Substance use awarness
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This document provides information about drug addiction and treatment. It discusses how addiction is a chronic disease that affects the brain, outlines risk factors for drug abuse, and describes how drugs impact the developing teen brain. The document covers various types of drugs, reasons why people use drugs, signs of drug abuse, and parenting strategies. It emphasizes that addiction is treatable and outlines principles of effective treatment, including the use of medication and behavioral therapies. Relapse is discussed as being common, and recovery is presented as an ongoing process involving improved health and wellness.
Substance use awarness
- 1. awareness about drug addiction • Presented by: Dr.Aftab Hussain • Clinical psychologist • Ph.D(Clin Psy) ,Dip in clinical psychology, • International Certified Addiction Professional(ICAP 1) • Mindfulness based relapse prevention practitioner
- 2. Objectives • Create awareness regarding substance use among students • Treatment and prevention
- 3. INTRODUCTION OF DRUG •A drug is any substance that, alters normal bodily function, resulting any psychological or behavioral change. • Drug is a substance used to treat an illness.
- 4. American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) “Addiction is a primary, chronic disease of brain reward, motivation, memory and related circuitry. Dysfunction in these circuits leads to characteristic biological, psychological, social, and spiritual manifestations. This is reflected in an individual pathologically pursuing reward and/or relief by substance use and other behaviors.” (American Society of Addiction Medicine, 2011)
- 5. Classification of drugs Stimulants (uppers) – Speed up the brain and central nervous system. Examples are caffeine (coffee, tea) nicotine (cigarettes), amphetamines, speed, cocaine and diet pills.
- 6. Types of drugs Depressants (downers) – Slow down the brain and central nervous system. Examples are alcohol, beer, wine, vodka, gin etc heroin, tranquilizers, sleeping pills.
- 7. Types of drugs Hallucinogens – These drugs alter the user’s state of consciousness. (Distort auditory and visual sensations) Examples are LSD, ecstasy, magic mushrooms, marijuana.
- 8. MARIJUANA • Marijuana is the most common illegal drug around • Comes from a plant called “cannabis” • Some people call it pot, weed, grass, hash, smoke or ganja • Cannabis has the chemical “tetrahydrocannabinol” or THC • When you smoke a joint the THC goes into the lungs, then into the heart which pumps into the bloodstream which takes it directly to brain
- 9. MARIJUANA • Only takes few minutes for THC to get to brain when you smoke marijuana • Eating takes longer to get to brain- passes through digestive system first • In brain, activates “receptors” gives you the feeling of being high • Marijuana changes physical and chemical balance in your brain
- 10. WHY DO PEOPLE USE DRUGS?
- 16. 11/27/2021 Low Self-Esteem.. 2. 65 percent of teens say they use drugs to “feel cool.”
- 17. 11/27/2021 Self-Medication These pent up emotions can take an emotional toll and can even lead to depression or anxiety.
- 18. 11/27/2021 Parental Influence If your teen sees you, a friend’s parent or another authority figure using drugs, they may think the behavior is normal and acceptable.
- 19. RISK FACTORS • Friends who use drugs (this is the number one predictor of who will experiment with drugs/alcohol)
- 20. RISK FACTORS • Absence of healthy recreational or leisure interests • Early antisocial behavior (e.g., aggression, hyperactivity, defiance)
- 21. RISK FACTORS • Parental drug use and a positive attitude toward use
- 22. RISK FACTORS • Academic Failure (low and failing grades) • Little commitment to school
- 23. RISK FACTORS • Favorable attitude towards drug use • Early first use of drugs • Prenatal exposure to alcohol (FAS/E)
- 24. How do drugs affect the brain? What is the impact of drug use on the teen brain?
- 25. Brain imaging studies show physical changes in areas of the brain when a drug is ingested that are critical to: • Judgment • Decision making • Learning and memory • Behavior control These changes alter the way the brain works and help explain the compulsion and continued use despite negative consequences (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2018b) Drug Use and Addiction
- 26. Let’s review… What’s happening at a synapse? • Chemical exchange between neurons • Packages of chemicals (vesicles of neurotransmitters) are released from one neuron • Another neuron receives the chemicals (receptors) Neurotransmission
- 27. Dopamine and Substance Use • A neurotransmitter that is released during a pleasurable experience • Connected to the reward circuit of the brain • Acts by reinforcing behaviors that are pleasurable • Leads to neural changes that help form habits • Released during substance use and reinforces the connection between the substance and the pleasurable experience • Trains the brain to repeat the pleasurable experience (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2018b)
- 28. Repeated drug exposure changes brain function. Positron emission tomography (PET) images are illustrated showing similar brain changes in dopamine receptors resulting from addiction to different substances - cocaine, methamphetamine, alcohol, or heroin. The striatum (which contains the reward and motor circuitry) shows up as bright red and yellow in the controls (in the left column), indicating numerous dopamine D2 receptors. Conversely, the brains of addicted individuals (in the right column) show a less intense signal, indicating lower levels of dopamine D2 receptors.
- 29. Depleted dopamine transporter levels in methamphetamine abusers show recovery after prolonged abstinence. In these brain scans, high dopamine transporter levels appear as red, while low levels appear as yellow/green. Dr. Nora Volkow, Director of NIDA National Institute on Drug Abuse
- 30. Physical Warning of drug use • Bloodshot eyes • Pupils larger or smaller than usual • Changes in appetite or sleep patterns • Sudden weight loss or weight gain • Deterioration of physical appearance • Unusual smells on breath • Impaired coordination
- 31. Behavioural Warnings • Poor work • Decline in performance • Financial problems • Secretive behaviours • Sudden change in friends and associates • Accident or trouble prone • Lack of motivation and withdrawn • Unexplained anxiety
- 32. Psychosocial Manifestations of Mild/Moderate Drug Disorders Psychological/Behavioral • Agitation, irritability, dysphoria, difficulty in coping, mood swings, hostility, violence, psychosomatic symptoms, hyperventilation, generalized anxiety, panic attacks, depression, psychosis Family • Chronic stable family dysfunction, marital problems, anxiety and depression in family members, divorce, abuse and violence. (Brown, 1992)
- 33. Screening Instruments Modified CAGE for drug abuse • Examined for older populations (50 and over) • Excellent sensitivity, poor specificity (Hinkin et al., 2001) Conjoint two-item screen • "In the past year, have you ever drunk or used drugs more than you meant to?" • "Have you felt you wanted or needed to cut down on your drinking or drug use in the past year?" • Ages 50-59: Sensitivity 73.9, Specificity 84.8 (Brown et al., 2001) Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST-10, 20, 28) ASSIST ASI 10 Panel drug test
- 34. Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST-20) 1. Have you used drugs other than those required for medical reasons? 2. Have you abused prescription drugs? 3. Do you abuse more than one drug at a time? 4. Can you get through the week without using drugs (other than those required for medical reasons)? 5. Are you always able to stop using drugs when you want to? 6. Have you had "blackouts" or "flashbacks" as a result of drug use? 7. Do you ever feel bad or guilty about your drug use? 8. Does your spouse (or parents) ever complain about your involvement with drugs? 9. Has drug abuse created problems between you and your spouse or your parents? 10. Have you lost friends because of your use of drugs?
- 35. Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST-20) 11. Have you neglected your family because of your use of drugs? 12. Have you been in trouble at work because of drug abuse? 13. Have you lost a job because of drug abuse? 14. Have you gotten into fights when under the influence of drugs? 15. Have you engaged in illegal activities in order to obtain drugs? 16. Have you been arrested for possession of illegal drugs? 17. Have you ever experienced withdrawal symptoms (felt sick) when you stopped taking drugs? 18. Have you had medical problems as a result of your drug use (e.g., memory loss, hepatitis, convulsions, bleeding, etc.)? 19. Have you gone to anyone for help for a drug problem? 20. Have you been involved in a treatment program specifically related to drug use?
- 37. Signs to look for • Mood Swings & Attitude • New Friends • Bad Performance in school • Physical Health • “Evidence” • Increased Secrecy • Little Things - fashion, hairstyle, breath mints, untidy room • Overt Signals
- 38. Parenting Strategies • Set appropriate limits: based on your child’s needs, capabilities, age, and trust. • Enforce limits: establish clear, specific limits and follow through with consequences. • Continue relationship building: approach your children with a sense of love and trust. Expect the best not the worst. • Team parenting: be predictable and work as a team. • Modeling: demonstrate healthy and appropriate behaviors at home and in social settings. • Communicate/Face it head on: talk openly to your teens about drugs and alcohol. Teach refusal skills.
- 39. A Treatable Disease • Substance use disorders are preventable and treatable • Successful substance use disorder treatment is highly individualized and entails: • Medication • Behavioral interventions • Peer support - Dr. Nora Volkow, National Institute on Drug Abuse "Groundbreaking discoveries about the brain have revolutionized our understanding of addiction, enabling us to respond effectively to the problem" (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2018c; Longo, 2016)
- 40. Relapse Rates for Chronic Conditions (McLellan et al., 2000)
- 41. (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2018c) Purpose of Treatment • Reduce the major symptoms of the illness • Improve health and social functioning • Teach and motivate individuals to monitor their condition and manage threats of relapse
- 42. Treatment For Drug Addiction • Hospitalization • Behavioural Therapies • Occupational Therapy • Change in Addict’s Social Environment
- 43. 1. Addiction is a complex but treatable disease that affects brain function and behavior 2. No single treatment is appropriate for everyone 3. Treatment needs to be readily available 4. Effective treatment attends to multiple needs of the individual, not just his or her drug abuse 5. Remaining in treatment for an adequate period of time is critical 6. Behavioral therapies are the most commonly used forms of drug abuse treatment 7. Medications are an important element of treatment for many patients, especially when combined with counseling and other behavioral therapies Principles of Effective Drug Addiction Treatment: A Research Based Guide (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2018c)
- 44. 8. An individual’s treatment and services plan must be assessed continually and modified as necessary to ensure that it meets his or her changing needs 9. Many drug-addicted individuals also have other mental disorders 10. Medically assisted detoxification is only the first stage of addiction treatment and by itself does little to change long-term drug abuse 11. Treatment does not need to be voluntary to be effective 12. Drug use during treatment must be monitored continuously, as lapses during treatment do occur 13. Treatment programs should test patients for infectious diseases Principles of Effective Drug Addiction Treatment: A Research Based Guide (cont’d) (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2018c)
- 46. Treat them with respect • Listen to their concerns and reasons for continued or relapse. • Meet our clients where they are emotionally and intellectually, not where we are. • Use drug testing • Clients must be held accountable and have to face consequences for their actions. • If we take away their only solution to life’s problems we need to follow that up with some other means of coping.
- 47. Relapse • 60% of people who successfully complete treatment will relapse within the first year after leaving a facility. • The leading cause for relapse is failure to follow the prescribed continuing care plan set up at discharge.
- 48. • Full recovery is a challenge, but it is possible!
- 49. Extended abstinence is Predictive of sustained Recovery
- 50. Recovery
- 51. What is recovery? A process of change through which individuals improve their health and wellness, live self-directed lives, and strive to reach their full potential. Access to evidence-based substance use disorder treatment and recovery support services are important building blocks to recovery SAMHSA’s Working Definition What Is Recovery? SAMHSA’s Working Definition (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2012)
- 52. Have a look on stats… • Almost 5.8 % of the adult population. • Nearly 25 % of the youth population
- 53. Drug usage in Pakistan • According to (UNODC), 6.7 million Pakistanis used drugs in the year of 2013. • Every 27 persons in Pakistan are using drugs • UNODC(2019) revealed in his report that in 2017, an expected 271 million individuals, or 5.5 percent of the worldwide people’s age range 15–64 used substance within the past year.
- 54. Cont… • UNODC (2019) announced that in 2017, around 0.6 percent of the people worldwide aged 15–64 or 29 million people were estimated to have used amphetamines (amphetamine and methamphetamine) in the last year.