System of cellular immunity
Download as PPT, PDF3 likes870 views
1) The document discusses the immune system's response to infection and injury, including chemotaxis, vasodilation, and diapedesis which bring white blood cells to infected areas, and phagocytosis which eliminates bacteria. 2) It also summarizes the three lines of immune defense - non-specific, inflammatory response, and specific response through B and T lymphocytes and memory cells. 3) The immune system distinguishes self from non-self through a diverse repertoire of lymphocyte antigen receptors generated from inherited gene libraries to recognize any potential pathogen.
System of cellular immunity
- 1. KARAGANDA STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY (SIW) Department:- Immunology and allergology • Submitted to :- marina mam • Submitted by :- • manoj
- 3. Stem Cell Lymphoid Stem Cell Myeloid Progenitor B Cell T Cell Natural Killer Neutrophil Eosinophil Monocytes Basophil Mast Cell Plasma Cell Plasma Cell Mast Cell Cytotoxic Helper Suppressor
- 4. 1. Chemotaxis • When the epithelium of the skin is damaged, chemicals are sent into the bloodstream by the invading bacteria and tissues – These molecules, called chemokines, attract phagocytic cells to the infected area •Chemotaxis is the process of phagocytic cells migrating to the source of the chemical attractant
- 5. 2. Vasodilation • When the chemokines are released, vasodilation, the widening of the arteries, also occurs – Increases the blood flow to the infected area, carrying the needed white blood cells – Causes the redness and heat as the white blood cells work to cure the infection
- 8. 3. Diapedesis • When the white blood cells get to the infected area in the bloodstream, they undergo the process of diapedesis • The cells move through the epithelium of the capillaries and into the surrounding interstitial fluid to destroy the invaders
- 9. 3. Diapedesis• When the white blood cells get to the infected area in the bloodstream, they undergo the process of diapedesis • The cells move through the epithelium of the capillaries and into the surrounding interstitial fluid to destroy the invaders
- 10. 1. damaged cell releases chemokines 1. damaged cell releases chemokines 2. chemokines sensed by neutrophils/monocytes 2. chemokines sensed by neutrophils/monocytes 3. monocytes squeeze out of capillaries (diapedesis) 3. monocytes squeeze out of capillaries (diapedesis) 4. monocytes (and/or macrophages) start to engulf pathogen (phagocytosis) 4. monocytes (and/or macrophages) start to engulf pathogen (phagocytosis)
- 11. 4. Phagocytosis • When the phagocytic cells get to the invaders, they go through the process of phagocytosis to finally eliminate the bacteria
- 12. 4. Phagocytosis • When the phagocytic cells get to the invaders, they go through the process of phagocytosis to finally eliminate the bacteria
- 13. • The Pseudopodia on the macrophages attach to polysaccharides on the microbes surface to pull it in.
- 14. • Once the microbe is in the cell, the lysosome comes to destroy it • The lysosome in the cell can kill the microbe in one of two ways: 1) Generating toxic forms of oxygen 2) Releasing enzymes that digest microbial components
- 15. Clotting Cascade • When the skin’s epithelium is damaged, a series of reactions occur to stop the bleeding • The cascade follows two pathways: extrinsic and intrinsic and then finishes in the final common pathway http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/hemato logy/Coagulation.swf
- 16. Edema -Definition: large amount of fluid beneath the skin; swelling -Homeostasis maintains the amount of interstitial fluid around the body - Too much fluid causes swelling as well as poor removal of fluid
- 17. How it starts-- Leaky Capillaries Two types of pressure measured in the capillaries: - hydrostatic pressure: causes water to filter into surrounding tissues - oncotic pressure: pulls water back into the vessel from the tissues Together the two pressures maintain homeostasis of fluid levels in the body
- 18. Most leakage occurs in the capillaries due to there semi-permeable membrane Factors that increase leakage of fluid 1. increase of hydrostatic pressure in vessel 2. decrease of oncotic pressure in vessel 3. increase in vessel wall permeability
- 19. Humoral Immunity What is it? Transformation of B-cells into plasma cells that can then produce and secrete antibodies B-cells = -created in the bone marrow -circulate through blood and lymph -changes into a clone of plasma cells to secret a specific antibody -also can change into a clone of memory cells to make antibodies after first encounters
- 20. 1st Antigen Exposure -Antigen is engulfed by macrophage -Macrophage stimulates Helper T-Cell -Helper T-Cells stimulate B-Cells and Cytotoxic T-Cells -B-Cells turn into plasma and memory cells -Plasma cells secret antibodies into blood; memory b-cells are “stored” until their specific antigen shows up again (2nd exposure) -Cytotoxic t-cells turn into active cytotoxic t-cells and memory t-cells - Cytotoxic t-cells go and kill the antigen; memory t-cells are also stored until their specific antigen shows up again (2nd exposure)
- 22. Cellular Immunity What is it? Ability for antibodies to recognize a foreign organism, known as antigens, and destroy it Advantage Allows for a person’s body to destroy of antigen faster before the antigen, which could be harmful to a person, causes damage Types of WBC’s (antibodies)
- 23. Cellular vs. Humoral Immunity -Humoral immunity is the first stage the builds the memory b-cells for cellular immunity. -Cellular immunity depends on the cells that are made during b-cell and cytotoxic t-cell transformation into memory cells -Memory cells are formed with specific antibody receptors that bind to a specific antigen
- 24. the antibody (Ab) protein hypervariable region (hundreds of billions of possible shapes) constant region (same for all antibody molecules) (aka Fc region)
- 25. a simpler way to show the antibody molecule hypervariable region (hundreds of billions of possible shapes) constant region (same for all antibody molecules) (also called Fc region)
- 26. •Ab are incredibly SPECIFIC •each one will bind ONLY to its matching antigen. •this shows 14 different antibody molecules. •in reality there would be MANY BILLIONS of different antibodies.
- 27. antigens (Ag) •any foreign object that our immune system can react with •protein, virus, bacterial cell, toxic molecule, pollen grain, polysaccharide, etc •here, there are 8 shown •in reality there are hundreds of billions •any ONE bacterial cell might have hundreds or thousands of antigenic proteins on its surface
- 28. •Antigens and Antibodies must make an EXACT MATCH •if they don’t match – no triggering, no sticking •if they DO match – they stick together strongly •if they DO match – triggers something to happen •what DOES happen when they match?
- 29. http://www.nwfsc.noaa.gov/hab/habs_toxins/marine_biotoxins/detection/elisa.html another way to show the antibody molecule...
- 30. B cell • B cells make antibodies • each B cell makes ONE type of antibody • but it makes a lot of them • it sticks those Ab on its surface, with the “red” end facing out • if any “red” antigen comes around, it will be “caught” by the surface Ab
- 31. B cell • if any “red” antigen comes around, it will be “caught” by the surface Ab • NO OTHER antigen will be caught • this “primes” the B cell
- 32. • B cell matures into plasma cell • plasma cell pumps out its specific antibody • plasma cell also replicates • all daughter cells also pump out “red” antibody
- 33. • plasma cell also replicates • all daughter cells also pump out “red” antibody
- 34. recall there would be millions of different B cells circulating each would have its own Ab projecting from its surface
- 35. Lymphocytes -White blood cells -Built with specific, unique antibodies on their surface -Antibodies are proteins that bind with antigens to neutralize it Because of cellular immunity, the body knows which white blood cell carries the specific antibody to “battle” the antigen Advantage: having the specific antibody that neutralizes the antigen is helpful because the antibody can “battle” and destroy antigens quickly and easily WBC vs. RBC
- 36. In the first line of Defense the immune system remains non-specific. Elements of the immune system active at this point: • Mucous •Skin •Secretions (skin & mucous membranes) Second Lind of Defense- It still remains non-specific, as the natural response occur. • Inflammatory Response (w/histamine) •Phagocytic WBC’s (ingestion of invading cells) •Neutrophils are attracted to damaged cells •Monocytes release macrophages •Natural killer cells are released •Antomicrobial Proteins complement the system and directly attack microbes or impede reproduction
- 37. Third Line of Defense is where the immune system is specific. Lymphocytes come into play: B Lympho’s T Lympho’s __ membrane bound antigen receptors Also Antigens, which are antibody generator At this point there is clonol selection where the selection of a lymphocyte by an antigen activates the lymphocyte stimulating it to divide and differentiate. There are memory cells, which are created after antigen receptors and antigen molecules (B cells) and this end up being antibody molecules. These consist of memory cells and plasma cells. The memory cells make it possible for the body to recognize viruses that have already entered the body once before.
- 38. The main function of the immune system is distinguishing self from non-self. The essence of immunological response is a two part system: recognition and destruction. The pathogens or foreign bodies that trigger the immune system are called antigens. Antibodies is the structure which mostly recognizes foreign bodies. They go throughout the body “shaking hands” with the other cells to make sure they know each other and to see if anything is wrong with the cells of the body. In the immune system there must be a diverse amount of lymphocyte receptors to ensure that at least a few lymphocytes can bind to any given pathogen. This diversity is created from inherited gene segments or libraries.
- 39. Memory cell
- 40. THANK YOU
Editor's Notes
- #4: mk: nice chart. could make an animated version of it so that only one part shows up at a time... ? a cool way to do this: make each of the names in your chart above be a LINK. that would take the viewer to a slide that’s just about that cell. then those slides have a “back” button to bring you back to the chart. select the text block, right-click, choose hyperlink, this document, choose slide (note the links only work when you’re viewing it as a SLIDESHOW – they don’t work in “edit” view) also – you have mast cells coming from B cells, which is not correct. they’re more related to basophils – so the other place you have mast cells notes is correct.
- #5: mk – good, could use some more diagrams – maybe enlarge what’s here; maybe make a diagram; maybe break up word “chemo-” and “kinetic”
- #6: mk – yes this is good. enlarge the diagrams so it’s clear what you’re talking about. don’t be afraid to use more slides. I’ve fiddled with it a bit on the next couple slides
- #9: mk: good; suggest pronunciation: DI-uh-puh-DEE-sis; interstitial (in-ter-STISH-ul) – and define – stuff in between the cells trim words down – make bullet-ish
- #10: mk: good; suggest pronunciation: DI-uh-puh-DEE-sis; interstitial (in-ter-STISH-ul) – and define – stuff in between the cells trim words down – make bullet-ish
- #11: in this slide I took the pict from previous, broke the process notes down into smaller steps, and placed them on the pict. note that monocytes “grow up” into becoming macrophages somewhere after they heard the chemokine’s call
- #12: mk: good, and should show animation if you can find one or make a simple one
- #14: mk: good
- #15: this is good; would be nice to see bigger pix
- #16: The clotting cascade is really confusing to explain in words so I thought this video would work instead mk: okay and this is my fault – we probably don’t need to talk about “clotting cascade” in this powerpoint . I meant to put in COMPLEMENT CASCADE instead of clotting cascade. sorry ‘bout that. check this link for “complement cascade” animation: http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter22/animation__activation_of_complement.html
- #17: mk: might be nice to see some other photos of swelling... text is good but too small
- #18: mk: this is great. useful here to relate oncotic pressure to osmotic pressure (oncotic pressure is a special form of osmotic pressure; recall: osmotic pressure “sucks”
- #19: mk: great. note spelling of “their”.
- #20: mk: would be nice to have a flow chart here. don’t be afraid to draw stuff. there are lots of tools for simple circles and such. note: the word “plasma” in “plasma cells” is NOT the same as the plasma that is the watery fluid that makes up the blood. the plasma cells were named that before we had a better name for them.
- #21: mk: info is good but should have some sorta visual; a flow chart would be good; maybe a series of simple diagrams showing the process; could steal one from somewhere (be sure to credit it)
- #22: mk: this is good; should have some explanation tagged to it so it appears as a process; “step 1, step 2.... “ etc
- #23: mk: confusing here – you said “antibodies” – what are you referring to? you’re pointing at the picture...
- #24: mk: okay good info... confusing though; but I think this will get clearer, or could be made clearer, when we go through specific examples of the immune process. humoral immunity refers to the immunity we get from antibodies circulating in the bloodstream. cellular immunity refers to situations where T cells give help to, and control, the reaction. what you said about “memory cells” is true, but this doesn’t really explain the process. it would be great to find a diagram that shows the process of formation of the memory cells.
- #25: mk: okay I put in a few slides...
- #29: mk: this slide makes more sense if you view in slideshow mode – there are animations
- #32: mk: better to view as slideshow so you can see animation
- #35: mk – I didn’t get finished with this line of thought for the presentation but I think you get the picture...?
- #36: mk: good, could link this to the chart that was in an earlier slide (the hematopoiesis slide); also this slide mixes concepts of “lymphocytes” (what they are) with antibodies etc – mention that lymphocytes includes those cells that are going to be the really SPECIFIC cells – they only interact with THEIR SPECIFIC antigen. (as opposed to macrophages, which will engulf just about anything that looks foreign)
- #37: mk: this is good info. might be nice to have diagrams here... maybe two different text boxes or something to otherwise set off the two different types... yes and note monocytes “grow up” to become macrophages (i.e. they differentiate into macrophages)
- #38: mk: yes third line of defense is a good example – need shorter descriptions – B cells differentiate into either plasma cells or memory cells... also – important aspect of memory is that it lasts YEARS, maybe lifetime – this is especially cool when there aren’t very many cells that last that long in the body...
- #39: mk: self/nonself – would be good to have some illustrations here –probably show the MHC “hammock” – sci Am has good pix note that antibodies don’t really “know” if there is something “wrong,” as noted above. more so that the antibodies just know if it’s SELF or NONSELF. diversity: maybe some kind of illustration here. the stuff about how this diversity is generated genetically is interesting but probably beyond the scope of what we want to do here. in a nutshell – those DNA molecules that we usually consider to be the “static blueprint” – well they cut, rearrange, mix’n’match, and reattach, in millions of ways. they’re the only cells in the body that we know of that do this.
- #40: mk: yes, this is a great graphic. good graphic, but needs some explanation – what does “naïve” mean, for example...