T cell lymphomas ppt
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This document discusses T-cell lymphomas, which are cancers of the immune system's T-cells. It begins by describing what T-cells are and their role in the immune system. It then explains that T-cell lymphomas occur when T-cells become cancerous and no longer function properly. The rest of the document discusses the different types of T-cell lymphomas, their symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options, which can include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and stem cell transplantation depending on the specific lymphoma type.
T cell lymphomas ppt
- 1. T-cell lymphomas By Riddhi Karnik RIDDHI KARNIK MSc 1
- 2. What are T cells • What are T-cells? • T-cells are a type of white blood cell that circulate around our bodies, scanning for cellular abnormalities and infections. • T-cells are essential for human immunity. • There are several different kinds of T-cell; broadly speaking they can be divided into two different types, killer T-cells and helper T-cells • Naturally eradicate cancer cells • Activate and help other immune cells that ingest germs or that make anti-infection molecules called antibodies RIDDHI KARNIK MSc 2
- 3. Working of T cells T cells constantly patrol our bodies and scan for other cells that display ‘foreign’ peptides that indicate a cell is infected with a germ or has become cancerous. In this way killer T-cells (also known as cytotoxic T lymphocytes or CTL) are able to see inside cells by scanning their surface with a molecule called the T-cell receptor RIDDHI KARNIK MSc 3
- 4. T-cells eliminate cells displaying foreign peptide. In the figure above time-lapsed photography shows a killer T-cell killing a larger cancer cell. The killer T-cell can then kill further targets in series. The panel on the right shows a high resolution picture (taken with electrons not light) of a killer T-cell. RIDDHI KARNIK MSc 4
- 5. What is lymphoma? • Lymphoma is a form of cancer that affects the immune system - specifically, it is a cancer of immune cells called lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. There are two broad types of lymphoma and many subtypes. • The two types of lymphoma are described as: Hodgkin's or non-Hodgkin's. • Lymphoma can occur at any age but is the most common cancer in young people. It is often very treatable, and most people live for a long time after being diagnosed. • lymphatic system are the spleen, thymus, tonsils and adenoids. RIDDHI KARNIK MSc 5
- 6. Facts about lymphoma • Lymphoma is cancer that develops in the lymph nodes and lymphatic system. • The two main types of lymphoma are non- Hodgkin's (about 90% of cases) and Hodgkin's (about 10%). • The main symptom is usually enlargement of lymph nodes that does not go away (as it does after infection). • There are an estimated 761,659 people living with, or in remission from, lymphoma in the US RIDDHI KARNIK MSc 6
- 7. Signs and symptoms of lymphoma • The symptoms and signs of lymphoma are very similar to those of simple illnesses such as viral illnesses and the common cold, and this can cause problems with delayed diagnosis. • The difference is that the symptoms of lymphoma persist long after the usual run of a viral infection. • involve painless swelling of the lymph nodes (glands), often in the neck or armpits where these nodes are concentrated. Swelling may also occur in the groin and abdomen, although some people do not experience any detectable swelling in any part of the body. RIDDHI KARNIK MSc 7
- 8. • Swelling in the legs or ankles • Cramping and bloating of the abdomen • Night sweats and fever • Weight loss and loss of appetite • Chills • Unusual itching • fatigue • Pain or altered sensation • Loss of appetite • Unusual tiredness/lack of energy • Persistent coughing • Breathlessness • Enlarged tonsils • headache RIDDHI KARNIK MSc 8
- 9. What is T cell lymphoma? • T-cell lymphomas account for approximately 15 percent of all NHLs in the United States. • A similar lymphocyte called a natural killer (NK) cell shares many features with T-cells. When NK cells become cancerous, the cancer is called NK or NK/T-cell lymphoma and is generally grouped with other T-cell lymphomas. • There are many different forms of T-cell lymphomas, some of which are extremely rare. T-cell lymphomas can be aggressive (fast- growing) or indolent (slow-growing). RIDDHI KARNIK MSc 9
- 10. Common types of T cell lymphoma • Peripheral T-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified (PTCL-NOS) diagnosed with their disease confined to the lymph nodes, sites outside the lymph nodes, such as the liver, bone marrow, gastrointestinal tract, and skin, may also be involved. This group of PTCLs is aggressive and requires combination chemotherapy upon diagnosis. • Anaplastic large cell lymphoma systemic subtypes are anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) positive or ALK negative anaplastic large cell lymphoma, depending on the presence or absence of an abnormal form of the ALK protein on the surface of the lymphoma cells. The non systemic type is called primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma, and it appears only on the skin RIDDHI KARNIK MSc 10
- 11. • Angioimmunoblastic Lymphoma cells start killing self cells uncontrollably like R.B.C are killed • Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma - Patches are usually flat, possibly scaly, and look like a rash; plaques are thicker, raised, usually itchy lesions that are often mistaken for eczema, psoriasis, or dermatitis; and tumors are raised bumps, which may or may not ulcerate. It is possible to have more than one type of lesion. RIDDHI KARNIK MSc 11
- 12. Diagnosis Requires taking a small sample of the tumour tissue, called a biopsy, and looking at the cells under a microscope. A series of other tests may be done to determine the extent, or stage, of the disease. These can include blood tests, a computed axial tomography (CAT) scan, a positron emission tomography (PET) scan, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, and a bone marrow biopsy. RIDDHI KARNIK MSc 12
- 13. Treatments • Because there are so many different types of T-cell lymphoma, treatment varies widely. Standard lymphoma therapies, including chemotherapy, radiation, stem cell transplantation, and surgery, may be effective. Patients diagnosed with the rare forms of lymphoma should consult their medical team to find promising therapies or clinical trials. • A procedure called extracorporeal photopheresis (ECPP) is approved to treat people , blood is removed from the patient and treated with ultraviolet light, and with drugs. RIDDHI KARNIK MSc 13
- 14. Treatment • Multiagent chemotherapy regimen, such as CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone) and radiation therapy. Sometimes higher doses of chemotherapy followed by stem cell transplantation may be prescribed. Disease relapse (disease returns after treatment) is common with this cancer RIDDHI KARNIK MSc 14
- 15. • THANK YOU RIDDHI KARNIK MSc 15