2. A Table of Specifications (TOS), also known as a
test blueprint, is a two-way chart that guides
test construction by mapping out the content
and cognitive skills to be assessed, ensuring a
fair and representative sample of questions.
4. Ensures Validity:
A TOS helps ensure that a test or assessment measures
the intended content and thinking skills, providing
evidence of content and construct validity.

Guides Test Construction:
It serves as a blueprint for test development, helping
teachers organize information about student learning
activities and instructional objectives.


5. Facilitates Balanced Coverage:
A TOS helps ensure that all elements of a course or
unit are properly emphasized and assessed,
preventing over or under-representation of specific
topics.

Improves Student Learning:
By understanding the structure of the test, students
can better focus their study efforts and improve
their learning outcomes.
7. Technique is the manner in which artist use and
manipulate materials to achieve the desired formal effect,
and communicate the desired concept or meaning,
according to his or her personal style.
The distinctive character or nature of the medium
determines the technique. For example, stone is chiseled,
wood is carved; clay is modeled and shaped, metal is cast,
and thread is woven.
8. Topics/Content:
Lists the specific topics or content areas covered by
the test.

Objectives:
Identifies the learning objectives or skills that the test
aims to measure.

9. Cognitive Levels:
Specifies the levels of thinking skills (e.g.,
knowledge, comprehension, application,
analysis) that will be assessed.

Item Allocation:
Determines the number of items or
questions that will be allocated to each
topic or objective.
10. Item Type:
Specifies the type of questions that will
be used (e.g., multiple choice, short
answer, essay).
