![ROBERT WHITTAKER
Prokaryotic Cells Without Nuclei And Membrane-Bound Organelles
1. Kingdom Monera [10,000 species]: Unicellular and colonial--
including the true bacteria (eubacteria) and cyanobacteria (blue-
green algae).
Eukaryotic Cells With Nuclei And Membrane-Bound Organelles:
2. Kingdom Protista (Protoctista) [250,000 species]: Unicellular
protozoans and unicellular & multicellular (macroscopic) algae with
9 + 2 cilia and flagella (called undulipodia).
3. Kingdom Fungi [100,000 species]: Haploid and dikaryotic
(binucleate) cells, multicellular, generally heterotrophic, without cilia
and eukaryotic (9 + 2) flagella (undulipodia).
4. Kingdom Plantae [250,000 species]: Haplo-diploid life cycles,
mostly autotrophic, retaining embryo within female sex organ on
parent plant.
5. Kingdom Animalia [1,000,000 species]: Multicellular animals,
without cell walls and without photosynthetic pigments, forming
diploid blastula.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/taxonomy2-120406053919-phpapp02/85/Taxonomy2-9-320.jpg)
Taxonomy2
- 1. Taxonomy
- 2. What is taxonomy? Taxonomy is the branch of biology concerned with the grouping and naming of organisms Biologists who study this are called taxonomists
- 3. How did it start? People wanted to organize their world so they began grouping, or classifying everything they saw.
- 4. Why classify? To help us study the earth To help us organize all the species we discover . . .
- 5. To give every species a name based on a standard method so scientists from different countries can talk about the same animal without confusion
- 6. Who is Carolus Linnaeus? Carolus Linnaeus was a Swedish botanist Developed a 7-level (taxa) classification system based on similarities between organisms
- 7. HISTORY OF CLASSIFICATION CAROLLUS LINNAEUS DEVELOPED THE ARISTOTLE CLASSIFICATION ON ROBERT WHITTAKER DIVIDED LIVING SIMILAR PROPERTIES, THE CONSIDERED THINGS INTO FOUND BINOMIAL FIVE KINGDOMS TWO KINGDOMS NOMENCLATURE AS SYSTEM A SYSTEM TO GIVE A SCIENTIFIC NAME
- 8. CAROLLUS LINNAEUS The mnemonic device to help you remember the complete hierarchy King--Phillip--Came--Over--For--Good--Soup
- 9. ROBERT WHITTAKER Prokaryotic Cells Without Nuclei And Membrane-Bound Organelles 1. Kingdom Monera [10,000 species]: Unicellular and colonial-- including the true bacteria (eubacteria) and cyanobacteria (blue- green algae). Eukaryotic Cells With Nuclei And Membrane-Bound Organelles: 2. Kingdom Protista (Protoctista) [250,000 species]: Unicellular protozoans and unicellular & multicellular (macroscopic) algae with 9 + 2 cilia and flagella (called undulipodia). 3. Kingdom Fungi [100,000 species]: Haploid and dikaryotic (binucleate) cells, multicellular, generally heterotrophic, without cilia and eukaryotic (9 + 2) flagella (undulipodia). 4. Kingdom Plantae [250,000 species]: Haplo-diploid life cycles, mostly autotrophic, retaining embryo within female sex organ on parent plant. 5. Kingdom Animalia [1,000,000 species]: Multicellular animals, without cell walls and without photosynthetic pigments, forming diploid blastula.
- 10. How does it work? There are 6 broad kingdoms Every living thing that we know of fits into one of the six kingdoms Each level gets more specific as fewer organisms fit into any one group
- 11. Sea-side Splat!
- 12. An animal is known by two names… Canis lupus is the scientific name for a gray wolf. Canis is the genus name lupus is the species name This system uses a binomial nomenclature
- 13. Genus… A genus consists of a group of closely related species Other animals in the Canis group include dogs and coyotes The genus name is always Capitalized
- 14. Species... A species consists of animals that can mate and produce fertile offspring Only grey wolves are known as lupus. The species name is always lowercase
- 15. Binomial Nomenclature Bi means two Nomen means name A binomial nomenclature is a classification system using two names to identify an organism
- 16. ‘Binomial’ = 2 names species – all in lower case Fucus vesiculosus Genus – has a capital letter Italics (or underlined) -to show the words are different to ordinary text.
- 17. Taxon Cat Man KINGDOM Animalia Animalia PHYLUM Chordata Chordata CLASS Mammalia Mammalia ORDER Carnivora Primates FAMILY Felidae - cats Anthropoids - apes GENUS Felis Homo SPECIES cattus sapiens
- 18. Example: Cinnamon rose (Rosa cinnamomea) Specific epithet --- cinnamomea Genus --- Rosa Family --- Rosaceae Order --- Rosales Class --- Dicotyledonae Subdivision --- Angiospermae Division --- Spermatophyta Kingdom --- Plantae
- 19. Early Taxonomists 2000 years ago, Aristotle was the first taxonomist Aristotle divided organisms into plants & animals He subdivided them by their habitat ---land, sea, or air dwellers 19
- 20. Early Taxonomists John Ray, a botanist, was the first to use Latin for naming His names were very long descriptions telling everything about the plant 20
- 21. Carolus Linnaeus 1707 – 1778 18th century taxonomist Classified organisms by their structure Developed naming system still used today 21
- 22. Carolus Linnaeus Called the “Father of Taxonomy” Developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature Two-word name (Genus & species) 22
- 23. Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names
- 24. Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists
- 25. Binomial Nomenclature Which TWO are more closely related? 25
- 26. Rules for Naming Organisms The International Code for Binomial Nomenclature contains the rules for naming organisms All names must be approved by International Naming Congresses (International Zoological Congress) This prevents duplicated names 26
- 27. Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups Domain BROADEST TAXON Kingdom Phylum (Division – used for plants) Class Order Family Genus Most Species Specific 27
- 29. copyright cmassengale 29
- 30. 30
- 31. 31
- 32. Where Do Viruses Fit? Not a cell Not “alive”? – Do not grow, – do not maintain homeostasis Early Nucleic acids in protein shell Stage of Influenza Use host cell to replicate Virus
- 33. Basis for Modern Taxonomy Homologous structures (same structure, different function) Similar embryo development Molecular Similarity in DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequence of Proteins 33
- 34. Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows Similarities in mammals. 34
- 35. Similarities in Vertebrate Embryos 35
- 36. Embryology Embryology
- 38. THE CAT FAMILY Mountain lion, Puma,Panther, Cougar,Cheetah,Tiger,Leopard,Jaguor
- 39. Felis concolor – mountain lion, puma, panther, cougar Sumatran Tiger - Kingdom: Animalia, Phylum, Chordata, Class Mammalia, Order Carnivora, Family Felidae, Genus Pathera, Species tigris Panthera leo Panthera tigris Panthera pardus
- 40. CHEETAH
- 41. TIGER
- 42. Panther
- 43. Puma
- 44. Cougar
- 45. Mountain Lion
- 47. Taxonomy Rice Cat Kingdom : Plantae Kingdom : Animalia Division : Angiospermae Phylum : Chordata Class :Monocotyledonae Class : Mammalia Order : Poales Order :Carnivore Family : Poaceae Family : Felidae Genus : Oryzae Genus : Felis Species : Oryza sativa Species : Felis domesticus
- 48. “Latin is a language, as dead as dead can be. First it killed the Romans: Now it’s killing me.”
- 49. “A name is a handle by which we get to know certain people, places and plants.” - Michael Dirr
- 50. But what about “rilver” maple trees? PLANTS MAKE BUT DO NOT READ BOOKS!
Editor's Notes
- #12: Patella; porcellanus - pocelain crab, F.vesiculosus, Enteromorpha, Nucella – dog whelk, flat periwinkle, Corallina, balanus, edible periwinkle, F.serratus, carcinus, Actinia
- #28: Genus and species are the two names used to identify specific organisms in the binomial system of classification. Division is used for plants.