Summary on Complex Number - Engineering Diploma
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This document discusses complex numbers. It begins by providing a brief history, noting that Gerolamo Cardano first conceived of complex numbers in 1545 while solving cubic equations. It then states that complex numbers form an algebraically closed field where every polynomial equation has a root. Many mathematicians contributed to fully developing the rules for addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of complex numbers. Complex numbers are used in fields like engineering, electromagnetism, quantum physics and more. They can represent AC voltage with potential as the real part and phase angle as the imaginary part. Complex numbers provide a way to solve equations like x2 = -4 by introducing an imaginary unit i where i2 = -1.
Summary on Complex Number - Engineering Diploma
- 1. Complex Numbers History in brief Gerolamo Cardano was first to conceive idea of complex numbers in around 1545, while finding the solution in radicals (without trigonometric functions) of a cubic equation in some special cases. Work on the problem of general polynomials ultimately led to the fundamental theorem of algebra, which shows that with complex numbers, a solution exists to every polynomial equation of degree one or higher. Complex numbers thus form an algebraically closed field, where any polynomial equation has a root. Many mathematicians contributed to the full development of complex numbers. The rules for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of complex numbers were developed by the Italian mathematician Rafael Bombelli. A more abstract formalism for the complex numbers was further developed by the Irish mathematician William Rowan Hamilton. Applications Complex numbers are used in a number of fields, including: engineering, electromagnetism, quantum physics, applied mathematics, and chaos theory. Some fields of complex numbers are complex analysis, complex matrix, complex polynomial, and
- 2. complex Lie algebra (In mathematics, Lie algebras are algebraic structures which were introduced to study the concept of infinitesimal transformations. The term "Lie algebra" (after Sophus Lie) was introduced by Hermann Weyl in the 1930s. In older texts, the name "infinitesimal group" is used ) Some applications of complex numbers are for representing AC Voltage which contains Potential as the real part and Phase angle as the imaginary part. It is also used to represent sinusoidal varying signals in Signal analysis. If Fourier analysis is employed to write a given real-valued signal as a sum of periodic functions these periodic functions are often written as complex valued functions. Introduction Consider the equation x2 + 4 = 0. This is the same as x2 = – 4. Solving this equation means finding a number whose square is – 4. Clearly x cannot be a real number, since the square of a real number cannot be negative, i.e., we cannot find a real number whose square is – 4. Similarly, the equations of the type x2 + 1 = 0, x2 + 5 = 0, x2 + 9 = 0, etc. cannot have their roots as real
- 3. numbers. In order to overcome this difficulty, we have to introduce a new type of numbers, whose square is negative. 1 is a non-real number. Let us denote it by the symbol i and call it the imaginary unit. Thus, i 1 and hence i2 = – 1. Definition A number of the form x + iy, where x, y are real numbers and i 1 is defined as a complex number. If Z = x + iy, then x is called real part of z and y is called the imaginary part of z and are denoted by Re (z) = x, Im (z) = y, If x = 0 and y ≠ 0, then z = 0 + iy = iy is called purely imaginary number. If x ≠ 0 and y = 0, then z = x + i0 = x is a real number. Because of this property the complex number system is considered as an extension of real number system. Algebra Of Complex Numbers In performing operations with complex numbers, we can proceed as in the algebra of real numbers, replacing i2 by – 1 when it occurs.
- 4. If z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2 are any two complex numbers, we define following rules and laws of operations. 1. Equality: Two complex numbers z1 and z2 are said to be equal if the only if their corresponding real and imaginary parts are equal, i.e. x1 = x2 and y1 = y2. 2. Addition: z1 + z2 = (x1+iy1) + (x2 + iy2) = (x1 + x2) + i (y1+y2) 3. Subtraction: z1 – z2 = (x1+ iy1) – (x2+iy2) = (x1 – x2) + i (y1 – y2) 4. Multiplication: z1. z2 = (x1 + iy1). (x2 + iy2) = (x1 x2 – y1 y2) + i (x1 y2 + y1 x2) 5. Division: z1 x1 iy1 x1 iy1 x 2 iy 2 . z2 x 2 iy 2 x 2 iy 2 x 2 iy 2 6. x x x 1 2 y1 y 2 2 2 y 2 2 i y1 x2 x1 y2 x 2 2 y2 2 Commutative law of Addition and Multiplication: z1 + z = z2 + z1, z1 z2 = z2 z1
- 5. 7. Associative law of Addition and Multiplication: z1 + (z2 + z3) = (z1 + z2) + (z3) (Where z3 = x3 + iy3) z1 (z2 z3) = (z1 z2) z3 8. Distributive law: z1 (z2 + z3) = z1 z2 + z1 z3 Keep on visiting www.ednexa.com for more information - Team Ednexa