The document discusses the differences between formative and summative assessment, and argues that formative assessment can significantly increase both student achievement and motivation. Specifically, it notes that formative assessment, which is used by teachers to adjust instruction and by students to adjust their learning, has been shown in research to increase achievement by 0.4 to 0.7 standard deviations. This equates to moving students from the 50th to the 65th or 75th percentile. The document then provides examples of formative assessment tools and ways for teachers to get student input to guide instruction.