System Analysis & Designing : Elements of a System [In short]
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The document discusses the principles and processes of systems analysis and design, emphasizing the importance of understanding systems as composed of interrelated components including inputs, outputs, and processors. Key elements such as the environment, feedback mechanisms, and system boundaries are explored, along with their significance in system functionality and performance. Additionally, the influence of technology on organizational structure and behavior is highlighted, particularly through the lens of socio-technical systems.
![Processor[s]
The processor is that element of system which involves the actual transformation of input and output.
As we have seen in āOutput and Input slideā. As the Output Specifications change, so does the processing. In some
Case , input is also modified to enable the processor to handle the transformation.
A physical process is either a processor, such as a computer or person, or a technical implementation of specific
work to be performed, such as a computer program or manual processes.
-Logical processes may be assigned to physical processors such as PCs, servers, mainframes, people, or devices in
a network. A physical DFD would model that network structure.
-Each logical process requires an implementation as one or more physical processes. Note that a logical process
may be split into multiple physical processes:
To define those aspects that are performed by people or computers.
To define those aspects to be implemented by different technologies.
To show multiple implementations of the same process.
To add processes for exceptions and internal control (e.g., security).](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/sadeoas-160410215155/85/System-Analysis-Designing-Elements-of-a-System-In-short-5-320.jpg)
System Analysis & Designing : Elements of a System [In short]
- 1. System Analysis & Designing #Elements of a System
- 2. System Analysis And Design Systems analysis is a problem solving technique that decomposes a system into its component pieces for the purpose of the studying how well those component parts work and interact to accomplish theirs purpose. Systems design is the process of defining the architecture, components, modules, interfaces, and data for a system to satisfy specified Systems design is the process of defining the architecture, components, modules, interfaces, and data for a system to satisfy specified requirements.
- 3. Outputs and Inputs Processor(s) Boundaries and Interface Environment Elements of a System Systems analysts operate in a dynamic environment where change is a way of life. The environment may be a business firm, a business application, or a computer system. To reconstruct a system the following key elements must be considered -
- 4. OUTPUTS INPUTS A major objective of a system is to produce an output that have value to its user. What ever the nature of the output. Inputs are the elements (materials, human resources, information) that enter the system for processing. Human (labour-managers & nonmanagers) Data(relevant information about competition, client, or patient needs) Physical (raw material, buildings, equipment) Converting materials into desired outputs within Products Services Satisfying Clients Earnings Profit Meeting Societal needs Managing the system
- 5. Processor[s] The processor is that element of system which involves the actual transformation of input and output. As we have seen in āOutput and Input slideā. As the Output Specifications change, so does the processing. In some Case , input is also modified to enable the processor to handle the transformation. A physical process is either a processor, such as a computer or person, or a technical implementation of specific work to be performed, such as a computer program or manual processes. -Logical processes may be assigned to physical processors such as PCs, servers, mainframes, people, or devices in a network. A physical DFD would model that network structure. -Each logical process requires an implementation as one or more physical processes. Note that a logical process may be split into multiple physical processes: To define those aspects that are performed by people or computers. To define those aspects to be implemented by different technologies. To show multiple implementations of the same process. To add processes for exceptions and internal control (e.g., security).
- 6. Progress Measurements Control and Manage Select Preferred Alternative Perform Analyses Process Output SynthesisFunctional Analysis and Allocation Requirements Analysis %Control The Control element guides the system. It is the decision subsystem that controls the pattern of activities governing input, processing and outputs. Management support is required for securing control and Supporting the objective of the proposed change. This activity identifies the work to be performed and develops the schedules and costs estimates for the effort. It coordinates all activities and assures that all are operating from the same set of requirements, agreements and design iteration. Itās the centre for configuration management throughout the systems engineering process. *Diagram Engineering system analysis and Control.
- 7. Control in dynamic is achieved by feedback. Output is measured against a standard, in some form of cybernetics procedure, that includes communication & control. Output information is fed back to the input and/or to management (controller) for deliberation. Feedback may be positive or negative, routine or informational. - Positive feedback reinforce the performance the system.it is routine. - Negative feedback generally provides the controller with information for action. Organizational problems. feedback of Vendors, Customers and suppliers. - Complaints - Suggestions for Improvements - Loss of sales - Lower sales In system analysis, feedback is important in different ways. During analysis, the user may be told that the problems in a given application is verified and feedback comes after the system is implemented. The user informs the analyst about the performance of the new installation. This feedback often! 0 5 10 15 Feedback Positive Negative No Response
- 8. Environment Environment is the 'suprasystem" which operates within an organization. - It is the source of external elements that impinge on the system. In fact, it often determines how a system must function. the organization's environment, consisting of vendors, competitors, and others, may provide constraints and, consequently, influence the actual performance of the business.
- 9. Every system has a boundary within which it lies and outside of which its environment. The environment of business system includes any human, business or political activity that impinges upon the business' operation. The environment of an information system is any activity, person or object that gives rise to data or responds to information from The boundary of a system is often defined arbitrarily by the person studying it, in order to facilitate the study by limiting its extent. This approach is rowly Every system consists of other systems (subsystems) that interface with each other, and this hierarchy often applies through several levels. Some of the subsystems interface with the systems environment and hence take the form of input or output sensors, e.g. the skin nerves of an animal (biological system), the canvassers of a political system, the salesmen of a business system, the input/output peripherals of a computer system. The concept of boundary of a system makes it possible to focus on a particular system within a hierarchy of systems. The boundary of a system may exist either physically or conceptually. The operational definition of a system in terms of its boundary is: 1. List all components that are to make up the system and circumscribe them. Everything within the circumscribed space is called the system, and everything outside is called the environment. 2. List all flows across the boundary Flows from the environment into the system are inputs; flows from inside the boundary to outside are called outputs. 3. Identify all elements that contribute to the specific goals of the system and include these within the boundary if they are not already included. We will substitute nested political systems for our marketing information system because the boundaries are easily recognized. Let us start with the city as the smallest system and considerate part of the district system, which is part of the state system, which in turn is part of the national governmental system. Boundaries and Interface
- 10. Characteristics of a System as outlined by Schroderbek are as follows: 1. A system is a 2. Components of a system interact. 3. Systems are goal seeking 4. System have input/output 5. Systems transform inputs to yield output. 6. Systems exhibit enter 7. Systems must be controlled 8. Systems form a hierarchy 9. Systems exhibit differentiation. 10. Systems exhibit equifinality In subsequent sections, we will be particularly interested in open, physical man made systems such as organizations and Management Information Systems. Characteristics of System According to Joan Woodward, a significant relationship exists between certain external factors (the technology employed) and the internal characteristics of the organization. She is of the view that the technology employed by a firm depends upon what it wishes to produce. The technology, in turn, influences factors of internal organization, such as the number of levels in the management hierarchy and the number of workers supervised by each manager. Similar relationship between technology and organization has been in line by Eric Trist of the Tavistock Institute of Human Relations. He was of the view that working group was neither a technical nor a social system but a socio-technical system. He emphasized that technology can influence that type of work organization that develops, but work groups retain certain social characteristics independent of technology.
- 11. Thank You