? Answer: because NAvogadro = 6.022×1023 (mol)-1 Energy of a mosquito is distributed among ~ 1022 nucleons. On the other hand, total energy stored in each beam is 2808 bunches × 1011 protons/bunch × 7 TeV/proton = 360 MJ It is explosive energy of ~ 100 kg TNT or kinetic energy of “Admiral Kuznetsov” cruiser traveling at 8 knots. Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 44
- 45. ATLAS, CMS Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 45
- 46. ATLAS - 4π detector at the LHC Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 46
- 47. Central view of ATLAS detector with eight toroids around the calorimeter before moving it in the middle of the detector Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 47
- 48. The Higgs search The Higgs boson is the cornerstone of the Standard Model … and still to be discovered ! P.W. Higgs, Phys. Lett. 12 (1964) 132 Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 48
- 49. Бозони Хіггса Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 49
- 50. New Physics Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 50
- 51. Supersymmetry Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 51
- 52. ALICE : A Large Ion Collider Experiment Pb-Pb at √sNN= 5.5 TeV Heavy Ions (Pb82+) ~ 1 month/year, from 2009 onwards pp for reference Properties of hadronic/nuclear matter at high temperature/density <-> Quark Gluon Plasma in the ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions Study the state of matter as it was soon after the Big Bang, <10-5s Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 52
- 53. Primary goal of LHCb – BEAUTY experiment at CERN To understand better the origin of CP violation. Possibly discovering new physics beyond the Standard Model. Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 53
- 54. Mechanism of CP Violation CP transformation contains Standard Model complex conjugation: New Physics q′ e−iH t → eiH*t q′ i.e. H* ≠ H →CP violation W X complex coupling constant complex coupling constant q q Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 54
- 55. LHCb event seen by the vertex detector Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 55
- 56. LHCb експеримент в ЦЕРНі Kinematics Particle ID Vertex Tracking system Magnet + Trackers RICH1 and RICH2 Reconstruction VELO Calorimeters Calorimeters VELO Trigger Tracker Muon system Inner/Outer Tracker ad 250 mr 10 mrad p p Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 56
- 57. The LHCb Experiment Shielding Yoke LHCb Calorimeters Tracker Brazil plate Coil USA Finland Ukraine France RICH-1 UK Germany RICH-2 MuonSwitzerland Vertex Italy Netherlands PRC Poland Romania Russia Spain Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 57
- 58. LHCb event l- Qvertex K– D B B-decay D-decay B- production Bs L~1cm K- V*ib Vis s b b s b u,c,t s Ds Bs W+ W− Bs s s u,c,t b b c Vis V*ib u s W− π hadronisation u K- d mixing decay u Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 58
- 59. LHCb експеримент в ЦЕРНі VErtex LOcator 21 stations in vacuum tank VELO R/φ sensors ~180k R-O channels Si sensor m 1 hybrid R-O chip Sensors sensitive area 8mm from beam line (30 mm during injection) PVx position resolution: x,y: ~ 8 μm z: ~ 44 Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 μm 59 IP precision: ~ 30 μm
- 60. Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 60
- 61. Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 61
- 62. Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 62
- 63. New Physics – Beyond the Standard Model Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 63
- 64. Institutes involved in the LHCb Silicon Tracker: Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg LPHE, EPFL Lausanne KINR, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, Kiev Budker Institute for Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Physik-Institut der Universität Zürich Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 64
- 65. Physics needs techniques for observations … Перші мікро-стріпові детектори з України на тестовому пучкові в ЦЕРН Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 65
- 66. KINR student – assisting mounting of microstrip detectors at CERN … Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 66
- 67. Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 67
- 68. Radiation hard ASIC chip BEETLE - 128 channel (50 μm pitch) charge sensitive preamplifier. Ultrasonic bonding via pitch adapter to microstrip detector. Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 68
- 69. Data flow at the LHCb Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 69
- 70. Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 70
- 71. Metal Microstrip-Detectors Institute of Applied Physics (NASU), Institute of Microdevices (NASU), Institute for Nuclear Research (NASU) Advantages of the MMD: •High Radiation tolerance (10-100 MGy) •Nearly transparent sensor – 1 μm thickness- the thinnest detector ever made for the particles registration •Low operation voltage (20 V) •Perfect spatial resolution (5 – 25 μm) •Unique, well advanced production technology •Commercially available readout hardware Photo of ММD-1024. and software. 1024 Ni strips: 1.5 µм thick, 40 µм wide, 60 µм pitch MMD applications • Micro-beam Profile Monitoring for Particles and Synchrotron Radiation • Detectors at the focal plane of mass-spectrometers and electron microscopes • Imaging sensors for X-ray and charged particle applications • Precise dose distribution measurements for micro-biology, medicine (mammography, dental treatment, hadron-therapy) etc. • Industrial applications: micro-metallurgy, micro-electronics, etc. Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 71
- 72. MEDIPIX в фокальній площині лазерного мас-спектрометра. Інститут Прикладної Фізики НАН України, м. Суми Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 72 Ужгород, 17-18 травня 2007
- 73. Example of the mass-spectra measured in Sumi by TIMEPIX in a focal plane of the laser mass-spectrometer. • Two dimensional presentation of the data accumulated in a different time slots allowed to identify problems in the mass-spectrometer performance (alignment, focusing, stability of electric and magnetic fields etc.,). That means that TIMEPIX may become a powerful tool in a feedback system for fine tuning of mass-spectrometer and similar devices. X – axis – along the focal plane (mass-spectrum) Y – axis – along the image of the laser beam spot at the target Z – axis – intensity of the analyzed ions Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 73
- 74. Position (mass) resolution is better (comparable) with one obtained by microchannel plates (~ 129 μm) M A S S - S P E C T R A o f S t a n a d r t S a m p l e 6 6 2 , M E D IP IX ( T p x ,4 0 M H z ) 300 S t a n d a r t S a m p le 6 6 2 : F it G a u s s ia n : 207 f ( x ) = Σ i= 1 ..4 a i* e x p ( - ( ( x - b i) / σ ) 2 ) S n - 3 .0 5 % P b 2+ Z n - 4 .9 3 % 208 P b - 4 .4 0 % P b 2+ C o e ff ic ie n t s ( w it h 9 5 % c o n f id e n c e b o u n d s ) : P - 0 .0 2 1 % 206 250 S b - 0 .0 0 2 8 % P b 2+ a1 = 9 2 .6 6 ( 7 3 .1 6 , 1 1 2 .2 ) a2 = 2 3 0 .2 ( 2 0 9 .6 , 2 5 0 .8 ) F e - 0 .0 2 1 % a3 = 2 5 3 .3 ( 2 3 2 .5 , 2 7 4 .2 ) C u - 8 7 .5 3 % a4 = 2 5 3 .7 ( 2 3 2 .9 , 2 7 4 .6 ) b1 = 4 1 9 3 (4 1 6 7 , 4 2 2 0 ) b2 = 4 8 7 4 (4 8 6 3 , 4 8 8 5 ) 200 b3 = 5 6 0 9 (5 5 9 9 , 5 6 1 9 ) b4 = 6 3 0 8 (6 2 9 8 , 6 3 1 8 ) C o u n ts /0 .0 1 s σ = 1 2 9 .1 ± 8 .1 µ m 150 204 P b 2+ 100 50 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 P o s itio n , µm Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 74
- 75. Antimatter at the Earth • Segre' and Chamberlain were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1959 for their discovery in1955 of the antiproton - a further proof of the essential symmetry of nature, between matter and antimatter. • A year later at the Bevatron (B. Cork, O. Piccione, W. Wenzel and G. Lambertson) announced the discovery of the antineutron. Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 75
- 76. Antimatter at the Earth • in 1965 - observation of the antideuteron, a nucleus of antimatter made out of an antiproton plus an antineutron (while a deuteron, the nucleus of the deuterium atom, is made of a proton plus a neutron). • The goal was simultaneously achieved by two teams of physicists, working at the Proton Synchrotron at CERN, and the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS) accelerator at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, New York. Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 76
- 77. Antimatter production at the Earth • In 1995 - antiatoms were produced at CERN. Although only 9 antiatoms were made, the news made the front page of many of the world's newspapers. • The antihydrogen atom could play a role in the study of the antiworld similar to that played by the hydrogen atom in over more than a century of scientific history. • Hydrogen makes up three quarters of our universe, and much of what we know about the cosmos has been discovered by studying ordinary hydrogen. • Does antihydrogen behave exactly like ordinary hydrogen ? – studies at the experimental facility at CERN: the Antiproton Decelerator. Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 77
- 78. Antimatter production at the Earth • 16 Sept 2002 The ATHENA collaboration, working at the Antiproton Decelerator, has announced the first controlled production of large numbers of antihydrogen atoms at low energies! Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 78
- 79. Gravitational properties of antimatter Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 79
- 80. Gravitational properties of antimatter Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 80
- 81. Applications of anti-particles • The electron-positron annihilations can reveal the workings of the brain in the technique called Positron Emission Tomography (PET). • In PET, the positrons come from the decay of radioactive nuclei incorporated in a special fluid injected into the patient. The positrons then annihilate with electrons in nearby atoms: the energy emerges as two gamma-rays which shoot off in opposite directions to conserve momentum. Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 81
- 82. Applications of Annihilation • Antimatter Propulsion (by Gordon Fraser) • The 1980s US Strategic Defense Initiative program ('Star Wars') – evaluation of antimatter as rocket fuel or to drive space-borne weapons platforms. • Antimatter, converting all its mass into energy, is the ultimate fuel. However, … all the antiprotons produced at CERN during one year would supply enough energy to light a 100 watt electric bulb for three seconds! • The efficiency of the antimatter energy production process would be 0.00000001%. Even the steam engine is millions of times more efficient! Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 82
- 83. Annihilation … • Preliminary experiments carried out at CERN have shown that antimatter particle beams could be very effective at destroying cancer cells. • Positron emission tomography relies on the principles of antimatter to create viable diagnostics for cancer presumptions. • Dan Brown's book ‘Angels and Demons’ is exaggerating that entire cities could be wiped out from the face of the Earth with sufficient amounts of antimatter. • There is no way for that to happen as far as antimatter in sufficient quantities will never be produced, at least at the LHC. http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/ciencia_antimatterweapon.htm Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 83
- 84. Antimatter energetics Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 84
- 85. Antimatter - Annihilation Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 85
- 86. Annihilation for ignition DT Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 86
- 87. Some publications on antimatter triggered thermonuclear explosions Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, U.S.A. : On the Utility of Antiprotons as Drivers for Inertial Confinement Fusion by L. John Perkins, Charles D. Orth, Max Tabak, published 2004, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, U.S.A. : Controlled antihydrogen propulsion for NASA's future in very deep space by M.M. Nieto, M.H. Holzscheiter, and S.G. Turyshev, Ioffe Physical Technical Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia : The typical number of antiprotons necessary to heat the spot in D-T fuel doped with U by M.L. Shmatov, published 2005, http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/ciencia_antimatterweapon.htm Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 87
- 88. •Механізм прискорення КП (до 10 15 еВ) - прискорення на фронтах ударних хвиль в оболонках Супернових. Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 88
- 89. в центрі Крабовидної туманності (залишки SN-II, 1054 рік) знаходиться пульсар. - прискорення частинок до енергії 1012 – 10 13 еВ За рахунок різниці потенціалів на поверхні і в магнітосфері Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 89
- 90. Concluding remarks. Antimatter studies at the LHC (CERN) are at the forefront of the modern high energy physics New level of the energy 14 ТeV at the LHC: • New particles: Higgs bosons, super-symmetric partners, … • New form of the matter : quark-gluon plasma, black micro-holes, antimatter … • Shedding more light on the matter-antimatter evolution of the Universe • Observation of the super-high energy cosmic rays – signal about the existence of a new energy production processes ? Fundamental studies making challenge to existing technologies provide progress in all spheres of the human beings life. This requires enthusiasm of talented young people. Welcome to High Energy Physics! Acknowledgements To LHCb Colleagues: T. Nakada, V. Gibson, A. Golutvin, N. Harnew (LHCb), M.-H.Shune, S. Barsuk (for some slides copied from their LHCb presentations ) Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 90
- 91. Thank you for your attention ! I believe that in the anti-world an anti-rainbow means a good future which I wish to happen for you! Summer School KPI 15 August 2009 91