Survey of Different DNA Cryptography based Algorithms

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 12 | Dec-2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1100
Survey of different DNA Cryptography based algorithms
Nikita Parab1, Ashwin Nirantar2
1,2 UG student, Department of Computer Engineering, PES Modern College of Engineering, Pune, Maharashtra
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Abstract –Cryptography is concerned with converting a
plain text into cipher text which is storing and transmitting
data in a particular form so that only those who are intended
can read and process it. Due to the challenges in traditional
cryptography, a new technique which makes use of the power
of DNA is emerging to make data more secure.Thistechnology
deals with studying how to make DNA carry information.
Modern biotechnology is used as a measure to transfer cipher
text into plain text. Every technology often has its own sets of
challenges and DNA cryptography is no exception. It requires
high tech bio molecular laboratories and naturally, high
computational complexity. This paper surveys the fieldofDNA
cryptography, the algorithms which deal with DNA
cryptography and the advantages and challenges associated
with each of these algorithms. For anyone who is interested in
this field, this paper can be a starting point into knowingwhat
research has currently been done on DNA cryptography.
Key Words: Cryptography, DNA Cryptography,
Encryption, Decryption.
1.1 Introduction
Cryptography and molecular biology were initially
considered irrelevant, but now have begun to start working
together more closely, because of the in-depth study of
modern bio technology and DNA computing. DNA
cryptography and information science was born after
research in the field of DNA computing field by Adleman.
Biological problems are the base for DNA Cryptography.
1) With very large scale of parallelism, the computing
speed of DNA chains could reach 1 billion times per
second.
2) DNA molecule has large capacity and can be used as a
carrier of data. One trillion bits of binary data is
possible to be stored in one cubic decimeter of a DNA
solution.
3) Another key factor is low power consumption. The
power consumption of a DNA molecular computer is
only equal to one-billionth of a traditional computer.
In this paper, we do not present any new research results.
The contribution comesfrom combining existingalgorithms
gathered from many sources and publications.
1.2 Definition
One way of defining DNA cryptography is hiding data in
terms of DNA sequence. In theory, in addition to having the
same computingpower asthatof a modern computer, a DNA
computer will have a potency and function which these
computers will not be able to match. As stated before, a DNA
molecule has large capacity, DNA chains have large
parallelism and a DNA molecular computer has low power
consumption.
DNA cryptography does not completely repulse traditional
cryptography and it is possible to construct hybrid
cryptography.
2. Technology
Biotechnology, is closely associated with DNA cryptography
and plays an important role in this field. Some of the DNA
biotechnology and software of the field of DNA are:
1. Gel Electrophoresis
2. DNA chip technology
3. PCR technology
4. DNA code
5. DNA fragment stitching software is the DNA Baser
Sequencer Assembler. It is used for splicing DNA
fragments, weneed to prepare someDNAfragments
for splicing before using the software.
The following algorithms are proposed which make use of
DNA cryptography in order to make communications more
secure.
3.1 Bidirectional DNA Encryption Algorithm
Modern cryptography is based on a difficult mathematical
problem, the NP-complete problem, quantum cryptography
is based on Heisenberg’suncertainty principle, which isalso
a difficult biological problem.
Similarly, this scheme [1] also makes use of a difficult
biological problem, which is stated as “It is extremely
difficult to amplify the message encoded sequence without
knowing the correct PCR two primer pairs”. PCR, or
Polymerase Chain Reaction is a fast DNA amplification
technology in which two complementary oligonucleotide
primers are annealed to double-standard target DNA
strands, then necessary target DNA strands and the
necessary target DNA can be amplified after a serial of
polymerase enzyme. Being very sensitive, a single DNA
target molecule can be amplified into 10^6 after 20 cyclesin
theory, which can be done within short time. It would be

extremely difficult to amplify the messageencodedsequence
without knowing the correct primer pairs.
This scheme makes use of DNA digital coding, which is an
advancement over the traditional binary digital coding
which makes use of 1’s and 0’s. In a DNA sequence, there are
four bases, Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C) and
Guanine (G). A simple coding pattern to encode nucleotide
bases is by means of four digits, 00 (0), 01 (1), 10 (2), 11(3).
A, T, G, C stand for 0, 1, 2, 3 respectively.
The advantages of using DNA digital coding are redundancy
of information coding is reduced and efficiency isincreased.
Traditional methods such as DES or RSA could be used for
preprocessing the plain text and this method is convenient
for mathematical and logical operations.
In the proposed system [1], a text message is received from
the user, which is converted into Hexadecimal and Binary
code. The message is split into parts, one is used as a
message and the other is used as a key. For the purpose of
high compression factor, the XOR operation is used.
The DNA base coded message is obtained by applying DNA
digital coding over the message, after which PCR
amplification is implemented which makes use of two
primer pair as the key. For variable lengthdata,compression
is performed. Various modes of operation happen in serial
fashion, and double layer security is provided, hence this is
called as Bi-serial DNA Encryption Algorithm.
The Diffie-Hellman (DH) key exchange protocol is used to
establish a shared secret key over an insecure
communications channel for two parties that have no prior
knowledge of each other. This key can then be used for
encryption of subsequent communications using a
symmetric key cipher.
For decryption, the encrypted data is obtained from the
receiver by using a high decompression algorithm
compressed data is recovered, then the correct two primer
pairs are used to retrieve the DNA digital coding. This is
converted into binary code, then XOR is performed and key
is given by the user. Combining the key and XOR-ed output,
large Binary code is retrieved which is converted into
Hexadecimal code. This is further converted into normal
plain text by using a decimal converter.
If any of the key is wrong, there is a chance of missingdataor
improper form of data. So secure data can be maintained.
Fig -1: Encryption
3.2 DNA Cryptography using Quantum key
exchange
Through a public channel, exchanging a key securely is
difficult in secret key cryptography. By Quantum
Cryptography [2], these shortcomingscan be overcome.The
main advantage of using QC is that it can be used for
authentication, and distribution of random keys or
information between parties can be permitted by
establishing a quantum channel instead of an ordinary
channel. DNA based algorithm can be used for message
encryption. The following laws of physics are the base for
Quantum Cryptography.
1) No cloning theorem
“It is impossible to create a copy of an arbitrary unknown
quantum state”. Due to which replay attacks are prevented.
The attacks where the attacker simply sends a text data
which was previously sent by some other user for
reproducing the effect. The key will be detected which will
result in termination.
2) Heisenberg principle.
“It is in general impossible to measure, for instance, boththe
location and speed of a quantum object with perfect
accuracy”. The information is sent in the form of photons
representing 0s and 1s by the QC systems. If an attempt is

made to eavesdrop, it is able to detect tampering by
unintentionally altering the photons being transmitted. The
beam of photons doesn't encode the actual secretmessage,it
contains only an encryption key .If any part of the key is
intercepted, the communication parties detect the altered
photons and can remove or delete that part of the key. Once
they've transmitted enough photons, the shared key is used
to encrypt the message .This key can be sent over public
communication lines but the photon key has to arrive
reliably at its destination.
However, quantum cryptography is not completely
unbreakable if the systems are not built correctly. But if you
build the systems correctly, no hacker will be able to hack
the system.
DNA coding Technology
The DNA coding converts the input alphabet intoDNAwhich
is then converted into a triplet code. The Input message that
hasto be encrypted containscharacterswhichonprocessing
generates a triplet code. The generated code contains
combination of three bases for each character.
Fig -2: Triplets for DNA coding
The proposed system contains a secure message transfer
protocol consisting of the BB84 protocol, authentication,
secure key exchange, a DNA based algorithm and AES
encryption. All of these are explained in short:
1. BB84 Protocol: BB84 standsforBennett–Brassard
1984. By using this protocol, A can send a private
key to B. A begins with two string of bits, ‘a’ and ‘b’,
each n bit long. Then A encodesthese two strings as
a string of n qubits.
2. Authentication
There are different types of authentication such as, User
Authentication (UA), Message Authentication (MA) and so
on. The goal of MA is to provide the communication parties
with a means to make sure that received messages
originated from the other participant. In particular, MA
allows the communication parties to send each other
messagesin such a way that any modification of them canbe
detected with very high probability.
3. Secure key exchange
BB84 protocol is used to implement the securekeyexchange
module. The generated random stream of bitsconsists of 0’s
and 1’s, which represent a stream of photons. To get n
random bits, the function is called n times. If the ‘random’
function returns a value less than or equal to 0.5, then that
particular basis is considered '+' else it is considered 'x'.
4. DNA based algorithm
By using DNA based encryption process a DNA coded
sequence is generated, and then this sequence is giventothe
AES algorithm and used as the key. This key will be in the
form of triplet codes.
5. AES Encryption
The Advanced Encryption Standard, or AES, is used for
encrypting and decrypting the sequence. Hence the security
of the overall cryptographic process is increased.
Fig -3: AES Encryption

3.3 Implementation of DNA Cryptography in Cloud
Computing
Cloud computing is the latest technology in the field of
distributed computing. The cloud employs encryption
techniques to secure the data that will be used or stored in
the cloud that provides various online and on-demand
services for data storage, network services,platformservices
and etc. Without any delay of information exchange,
sensitive data can be protected. Many organizations are
unenthusiastic to use cloud services due to data security
issues as the data resides on the cloud services provider’s
servers.
These issues have been attempted to solve in the past by
using digital signature with DH key exchange and AES
Encryption algorithm, by combining RSA, digital signature
and Kerberos Authentication.
In this paper [3], the Bi-serial DNA encryption algorithm is
used to provide security in cloud computing applications.
Some additions are made to the previously stated Bi-serial
DNA Encryption algorithm, they are:
1. Key combination is used for added security. A 72-bit
key is generated, by adding 8-bit ATGC to the 64-bit
key values obtained by key combinations. By using
Diffie Hellman algorithm, the ATGC is sent to the
receiver side, and the key value will be changed
randomly every time.
2. Cloud computing deals with text which may not
necessarily be English, so the plaintext is converted
into Unicode, then its ASCII value is converted into
Hexadecimal, and the rest encryption process is the
same as stated in 3.1.
3.4 Secure Medical Image Encryption based on
Intensity level using Chao’s theory and DNA
Cryptography
The confidently, reliability, security in storage and
transmission of digital image are the primary concerns in
many applications. In telemedicine the diagnosis and
treatment is based on patient information in the form
electronic medical images, which is transmitted from a
different location using telecommunication. The physicians’
diagnosis is based on electronic medical image. Because of
open source the quality of images is affected by noises and
intruders, which may causes erratic problems. The digital
medical image requireszero tolerance to thesenoises.These
images are very large in size and contain confidential data.
Hence the compressing of the medical image is not possible,
which may lead to the issues like the speed of the
transmissions, cost of storage, reliable and robust to store,
ensuring the security of the sensitive data. The security of
the digital medical image has become more essential and
also must fulfill the requirements like integrity, reliability
and confidentiality.
Using DNA techniques for digital medical encryption is still
in the premature stage. In this paper [4], for the basic
operation they have used the Chen’s hyper chaotic map and
The Lorenz chaossystem. The Chen’shyper chaotic map has
spatiotemporal complexity and mixture property. The
sequences are very complex and complicated to predict and
analyze. So, it is suitable to enhance the security of medical
image encryption. The Lorenz chaos system is high
dimensional chaotic map and it is very complex. The chaotic
sequence generated using this is more unpredictable and
hence it provides high security which is required for digital
medical images.
The novel approach for digital medical image encryption is
performed by using Chao’s theory and DNA encoding. In the
proposed model first, based on pixel values two grayscale
images are generated from the input digital medical image.
The grayscale images can be odd pixel value images or even
pixel value images. These grayscale images are generated
from the input digital medical image, after which they are
transformed into 8-bit binary images separately.
The DNA sequence as A=01, T=10, G=11and C=00 is applied
on 8-bit binary odd/even image and the DNA encoded
odd/even matrices are obtained respectively. The Lorenz
and Chen’s chaotic sequences are generated using state
variables and control parameters. Based on index of the
sorted chaotic sequences, the pixelsof the DNA encodedodd
matrix and even matrix are scrambled.
Algorithm 1. Digital medical image encryption
Input: The input is the digital medical image as Ip(R, C)
Output: The output is the encrypted medical image as Op(R,
C)
Step 1: Start
Step 2: The input digital medical image is representedasI(R,
C),
Where R is the size of row and C is the size of column.

The input digital medical image is divided into odd and even
images based on pixel values. Further, these images are
converted into 8 bit binary odd image matrixandevenimage
matrices.
Step 3: The binary images are revamped into DNA encoded
odd and even matrices.
Step 4: Chen’s hyper chaotic sequencesX and Y are sorted in
increasing order as X1 and Y1. The Lorenz chaoticsequences
XX and YY are sorted in increasing order as XX1 and YY1.
Step 5: The index value of X1 and Y1 are used to scramble
the pixels of the odd matricesand the index value of XX1and
YY1 are used to scramble the pixel of even matrices
separately.
Step 6: ADD operation is used to perform addition of thetwo
odd and even matrices.
Step 7: Transform the resultant matrix into binary using
DNA decoding and into decimal to obtain encrypted image.
Step 8: Stop
The decryption is performed using inverse process of digital
medical image encryption algorithm and in placeof addition
operation subtraction operation is used.
The performance analysis demonstrates that the proposed
algorithm provides high security. There are 4 steps thatthey
have done to check for Performance analysis
1) Histogram Analysis: the distribution ofpixelvaluebased
on intensity
2) Correlation Coefficient Analysis: is measure of
correlation between the contiguous pixels in the given
images. The good encryption algorithm must have highly
correlated adjacent pixels.
3) NPCR and UACI: two criterion used to measure the
performance of image encryption methods against the
differential attacks.
4) MSE and PSNR: two metrics used to check whether the
distortion of noise or error effects the quality of the image.
In the proposed algorithm the primary values of state
variables and the system parameters of the Chen’s hyper
chaotic map and Lorenz chaotic mapsare used assecretkey.
The Chen’s and Lorenz hyper chaotic system is highly
sensitive to initial conditions of state variables and control
parameters. If there is a slight modification then retrieving
same input medical image from decryption process is not
possible.
4. CONCLUSION
In this survey paper we have studied various algorithms
based on DNA cryptography and the scope of DNA in the
security of various kinds of data. It can concluded from the
study of the methods that the proposed DNA Cryptography
methodspromise to be a better solution for implementation
in secure networks. The research of DNA cryptography is
still at an initial stage. It is far from mature, both in theory
and realization. We discussed a concise outline about
cryptography, quantum cryptography and DNA based
cryptography and also about secure message transfer
between two systems. Information about technologies used
in DNA, such as PCR amplification.
We discussed the implementation of Bi-serial DNA
encryption algorithm containing technologies of DNA
synthesis, PCR amplification, DNA digital coding, XOR
operation as well as traditional cryptography. Then we saw
the extension to this BDEA Algorithm to non-English
characters. Finally we saw the Secure Medical Image
encryption using Chao’s theory. It is also suitable for
telecommunication applications. This method focused on
generating matrices of the image based on pixel values and
performing addition on those matrices for encryption.
Most importantly, DNA cryptography indicates that
biologicalmoleculescan be used for cryptographicpurposes
and has irreplaceable properties.
REFERENCES
[1] Prabhu, D, and M Adimoolam. “Bi-SerialDNAEncryption
Algorithm (BDEA).” Journal(2011)
[2] Karthigaikumar, P. (n.d.). “Vlsi Implementation of DNA
Cryptography Using Quantum Key Exchange.”
[3] B, Prajapati Ashishkumar. 2016. “Implementation of
DNA Cryptography in Cloud Computing and using
socket.”
[4] Prema T. Akkasaligar and Sumangala Biradar, “Secure
Medical Image Encryption based on Intensitylevelusing
Chao’s theory and DNA Cryptography”, Computational
Intelligence and Computing Research, IEEE Conference
2016.

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